竞技运动表演论

作者姓名：方千华 论文题目：竞技运动表演论

作者简介：方千华，男，1976年4月出生，2004年9月师从于福建师范大学大学黄汉升教授，于2007年6月获博士学位。攻读博士学位以来，主持了国家社科基金项目、中国博士后科学基金特别资助项目等4项省部级以上课题，出版专著1部（35万字），发表学术论文36篇，科研成果被福建省授予社会科学优秀成果一等奖（合作）、二等奖（）和三等奖（），并在国际奥林匹克科学大会等重要学术会议专题报告及交流。

中 文 摘 要

竞技运动是体育中最鲜明、最突出的亮点，体育因竞技而充满生机和活力，体育因竞技而不断开化与进步。本文选题结合了北京奥运会的社会背景，运用文献资料法、逻辑法、访谈法、个案法、比较法等研究方法，以表演新视角系统研究了竞技运动，从本质论、场域论、存在论和发展论的递进维度，结合多学科知识，归纳和总结竞技运动表演本质，论述竞技运动剧场空间和表演关系，从理论与实证探讨竞技运动表演的社会存在问题，以生命视野和和谐意蕴提出竞技运动发展观点，构建竞技运动与身体、文化、社会的联系，初步建立了竞技运动表演理论体系，进一步丰富了竞技运动理论研究，体现了新思维的理论创新价值。

本研究以表演视域考察竞技运动，并不是简单地把竞技运动作为一种非竞争性的表演行为，而是利用理论分析范式的“表演”或具有方法学意义的“表演”解读竞技运动的身体行为和文化行为。

第二章――竞技运动表演本质论。考察了不同语境下表演的含义，通过不同形式的表演活动比较。基于身体范畴，从身体语言、身体体验、身体真实、身体文化、身体呈现和生命确证6个维度解读了竞技运动的身体表演本质。

表演理解始终不能离开身体的范畴，正是由于表演的存在，使得人的肉身的躯体在“动”中呈现出生命的意义。（1）以身体语言维度，竞技运动身体语言的基本要素是运动动作，包含了运动单词、运动句子、运动段落等不同层次。竞技运动身体语言的结构规则使得竞技运动表达呈现有序性和合理性。竞技运动身体语言以躯体互动促进理解，强化情感与审美交流，实现了个人交往和民族交往的社会意义。（2）以身体体验维度，指导性体验是竞技者成长的必不可少阶段，需要遵循教化和内化的统一的原则，身体体验具有情感性，在竞技者成长历

程中感受到不同的生命情感，身体体验具有知识性，竞技者在文化知识发展中促进了技术的创新。（3）以身体真实维度，真实表演是竞技运动的社会存在根基，体现了善，表现出美，蕴含着公平竞争精神，虚假表演严重影响到竞技运动的社会生存，其消解需要回归到人的主体，确立表演者主体性。（4）以身体文化维度，竞技运动是以有组织的游戏形式出现的独特文化现象，经历了文化的锤炼，凝聚了宗教、军事、艺术等多种文化的滋养,秉承了各民族文化的特质，形成了广泛观众参与的身体表演文化，竞技者在竞技舞台上以身体表演延续和传承了竞技运动文化。（5）以身体呈现维度，公平是竞技运动竞争的基础，通过规则的权威与人的道德修养来实现身体的公平竞争。竞技者在竞技场呈现了竞争与对抗之间的张力美，竞技运动的身体呈现指向观众。（6）作为生命确证维度，竞技运动表演呈现的精神是一种文化意识和社会意识，属于人类共有的精神财富。竞技运动表演实现自我超越，作为人类一种改造自身的活动，表现出主体的人对一种更完美的存在、一种更高的价值和理性追求，在竞技运动舞台上，竞技表演者把改造的结果表达出来，证明人类自我的本质力量，确证生命的存在。

第三章――竞技运动表演场域论。在表演场域论范畴，探讨表演剧场和表演关系，论述了竞技运动剧场的实体空间和文化空间的历史演变和基本特征。阐述了以运动员个体为中心形成的表演关系以及这一关系的转换现象、失调表现、维系原则等，解读竞技活动中物的要素和人的要素组成的文化行为。

竞技运动表演场域是由结构空间（表演剧场）和逻辑关系（表演关系）组成的社会空间构型，以表演剧场和表演关系理解竞技运动场域问题，进一步解读竞技运动表演行为。（1）竞技运动表演剧场包括实体空间和文化空间，实体空间是文化空间的基础，文化空间是实体空间的延伸。竞技运动表演剧场在古代表演剧场基础上，不断继承与创新，发展成为具有现代特征的表演剧场。实体空间基本特征有设计的内涵性、建设的生态性、构造的科技性、结构的多样性和环境的多元性，文化空间基本特征有观演的文明性、赛场的人文性、艺术的融合性、主题的民族性和形式的多样性。（2）竞技运动表演关系以运动员个体为中心，形成了表演者与表演者、表演者与导演、表演者与欣赏者以及表演者与评价者等关系，表演关系维持了竞技运动的有序运行。在表演场域中表演关系会出现转换和失调现象，转换现象中最为集中和有意义的是运动员转换为教练员，失调表现在角色冲突、角色中断和角色不清等。竞技运动表演关系需要人本准则、道德准则和法律准则来维系，才能够建立“以人为本”的竞技训练和竞赛环境，巩固表演关系的正常发展，保持竞技运动表演场域的和谐。

第四章――竞技运动表演存在论。在社会生活范畴，论述了竞技运动表演内容的社会发展演变，了解不同社会形态中的竞技运动表演内容。探讨了竞技运动表演以奥运会、职业联赛、业余比赛等多样方式存在。进一步理解竞技运动表演社会存在的城市空间，论证了竞技运动表演社会存在需要城市土壤滋养也促进了城市发展。以大城市北京和中小城市晋江作为实地考察点，证明竞技运动表演与城市融合的意义与价值。

竞技运动表演之所以能进入人类生活视野，存在于社会生活空间，是因为它满足了人类

自身的需求，契合了社会发展的要求。（1）从社会发展演变看，不同的社会形态具有不同的竞技运动表演内容。现代竞技运动在奥林匹克运动的推动下，竞技表演内容不断调整和壮大，出现了鲜明现代文化特征的竞技内容。（2）竞技运动表演社会存在具有多种方式，多种方式共存、互补而展现了竞技运动社会存在的生命力。（3）城市是竞技运动表演社会存在的主要空间，竞技运动表演既需要城市土壤的滋养，也促进城市整体的发展。在城市化的发展过程中，竞技运动表演与城市的融合趋势加强。不同的城市以自身城市发展为依据，可以选择与其相契合的竞技赛事。作为大城市的北京以奥运会为契机，体现了竞技运动表演对城市整体发展的巨大效应，作为中小城市的晋江加强竞技运动赛事与城市的融合，打造城市的体育品牌，实现竞技运动表演与城市的互动发展。

第五章――竞技运动表演发展论。基于发展思考，以竞技运动表演的生命视野，指出了在现实中出现了漠视生命的现象，提出了竞技者生命关注的体教结合、平等对话、技术逻辑、社会保障、激励机制和全面发展6个方面内容。以竞技运动的和谐意蕴，运用协调发展理论与可持续发展理论设计了和谐发展的理论路径，提出了在我国社会转型期竞技运动发展遵循观众服务、效益平衡、项目均衡、文化多样、多元参与、公平竞争、协调发展和社会和谐8个原则。

基于发展思考，从竞技运动表演的生命视野关注竞技者个体生命和竞技运动的和谐意蕴关注竞技运动整体发展。（1）竞技运动是人类重要的文化活动，竞技者在身体表演中追求人生的价值，提升生命的境界，实现生命的意义。然而，在现实发展中出现了漠视生命的现象。竞技运动的发展需要以竞技者个体生命为基础，加强运动训练和个体教育的有效结合，促进师生之间的民主与自在的沟通，注重运动技术的竞技性与文化性的逻辑发展，构建完善的保障体系和合理的激励机制，以全面发展为起点和归宿，从体教结合、平等对话、技术逻辑、社会保障、激励机制和全面发展6个方面对竞技者的生命关爱与呵护。（2）竞技运动表演的和谐意蕴既追求协调发展，注重竞技运动整体与系统本身的内在关系；也追求可持续发展，侧重于竞技运动发展的未来。在我国社会转型期，需遵循以下原则及目标，实现竞技运动表演内部的和谐以及与社会大系统之间的和谐，推进新时期中国竞技运动的整体发展：遵循观众服务原则，满足观众欣赏需求；遵循效益平衡原则，建立双赢运作模式；遵循项目均衡原则，打破优势垄断格局；遵循文化多样原则，形成多元表演文化；遵循多元参与原则，鼓励社会资源参与；遵循公平竞争原则，维护竞技基本理念；遵循协调发展原则，促进大众体育发展；遵循社会和谐原则，推动社会健康繁荣。

由于表演的存在，我们看到了竞技运动的活力，看到它身上所留有的文明烙印，看到它穿行于社会规则中的作用，未来竞技运动将作为具有竞争性和规范性的独特身体表演文化存在于社会生活中，通过竞技者与欣赏者之间生命能量的交流与互动，在满足人们日益增长的文化需求的基础上实现多元价值，促进社会和谐，体现竞技运动的社会存在意义。

关键词：竞技运动；表演；本质；场域；存在；发展

Research on the Performance of Competitive Sports

Fang Qian Hua ABSTRACT

We usually think competitive sports as the most excellent and outstanding part of physical culture because it brings energy and advancement to the whole physical culture. By using literature review, visiting inquisition, logic methods, case analysis，comparing and mathematical statistics, the author studies competitive sports performance(CSP) on the thought of essence, field, entity and development, sums up its essence, traces the relationship between competitive sports and theater performance, discusses its social entity from both theory and demonstration, puts forward the development viewpoints on the angle of life and harmony. The value of this paper is to build up a correlation of body, society, culture and competitive sports, to form a system of performance and enrich the theory of competitive sports through embodying its value of innovation.

The author studies the body behavior and culture behavior of competitive sports from the angle of performance, making use of performance including analyzing meaning and methodology rather than thinking competitive sports as non-competition behavior.

In the second chapter, the essential theory of competitive sports is studied. The meaning of the performance under different language circumstance is investigated by comparing the performing actions in different forms. Based on body category, the body performing essence of competitive sport is illustrated from multiple aspects, namely, body language, body experience, body reality, body culture, body presentation and the life definite evidence.

Performance can never be presented without human bodies, and it is through human bodies that the meaning of life is presented. (1) From the dimension of body language (BL), sport movement is the basic elements of BL of competitive sports, which includes sport words, sport sentence, sport paragraph and so on. Structure rules of BL make sport to be orderly and rational. BL tries to understand one another through bodies, strengthens the intercommunion of sensibility and taste, and achieves social meaning of individual intercourse and national intercourse. (2) From the dimension of body experience (BE), the coach is a necessary phase for athletes’ growing, he needs to follow the uniform rule of both the exterior education and inside understanding. BL is an emotional and intellective body because athletes can taste the different life emotions in sport development and promote their technical innovation in culture education. (3) From the dimension of body trueness

(BT), the true performance is a social basis of sport being, it shows the good and the beautiful, and includes the fair competition. The false performance affects sport being viciously, and we must come back to the body and ensure the domination of performers. (4) From the dimension of body culture (BC), competitive sport is a unique culture by the appearance of an organizational play, comes through culture hammer-harden, collects multi-culture nutrition of religion, military affairs, art and so on, inherits the culture particularity of different nations, and comes to a body performance culture of which many people are participants. Athletes continue and succeed to pass on sport culture at arena through their body performance. (5) From the dimension of body present (BP), the fair is a sport competitive basis, which is to come true by regular authority and human morality. Athletes show the tension beauty of competition and counterwork in arena, and present aesthetic bodies to spectators. (6) From the dimension of life confirmation (LC), CSP presents a spirit which is a culture and society consciousness and belongs to the mutual spiritual wealth for all people. CSP comes out self-exceeding, which is a self-rebuilding action and presents that body people pursue with more beautiful being and higher value. Athletes present their self-rebuilding body, testify human essence force and attest life being in arena.

In the third chapter, the performance field of competitive sports is depicted. Within the category of the performance field of competitive sports, the relation between arena and performance is discussed. The historical evolvement and the essential characters of the substantial space (the culture space) are addressed. The performing relation, which is formed taking the athlete individual as the center, and the correlative context, such as the transforming phenomenon, the maladjusted performance, the supporting principle and so on, is illustrated. It is also shown in this chapter the cultural action, which is composed of the human factor and the substance factor in the competitive activity.

The field of CSP is a social space framework which is made up of framework space (performance theater) and logic relation(performance relation). We study the sport space on the basis of performance theater and performance relation, and further understand the behavior of CSP. (1) Performance theater includes entity space and culture space, and entity space is the basis of culture space and culture space is the extension of entity space. Performance theater develops from antiquity theater through both inheriting and innovation. Entity space has the characteristics of design connotation, building zoology, formation technology, construction diversity, and environment variety. Culture space has the characteristics of looking-and-performance civilization, arena humanism, art amalgamation, nationality of theme and variety in forms. (2) With the athlete as the centre, CSP combines various relations including performer and performer, performer and director, performer and spectator, and performer and valuator, which ensures the orderly running of competitive sports. Performance relation can occur to transition and maladjustment, need to hold up

a harmonious field by the principles of humanity, morality and law, only by doing so can we build a training and game environment with human beings as the priority, strengthen the natural development, and keep the field of CPS to be harmonious.

In the fourth chapter, the existence of CSP is presented. Based on his comprehension of those contents in the different social formations, the author illustrates the social evolvement of the content of competitive sport performance. It is discussed that the competitive sport performance exists in many ways such as Olympic Games, professional league, amateur match. After illustrating the urban space of competitive sport performance in society, the author demonstrates that the existence of competitive sport performance requires the support of city and promotes the development of city at the same time. Taking two cities, Beijing and Jinjiang, as examples, this chapter aims to prove the meaning and value of integration of CSP.

CSP gets into social life and consists in social space because it meets the requirements of human and society. Form the society evolvement, the performance content is diverse in different societies. The performance content of modern sports continually adjusts and enhances with the stimulus of the Olympic Games, and shows outstanding characteristics of the modern culture. The competitive sports have manifold modes of existence, and they show the life-force for sport life. The city is a primary space of CSP, which needs to nourish CSP and is wholly developed for CSP. The combination of CSP and city enhances with the city’s development. The city can choose the accordant games according to its development. Beijing, as a big city, catches hold of the chance of Olympic Games, embodies the great effects for CSP. Jinjiang, as a small city, strengthens the combination trend, builds up the sport rank for city, promoting their development to each other.

In the fifth chapter, the development of CSP is discussed. According to the consideration of development, the author points out the phenomenon that appeared to ignore the life, and proposes six matters which are relevant to the life of the athlete. These six matters are the combination of education and physical training, equal dialogue, technological logic, social security, incentive mechanism, and all-round development, respectively. The author makes use of coordinated development theory and sustainable development theory to design theoretical route of the harmonious development. Eight principles are put forward, which the development of competitive sport should obey during the period of social transformation in our country. These principles are listed as follows, audience services, cost-effective balance, project equilibrium, cultural diversity, pluralism participation, fair competition, harmonious development, and social harmony.

Thinking about the development of CSP, the author discusses athlete’s life from life view and sport development from the harmonious view. Form life view, we think that competition sport is an important culture activity for people, and athletes are to pursue their life value, advancing life world and carry about life meaning in body performance. However, athletes often ignore their lives in the

real world. We must take care of the athletes’ life for the development of competitive sports, enhance the combination of sport training and athlete education, promote the democratic and free communication between teacher and student, pay attention to the logic development of athletics orientation and culture orientation, build up a perfect social security system and a rational prompting system, carry out the care and cherish of athlete’s life on the basis of the whole development. From harmonious view, CSP pursues coordinated development and pays attention to the rations between the all sport and the self-system, and goes in for sustainable development and thinks about the sport future. During the time of social transformation, we must realize athletics movement internal system harmony as well as the social big system harmony, so as to advance the whole development of China’s athletics movement at the new period. The findings indicate that, athletics movement harmonious development principle and the goal include: (1) the audience principle, to meet the demand of appreciation from the audience;(2) the benefit balance principle, to establish the double-win operation pattern;(3) the project-balance principle, to break the superiority monopoly pattern;(4)the cultural diverse principle, to form multi-performance culture;(5)the multi-participation principle, to encourage the social resources participation;(6) the fair competition principle, to defend the athletics basic idea;(7) the coordinated development principle, to promote the populace sports development;(8) the social harmonious principle, to put forward the society to be healthy and prosperous.

Because of the existence of performance, we can see the energy, the civilized trace and social function of competitive sports. Competitive sports will present our life as a single body performance culture possessing competition and criterion, hasten the communion with each other between athlete and spectator, carry out the various values on the requirement of people’s culture, promote social harmony, and embody its’ social meaning for existence.

Key words: Competitive sports; performance; essence; field; entity; development