特殊的虚拟语气词:should
1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用
should 加动词原形， should 可省略。
句型： (1)suggested
It is (2)important that…+ (should) do
(3) a pity
(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted；
+ (should) do
(2)important, necessary, natural, strange
a pity, a shame, no wonder
(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week. It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
2）在宾语从句中的应用
在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +
(should) do
I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.
注意： 如suggest, insist不表示\"建议\" 或\"坚持要某人做某事时\"，即它们用于其本
意\"暗示、表明\"、\"坚持认为\"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.
判断改错:
（错） You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.
(对) Your pale face suggests that you are ill. (错) I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.
(对) I insisted that you were wrong. 3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位
语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
一般现在时代替完成时
1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：
hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
2) 句型 \" It is … since…\"代替\"It has been … since …\"
3) It is (= has been) five years since we last met.
不定式的特殊句型soasto
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。
none,few,some,any,one,ones
一、 none 无
1) none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中，none可单独使用。
Are there any pictures on the wall? None.
2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。
It is none of your business.
二、few 一些，少数
few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做\"某一\"解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain）
You will be sorry for this some day.
总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意：
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a. 肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如：
Would you like some coffee?
b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：
If you need some help，let me know.
c. some位于主语部分,
Some students haven‘t been there before.
d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如： I haven‘t heard from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。 当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说，你可任读一本。
五、one, ones 为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不
用ones。
Have you bought any rulers? Yes，I ‘ve bought some.
only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
every,no,all,both,neither,nor
1）不定代词有
all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.
等。
2） 不定代词的功能与用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词，也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只
能作定语。
I have no idea about it. b. all 都，指三者以上。
all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well. 一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。 但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但
习惯上不说 all hour，all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China， all the city， all my life，
all the way
3） both 都，指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用，但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
b. both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。如果助动词或情
态动词后面的实义动词省 去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。 Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can.
4） neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither… nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其
谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型，避免重复。 She can‘t sing，neither (can) he.
neither 与nor
d. 如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。 If you don‘t do it，neither should I. 如果你不干，我也不干。
e. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。
He can‘t sing，nor dance，nor skate.
比较may和might
1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
May God bless you! He might be at home.
注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。 2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为\"不妨\"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.
典型例题
Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn‘t very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may. 此句意可从后半句推出。
让步状语从句讲解
though, although
注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连
用
Although it‘s raining, they are still working in the field.
虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。
He is very old, but he still works very hard.
虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。 （谚语）
典型例题
1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot. A. When B. However C. Although D. Unless 答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。
2) as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提
前）。
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a. 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
b. 句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动
词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
= Though he tries hard, he never seems… 虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。
3) ever if, even though. 即使
We‘ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.
4) whether…or- 不管……都
Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 5) \"no matter +疑问词\" 或\"疑问词+后缀ever\"
No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind.
替换：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they‘re given,
（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they‘re given. 囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。
从SodoI谈起
两人对话，乙方对甲方的问话常可用简短回答作出 反应。例如： Do you like it? -- Yes，I do.这同样适用于陈述句的场合： You worry too much．-- No，I don‘t.在后一种情况
下，乙方也能\"So＋do＋主语\"之类 的结构表示看法。
例如甲方说\"我喜欢苹果\"，乙方 如果想表示\"我也喜欢苹果\"，英语可以说：
A：I like apples.
B：So do I．（＝ I like apples，too。）
这里的so在意义上相当于in the same way，即同样、 也那样，作简短反应表示同样
看法时常用之。
就诸如此类的四种结构略作介绍。
1．\"So＋do＋主语\"结构 在简短反应中表示\"我也如此\"或\"另外一个人也 如此\"时，也就是主语不同于上文的主语以及上 文并无可用于构成倒装的动词（即操作词时）， 可用此结构。例如： A：I like playing football. B：So do I./So does my brother./So did my father. 如果上文有可用于构成倒装的动词时，则用相同 的动词或根据不同人称用同类的动词。 I must go -- So must I. John can speak French．--So can I. I‘ve got a new
car．--So has John. She is clever.-- So is he.
2．\"Neither/Nor ＋ do ＋ 主语\" 结构 如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示同样 看法时，可用此结构。例如，甲方说I can‘t swim， 乙方如果想表示\"我也不会游泳\"，
英语可以说 Neither can I. / Nor can I（＝I can‘t either）。
又例如： A：He doesn‘t speak French. B：Neither/Nor do I. Neither/Nor does my
brother. Neither/Nor does my father. 关于以上两种结构，有两点说明： 第一，能用动词缩略形式。例如： I‘m going to London. ---So‘s John。(is) I‘ve been to New York. ---So‘s John.(has) I‘d have gone to Tokyo if I could．---So‘d John.(would) John hasn‘t got a visa. ---Nor‘ve do I．(have) Jim and Mary aren
‘t acting in the college play. ---Neither‘s Peter.(is)
第二，上述甲乙对话如用and连成一句可出自一人 之口。例如： John can speak French and so can‘t I. John can‘t speak French and neither/ nor can I. John speaks French and so do I. John doesn‘t speak French and neither/nor do I. 上述斜体部分相当于and I can, too / and I can‘t either / and I do too / and I don‘t either 的意思。 3．\"So＋主语＋do\"结构 在简短反应中，对别人所说的情况加以肯定以及 主语与上文主语相同时，可用此结构，注意，这 里不用倒装同序；so 的意义相当于indeed, certainly，即\"不错\"、\"对了\"。例如： A：John smokes a lot. B: So he does．(=He smokes a lot indeed.)
这类简短反应往往带有说话人的惊奇口吻。例如： A：Look，it‘s raining! B: So it is. 在这里，So it is的含义是 You are right! It is raining；and this surprises me.
more than的用法
more than
a)接名词，意为“不仅，不止”，有and的意思。 He was more than a scientist, but was a poet.
他不仅是为科学家，还是个诗人。 b)接数词，意为“...以上”。
More than twenty people were injured in the accident.
20多人在事故中受伤。 c)接形容词，意为“非常，十分”。
He was more than pleased with her performance.
他对她的表演非常满意。
d)接含can的从句，意为“如此...不能；...得不”。 The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.
那地方美得无法形容。
e)接动词，意为“不仅是...而且还...”。
They decide to do more than talk about the rise of the cheating.
主谓倒装
主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序：一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）；二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。而倒装语序中又有全部倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion）两种情况。 首先，在全部倒装的句子中，要把整个谓语放在主语的前面去而构成倒装语序。
例如：
There are large numbers of students in the lecture hall.
（在There be…的句式中，There只是个引导词而不是主语，真正的主语是后面作表语的名词或者名词短语。因此，There be…的句式都是全部倒装的句子。）演讲厅里有大量的
学生。
When he ran to the door, there stood a mid-aged man with a lantern in his hand . （此句是为了\"描述情节的需要\"，把倒装当着修辞的手段而写成了全部倒装句。句子的主语是a mid-aged man，谓语是stood 。）当他向房门跑去时，那儿正立着一位手里拿着
一盏灯笼的中年男人。
另外，在部分倒装的句子中，只把谓语的一部分（如情态动词、助动词、或是系动词
be）放到主语的前面去，构成倒装语序。例如：
Are you going to take part in the football match against Accounting Department on Friday afternoon? （句子的谓语是are going to take part，are是句子的谓语的一部分；句子的主语是you 。所以，此句是部分倒装的句子。疑问句都是部分倒装句。）你
打算去参加星期五与会计系进行的足球赛吗？
Hardly could he finish his test paper when the school bell rang .（由于语法要求的原因，本句写成了部分倒装的句子。它的自然语序应该是：When the bell rang, he
could hardly finish his test paper.）他还未做完试卷，下课铃就响了。 了解了倒装语序的构成情况后，我们再来看看倒装语序在各种不同类句子中的使用情
况：
A. 在疑问句中
各种疑问句一般地说都是倒装语序。例如：
Will they come to see us this weekend ? 这个周末他们将来看我们吗？
Are you talking about the film you saw last Monday ?
你们是在谈论你们上周一看的那部电影吗？
Can you speak another foreign language except English?
除开英语，你还能说另一种外语吗？
Where did you buy the dictionary, in the book store nearby or in Xinhua bookstore?
你在哪儿买的这本词典，是在附近的书店还是在新华书店？ She is not a student, isn‘t she ? 她不是个学生，对吗？
B. 在感叹句中
某些感叹句也用倒装语序。例如：
Isn‘t it a beautiful garden ! 多么美丽的花园啊！
What a beautiful garden it is ! 多么美丽的花园啊！（在这种句式中，主语在谓语
之前，属于自然语序。对于主语和谓语而言，语序没有倒装。） Have you ever seen such a naughty kid like him !
你见过那个孩子像他这么调皮！
C. 在陈述句中
陈述句在一般情况下用自然语序；但由于英语语法的某些原因，陈述句也要使用倒装语
序。这些原因大致可以归纳
1) 为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用\"so + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语\"或\"neither / nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语\"的倒装句式。其中第一个
句式表示\"与前面所述的肯定情况相同\"， 第二个句式表示\"与前面所述的否定情况相同\"。
例如：
His brother is a college student; so is mine.
他弟弟是大学生，我弟弟也是。
His brother is not a college student; nor is min .
他弟弟不是大学生，我弟弟也不是。
He used to have his further study abroad; so did I.
他曾去国外深造过，我也去过。
He didn‘t use to have his further study abroad; neither did I.
他没去国外深造过，我也没有。
One of my friends can speak three foreign languages; so can his wife.
我的一个朋友会说三门外国语，他的妻子也会。
One of my friends cannot speak three foreign languages; neither can his wife .
我的一个朋友不会说三门外国语，他的妻子也不会。
They are now preparing for their final examinations; so are we .
他们正在为期末考试作准备，我们也一样。
They are not now preparing for their final examinations; nor are we .
他们没在为期末考试作准备，我们也没有。
2）具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时（除否定词修饰主语外），句子一般要写成部分倒装句。这类词或短语常见的有：not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by
no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner … (than),
hardly … (when), not only … (but also), not until… ,等。例如： Hardly had she sat down when she heard someone knocking at the door .
她还没来得及坐下来，就听见有人敲门。
Not until twelve o‘clock did he go to bed last night .
他昨晚直到十二点钟才睡觉。
Never have my sisters been to Hong Kong before .
我的妹妹们以前从未去过香港。
No sooner had I returned home from New Zealand than I bought a house and went
to live there.我从新西兰一回国，就买了一栋房子并在那儿住下了。 So far as I know, seldom does Mary come back to see her mother.
就我所知，玛利几乎很难回来看她妈妈。
Scarcely a drop of rain fell here last fall . （否定词修饰主语时，句子不用倒
装。） 去年秋天，这儿几乎没下一滴雨。
关于英语中的否定句
1) 一般否定句
I don‘t know this. No news is good news.
There is no person /not a person/not any person in the house.
2)特指否定
He went to his office, not to see him.
I am sorry for not coming on time.
I don‘t think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right.
3)部分否定
I don‘t know all of them. I can‘t see everybody/everything.
All the answers are not right.（并非所有答案都对。） All is not gold that glitters. （闪光的不一定都是金子。）
Both of them are not right.（并非两人都对。）
4)全体否定
None of my friends smoke. I can see nothing/nobody. Nothing can be so simple as this.
Neither of them is right.
5) 延续否定
You didn‘t see him, neither/nor did I. You don‘t know, I don‘t know either.
He doesn‘t know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of French.
6) 半否定句
We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing.
I know little English. I saw few people. 7) 双重否定
You can‘t make something out of nothing.
What‘s done cannot be undone. There is no sweet without sweat.
No gain without pains.
I can‘t help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it.
No man is so old but (that) he can learn.
8)排除否定
Everyone is ready except you. He did nothing but play.
But for your help, I couldn‘t do it.
9)加强否定 I won‘t do it at all. I can‘t see it any more. He is no longer a boy
only在句首要倒装的情况
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
名词复数的规则变化
___________________________________________________
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
__________________________________________________ 一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/; map-maps
2.浊辅音和元音后 bag-bags 读 /z/; car-cars
___________________________________________________
以s,sh,ch,
x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses
watch-watches
___________________________________________________
以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾
的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses ___________________________________________________
以辅音字母+y 变y 为i
结尾的词 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies ___________________________________________________
动词语态
语态是动词的一种形式，它用来表示句中主语同谓语动词之间的关系。
英语有两种语态， 主动语态和被动语态， 主动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的执行者，
被动语态表示主语是谓语动词动作的承受者。例如：
I have repaired the radio.
我修好了收音机。 The radio has been repaired.
收音机被修好了。
The students cleaned the classroom.
学生们打扫了教室。
The classroom was cleaned by the students.
教室被学生们打扫了。 被动语态的构成： be + 过去分词
A building was damaged by the storm.
暴风雨毁坏了一座建筑物。
Our plate was made in China. 我们的盘子是中国生产的。 My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被盗了。
常用的被动语态的时态变化如下，以 ask 为例：
一般 进行 完成
现在I am asked, I am being asked, I have been asked 过去I was asked,I was being asked,I had been asked 将来I shall be asked, I shall have been asked
过去将来I shall be asked
被动语态的疑问句是把助动词提前到句首。
Has your TV set been repaired?
你的电视机修了吗？ Was the kite broken?
风筝破了吗？ Has the work been done?
工作结束了吗？
被动语态的否定式是在助动词后面加 not. The letter has not been sent out.
信还没有发出去。
The little boy has not been found out.
小孩还没有找到。
The cap has not been mended yet.
帽子还没有补好。
Their money has not been sent to them.
他们的钱还没有送到他们手中。
倒装句要点归纳
句子“主语+谓语”的顺序排列，叫自然语序。谓语在前，主语在后，叫倒装语序。倒装语序又分两种：整个谓语在前，叫完全倒装，部分谓语（情态动词 助动词 联系动词）在前，
谓语的主体部分仍在主语之后，叫部分倒装。
一完全倒装
在下列情况中，句子需要使用完全倒装：
1 在there, here 引导的句子中，谓语是be, exist 等表示状态的不及物动词。如：
Here are coats for young people 这有年轻人穿的大衣。
2 在副词now then thus引导的句子里，谓语是come ,follow ,begin, end等。如：
Now comes your turn该你了
Thus ended the meeting.会义就这样结束了。 3 在long live等表示祝愿的句子里。如：
Long live the people ’s Republic of China中华人民共和国万岁
4 在地点谓语提前，谓语是come, be, stand, sit, lie等动词的句子里。如： From a speaker on the wall comes the doctor’s voice.从墙上的扩音器里传来医
生的声音。
5 在谓语是be，表语提前的句子中。如：
So busy is the dentist that he has no time to spare he 这个外科医生这样忙以
致抽不出一 点儿时间来。
Nearby were two canoes in which they had cine to the island.
附近有二条独木舟，他们就是坐这个独木舟来的。
6．在不带if的虚拟条件状语从句,谓语动词是be的句子里。如：
Were I in your position, I would ask him about the matter 我要是处于你那样的
位置，我就要问问他这件事。
二 部分倒装
在下列情况中，句子需要使用部分倒装： 1.在以may开头的表示祝愿的句子里。如： May you have a good journey！祝你一路顺风！
2．Neither…nor…连接的两个句子都要倒装，not only…but also…连接两个句子时，
not only后面的句子要道倒装。:如：
Not only did he teach school, but he wrote novels.他不但在学校里教书，而且还
写小说。
3．在不带if的虚拟条件状语从句中（谓语动词是 be的句子除外）。如： Had I known the answer, I would have told you.我要是知道这个答案就告诉你了。
方式状语从句讲解
方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。
1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是\"正如…\"，\"就像\"，多用于正式文
体，例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by.
你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。
2） as if, as though
两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作\"仿佛……似的\"，\"好
像……似的\"，例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.
看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）
说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 He cleared his throat as if to say something.
他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。
英语中常见的倒装结构
一、英语中构成疑问句（除对主语或主语之定语提问的特殊疑问句外），通常须使用倒装结
构，这是语法结构的需要。例如：
1．When are we going to drink to your happiness?
我们什么时候喝你们的喜酒? 2．Have you seen the film?
你看了那部电影吗?
3．Have you anything like that?
在美国英语中常见：Do you have anything like that?
你有那样的东西吗?
二、以副词here，there，off，out，away等开头的句子，主要是表示感叹语气的句子，
当其主语为名词时，通常要使用倒装。例如： 4. Here comes our teacher! 你们的老师来了！
5．Away went the boy to the school! 那男孩子到学校里去了！
6．Off goes the woman! 那个女人走了！
三、当构成关联从属连词so...that的so位于句首时，往往要使用倒装结构。例如： 7．So loudly did the students read that people could hear them out in the street．
同学们大声读书，人们在街上都听得见（他们的读书声）。 8．So small were the words that he could hardly see them.
字那么小，他几乎看不见。
四、以引导词there开头的句子，须使用倒装结构。例如： (A) 表示“……有……”之概念的“There＋ be ＋主语” 结构： 9． There are three books on the desk． 桌上有三本书。 10．There were something in the box. 箱子里有东西。
(B) 用于正式文体，特别是文学作品中的 \"there＋不及物动词十主语\" 结构，当主语
不明确而又是一个很长的名词短语时，往往使用这种结构：
11．There entered a strange little man.
走进来一个奇怪而身材又矮小的人。
12. Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
从前，海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。
在叙述性和描绘性的书面语中，这种结构若带有地点状语，而且把这种状语放在句首时，
可以用省略there的倒装结构。如：
13．In the cottage lives a family of six.
在这幢小茅舍里住着一家六口。
五、当平时一般不放在句首的状语，为了强调起见而放在句首时，使用倒装结构。例如：
14． Near the bridge was an old cottage.
在桥的附近有一幢古老的小茅舍。
15．Well do I remember the day I saw a wild tiger．
见到一只猛虎的那一天，我记得很清楚。
六、当直接引语的一部分或者全部位于句首时，引述分句的主语又是名词或名词短语，
该引述分句常用倒装结构。例如：
16. \"What shall we do?\" said the teacher.\"
“我们怎么呢？”老师说。
17、 \"Great!\" said my father.\" \"I‘ll go there.\"
\"好极了!\" 我父亲说。“我将到那里去。”
七、某些让步状语从句往往把表语提到主语前面或放在句首，以构成倒装结构。例如： 18. No matter how interesting the book is，he doesn‘t like to read it．
（语序是：No matter how＋表语十主语十系动词be）
不管这本书多有趣，他都不想看。
19．However hard a solid may be，we can change its shape.
（语序是： However+表语+主语+系动词be）不管一个固体有多硬，我们都可以改变其
形状。
20．Young as he is, he knows some of the family secrets.
（语序是：表语十as＋代词作主语十系动词be）尽管他年纪小，他却知道家里的一些
秘密。
21．Difficult as the work was (或：Difficult as was the work)，it was finished
in time.
（语序是：表语十as十名词作主语十系动词be，或：表语＋as＋系动词be＋名词作主
语）工作虽然困难，还是及时完成了。
注1) 用as引导的让步状语从句，表语应放在as之前（例20和例21）；如果主语是代词，主语就要放在系动词be之前。例20；如果主语是名词，则主语可以放在系动词be
之前或后，如例21。
(2) 用as引导的让步状语从句中，如果谓语是“助动词+主要动词原形”，则应把主要
动词原形放在as之前，其语序为：主要动词原形＋as＋主语十助动词。例如：
22. Try as I might, I could not lift the stone.
尽管我用尽力气，我还是举不起这块石头。
八、有些表示“感叹、祝愿”等语气的句子，也可使用倒装结构。例如：
23．Isn‘t it cold!
天气真冷！ 24．Was I surprised! 我真感到惊奇！ 25．May \"both be happy!\"
祝你们两位幸福！
总之，使用倒装结构的情况比较复杂，不可能在有限的篇幅内作出详尽的介绍与论述。究竟何时使用倒装结构，归结起来不外两点：一是语法结构需要时用；二是表示强调时用。
wouldrather表示宁愿
would rather do would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示\"宁愿\"、\"宁可\"的意思。 If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school. I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
----Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you
rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为\"宁愿\"，本题
为疑问句，would 提前，所以选B。
as,though引导的倒装句
as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提
前）。 注意：
1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。
2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义
动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和
yet可连用。
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