Choice Quiz
1. A ______ psychologist would focus on the study of higher mental processes. A) personality B) social C) cognitive D) forensic
2. ________ psychologists would be interested in studying the effect on men of turning 50 years old. A) Environmental B) Developmental C) Clinical D) Educational
3. Maria has a profound lingering depression. She should seek help from a _______ psychologist. A) clinical B) counseling C) cognitive D) health
4. Wilhelm Wundt .
A) was one of the first psychologists to focus on child development. B) developed the field of school psychology.
C) was an influential developmental psychologist. D) set up the first psychological laboratory.
5. The _______ perspective rejected psychology's early emphasis on the inner workings of the mind. A) psychodynamic B) behavioral C) cognitive D) humanistic
6. Sigmund Freud is associated with which psychological perspective? A) psychodynamic B) humanistic C) biological D) behavioral
7. Which of the following perspectives would be associated with free will? A) behavioral
B) psychodynamic C) biological D) humanistic
8. Introspection is a procedure used by _____ to study the mind. A) functionalists B) structuralists C) biologists D) humanists
9. As psychological knowledge grows, . A) it will become more generalized.
B) issues of diversity will decline. C) new perspectives will evolve.
D) treatment will become less available.
10. A(n) _______ psychologist would most likely be called upon to determine whether an individual was legally sane at the time a crime was committed. A) personality B) evolutionary C) cognitive D) forensic
11. “Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.” This means that psychologists are interested in ____________
A) changing the behavior of mental patients.
B) studying the observable behavior of the average person.
C) measuring people's thoughts, feelings, perceptions, reasoning processes, memories, and biological activities.
D) describing, predicting, and explaining human behavior and mental processes.
12. The psychological model that replaced structuralism and focuses on what the mind does is known as ____________ A) introspection.
B) Gestalt psychology. C) functionalism. D) behaviorism.
13. A psychologist with a ____ perspective focuses on how people know, understand, and think about the world.
A) psychodynamic B) behavioral C) humanistic D) cognitive
14. ___________ is a newer field of study that unites the areas of biopsychology and clinical psychology. A) Clinical neuropsychology B) Health psychology
C) Cerebral biopsychology D) Evolutionary psychology
15. One area of concern to psychologists is: ____________
A) the relative overabundance of racial and ethnic diversity among psychologists. B) the relative lack of psychologists in academic settings. C) the relative lack of psychologists who are self-employed.
D) the relative lack of racial and ethnic diversity among psychologists.
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Fill in the Blanks
1. Psychology is defined as the study of behavioral and mental processes.
2. A(n) psychologist would be interested in the development of better teaching techniques. 3. psychology explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical
aliments or disease.
4. The perspective that focuses on how perception is organized is called psychology. 5. Nature is to heredity, what is to environment.
6. The notion that behavior is largely produced by factors beyond people's willful control is called .
7. A psychologist with the perspective would be interested in the functioning of nerve cells. 8. The study of how a person's actions, feelings, or thoughts are influenced by others is the focus of psychology.
9. The view that thinking is information processing is often held by psychologists with the perspective.
10. Many psychologists working from the cognitive perspective compare human thinking to the workings of a . In their view, thinking is information processing.
（1. scientific 2. educational 3. Health 4. Gestalt 5. nurture 6. determinism 7. biological 8. social 9. cognitive 10. computer）
Short Answers
1. Contrast the subfields of clinical psychology and counseling psychology. 2. Contrast the psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives.
3. Identify and describe one psychological perspective that developed in reaction to the behavioral perspective.
4. Discuss the psychological issue of individual differences versus universal principles. 5. Define cross-cultural psychology and give an example of a phenomenon they might study.
(1. Clinical psychology deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders, while counseling psychology focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.
2. The psychodynamic perspective believes that a person has little control over their inner forces, while the humanistic perspective believes that people can control their behavior.
3. Both the cognitive and humanistic perspectives developed in reaction to behaviorism. The cognitive perspective evolved in part from structuralism and in part as a reaction to behaviorism [which focused so heavily on observable behavior and the environment], while the humanistic perspective rejects the view that behavior is determined largely by the environment.
4. Individual differences reflect the unique and special qualities of people. Universal principles reflect what is common among all people like the operation of our nervous system.
5. Cross-cultural psychology investigates the similarities and differences in and across various cultures and ethnic groups of the world.)
Chapter 2: Psychological Research
Choice Quiz
1. A(n) ______________ is a prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested. A) theory B) operation C) hypothesis D) experiment
2. In archival research, ____________ A) existing data are examined. B) a control group is necessary. C) new data is generated.
D) a sample of people are asked questions.
3. Which of the following correlations indicates the weakest association? A) +0.8 B) -0.2 C) +0.3 D) -1.0
4. The only way psychologists can establish cause-and-effect relationships through research is by
____________ A) case studies.
B) naturalistic observation. C) experiments.
D) correlational research.
5. Random assignment is based on ____________ A) chance.
B) experimenter bias. C) participant choice.
D) the hypothesis in question.
6. The second step in the scientific method is ____________ A) carrying out research.
B) operationalizing the hypothesis. C) formulating an explanation.
D) identifying a question of interest.
7. An experimenter must manipulate at least one variable in order to observe the effects of the manipulation on another variable; the variable that the experimenter manipulates is known as the A) independent variable. B) dependent variable. C) correlational variable. D) uncontrolled variable.
8. The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation is called ____________ A) the experimental manipulation. B) randomization. C) replication.
D) the control group.
9. The purpose of the control group in an experiment is to ____________
A) assist in the design of the research project.
B) accommodate the extra participants who arrived late and could not serve in the experimental group. C) prevent the researcher from cheating.
D) give a comparison that allows the independent variable to be judged.
10. Researchers will conclude that they have confirmed their hypotheses when ____________ A) placebo effects have been maximized. B) the results are statistically significant.
C) experimenter and participant expectations have been eliminated. D) meta-analysis has been avoided.
11. Most psychologists argue that deception in an experiment is ____________ A) only appropriate for animal research. B) sometimes necessary to prevent bias. C) always necessary for significant results. D) never acceptable.
12. What should be done about experimenter and participant expectations? A) Both experimenter and participant expectations should be minimized. B) Only participant expectations should be minimized. C) Only experimenter expectations should be minimized.
D) The experimenter and participant should discuss them so that they are as equivalent as possible. 13. During the 1991 Gulf War, new reporters based in Baghdad reported news as they witnessed it. This style of reporting resembles ____________ A) case study research. B) archival research. C) survey research.
D) naturalistic observation.
14. Participants are randomly assigned to the groups in an experiment so that ____________ A) participants will not know to which group they are assigned.
B) concern will be minimized that the experiment is too artificial and contrived. C) the composition of the groups are roughly equivalent. D) the experiment will be simplified.
15. The purpose of a placebo is to ____________
A) give participants equal expectations about the treatment variable. B) ensure that participants can be assigned at random to either group.
C) demonstrate to the Food and Drug Administration that even ineffective medications may be
worthwhile.
D) reduce worries about the representatives of the participants.
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Fill in the Blanks
1. A(n) is a broad explanation and prediction concerning a phenomenon of interest.
2. A(n) indicates that as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases.
3. In an experiment, the group receiving a treatment is called the group.
4. The variable is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenter's manipulation.
5. is the repetition of research, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants.
6. A(n) is an in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or a small group of people.
7. One drawback of is that if people know they are being watched, they might alter their reactions, producing behavior that is not representative of the group in question. 8. research determines whether two variables are associated.
9. - permits psychologists to combine the results of many separate studies into one overall conclusion.
10. The manipulation implemented by the experimenter is called the .
(1. theory 2. negative; correlation 3. experimental 4. dependent 5. Replication 6. case; study 7. naturalistic; observation 8. Correlational 9. Meta; analysis 10. treatment)
Short Answers
1. What are two potential shortcomings of surveys? 2. Contrast correlational and experimental research.
3. Why do researchers employ the double-blind procedure? 4. Why is operationalization a key step in the research process? 5. How are the independent and dependent variables related?
(1. People may have memory lapses or give responses that they think the researchers does or doesn't want to hear. The sample may not be representative of the broader population of interest.
2. Correlational research provides a measure of the strength of a relationship between two variables, while experimental research can establish cause-and-effect relationships.
3. The double-blind procedure minimizes experimenter and participant bias. By keeping both \"blind\" as to the nature of the drug being administered, researchers can more accurately assess the effects of the drug.
4. Operationalization is the process of translating a hypothesis into testable procedures that can be measured and observed. This allows the hypothesis to be tested.
5. The dependent variable is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable. )
Chapter 3: Neuroscience and Behavior
Choice Quiz
1. The myelin sheath is a protective coating around the ____________ A) axon. B) dendrite. C) spinal cord. D) cerebral cortex.
2. A deficiency of which neurotransmitter causes Parkinson's disease? A) acetylcholine B) dopamine C) serotonin D) endorphin
3. ______________ neurons transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system.
A) Central B) Moter C) Sensory D) Somatic
4. John touches a stove and immediately withdraws his hand. Why?
A) The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is activated. B) The somatic division of the nervous system is in control.
C) The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is activated. D) A reflex is at work.
5. Which of the following brain-scanning techniques uses a computer to construct an image of the brain by combining thousands of separate X rays? A) electroencephalogram
B) computerized axial tomography C) magnetic resonance imaging D) positron emission tomography
6. The endocrine system is a(n) ______________ communication network that sends messages throughout the nervous system via the bloodstream. A) photo B) neural C) electrical D) chemical
7. The corpus callosum connects the ____________ A) brain and spinal cord. B) frontal and parietal lobes. C) right and left hemispheres. D) moter area and sensory area.
8. Which of the following parts of the brain are found in the central core? A) reticular formation B) cerebral cortex C) sensory area D) moter area
9. Some estimates suggest that there are as many as one ______________ neurons involved in behavior. A) billion B) trillion C) thousand D) million
10. The ______________ are the part of the neuron that receives messages from other neurons. A) dendrites
B) terminal buttons C) cell bodies D) axons
11. The autonomic nerves are ____________ A) located in the spinal cord.
B) part of the central nervous system. C) voluntary.
D) part of the peripheral nervous system. 12. The pituitary gland affects ____________ A) growth. B) emotion.
C) energy levels. D) sexual urges.
13. After her stroke, Abigail felt numb on the right side of her body. What area of her brain was most likely damaged?
A) the right hemisphere B) the left hemisphere C) the cerebellum D) the central core
14. Which area of the human body is most sensitive? A) ears B) legs C) arms D) fingers
15. Ralph is having difficulty with his speech. Which area of his brain is most likely to be impaired? A) central core area B) association area C) sensory area D) medulla
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Fill in the Blanks
1. The is the part of a neuron that carries messages destined for other neurons.
2. Before the neuron is triggered, it is in a(n) with an electrical charge of -70 millivolts.
3. The main function of the is to control balance.
4. - patients offer a rare opportunity for researchers to investigate the
independent functioning of the two hemispheres of the brain.
5. connect sensory and motor neurons, carrying messages between the two.
6. The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital are the four major sections of the cerebral cortex.
7. The branch of psychology that seeks to identify behavior patters that result from the genetic inheritance from our ancestors is called psychology.
8. Acetylcholine, glutamate, and serotonin are all examples of a(n) .
9. The procedure in which a person learns to control physiological processes through conscious thought is called .
10. Chemical messages are used to communicate across the , the space between two neurons.
(1. axon 2. state or resting; state or resting 3. cerebellum 4. brain or Split; brain or Split 5. Interneurons 6. lobes 7. evolutionary 8. neurotransmitter 9. biofeedback 10. synapse)
Short Answers
1. What is the biological reason for the process of reuptake?
2. What happens when the sympathetic division of the automatic nervous system is activated? 3. How does the field of behavioral genetics support the nature side of the nature-nurture issue? 4. What are some of the strengths of the right hemisphere of the brain? 5. Contrast the functions of the thalamus with those of the hypothalamus.
(1. If neurotransmitters remained at the synapse, receptor neurons would be constantly stimulated. Synaptic transmission would no longer be possible.
2. * pupils widen * dry mouth * heart accelerates * lung swells * digestion slows * sweating increases * sexual climax
3. Evidence suggests that our genetic inheritance predisposes us to respond in particular ways to our environment. Genetics determines, to some extent, a variety of behaviors such as cognition, sexual orientation, and personality.
4. spatial relationships, recognition of patterns, music, and emotional expression
5. The thalamus acts primarily as a busy relay station, mostly for information concerning the senses. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis and regulates eating, drinking, and sexual behavior. )
Note: all material of choice quiz, fill in the blanks and short answers are from two sites:
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072422971/student_view0/
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072965037/student_view0/index.html
Psychology, Psychodynamic perspective, Cognitive perspective, Theories, Hypothesis, Experimental group, Control group, Variables, Experimental bias, Resting State, Action potential
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