2019届高三英语二轮复习专题四语法填空讲义

专题四 语法填空

有提示词类必考点(一)——谓语动词

技法一 慧眼识别标志词 在题干中，yesterday, tomorrow, always, since, in the past few years, so far等都是判定动词时态常用的标志性时间状语，做题时可以通过寻找时间标志词来判定时态。 1．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice.

解析：has grown 由时间状语“Since 2011”可知， 这里要用现在完成时。主语“the country”是第三人称单数，故谓语动词用has grown。

2．(2018·江苏高考改编)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be e-mailing each other, for we (develop) more convenient electronic communication tools by then.

解析：will have developed 句意：在2025年我们有希望不用再互相发电子邮件了，因为到那时我们将已经研制出更方便的电子交流工具了。根据句中的“in 2025”以及“by then”可知，空格处应用将来完成时。

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment, school (come) first.

解析：comes 由时间状语at the moment可知，这里是指现在发生的事情，因此用一般现在时。

4．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)This cycle (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消) for the outside temperatures.

解析：goes 主语是This cycle, 且此处day after day表示常态，一直是这种情况，所以用一般现在时。

5．In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.

解析：was 根据空前“In 1969, the pollution was terrible”可知，叙述的是过去发生的事情，因此用一般过去时；此外，主语是It，因此此处谓语用was。

6．Besides high­speed rail, China (improve) people’s lives in many other innovative ways over the last decade.

解析：has improved over the last decade表示“在过去的十年”，常和现在完成时连用，主语是China，故谓语动词用has improved。

7．(2018·惠州第二次调研)A woman suddenly (go) blind in one eye after playing a mobile phone game for a whole week in Guangdong Province last month.

解析：went 根据该句中的时间状语last month可知，此处应用一般过去时。 8．(2019·重庆第一次调研)Now, I’d like to share what I (learn) through

Travelling Guide a few weeks ago.

解析：learned/learnt 根据本句中的时间状语“a few weeks ago”可知，该空应用一般过去时。

技法二 瞻前顾后找并列 表示并列关系的谓语动词往往时态一致，如：and, but, not only ... but also 引导的句子时态相呼应，应该一致。 1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ改编)I (manage) to get an A in that course and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the classroom.

解析：managed 由连词and连接的并列谓语动词learned可知，空格处也应该用一般过去时，managed和learned并列。

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Minstry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government (start) a soil­testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.

解析：started 根据语境可知，when引导定语从句修饰先行词2005，作者在说2005年发生的事情，started 和dropped是并列关系，故应用过去式。

3．(2017·6月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing.

解析：searched 根据句意和“but turned up nothing”可知，search的动作发生在过去，所以填searched。

4．(2019·石家庄检测)My purchase cost 6 yuan and (take) just a few seconds.At a nearby coffee shop, its owner scanned a QR code on my phone.

解析：took 根据句子的主语My purchase及谓语动词cost用了过去时态可知，and连接的并列谓语应用过去式，所以填took。

5．At first, both of them joined together and the frog (lead) his friend towards the pool in which he lived, and didn’t stop until he reached the side of the water.

解析：led 由并列连词and可知，空白处与前面的joined呼应，表示过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。

技法三 主从时态须呼应 解决主、从句涉及的时态题时，要考虑主句和从句的关系， 根据动作发生的时间确定时态。 1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.

解析：is the review says后跟的是宾语从句，主句谓语动词为一般现在时，宾语从句与主句的时态应保持一致，空格处应用一般现在时；且宾语从句中的主语为it，故填is。

2．(2018·北京高考改编)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who (trap) in the mountains for two days.

解析：had been trapped 句意：一名救援人员冒着生命危险救出了两名被困在山里两天的游客。根据语境可知，trap所表示的动作发生在risked之前，为“过去的过去”，故应用过去完成时；又因为trap与主语who(指代“two tourists”)之间是被动关系，故应用过去完成时的被动语态。

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Later, engineers (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.

解析：managed 根据空格后从句中的谓语动词became可知此处也应该用一般过去时。 4．(2019·泰安检测)Mr White (teach) in our school for nearly forty years before he retired last month.

解析：had taught 根据“for nearly forty years”可知用完成时，再由时间状语从句“before he retired last month”可知用过去完成时。

5．(2018·河南豫南九校质量考评)She said she (notice) a big change in me and wondered why.

解析：had noticed 句意：她说她已经注意到了我的巨大变化并想知道为什么会出现这种情况。设空处notice的动作发生在said之前，表示“过去的过去”，故用过去完成时。

技法四 细心体会辨语境 有些题目在时间状语和其他参照物都不明显的情况下，通过正确理解语境也是解决时态问题的一条行之有效的方法。 1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ改编)Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, I’m still putting to use what he (teach) me.

解析：taught 根据语境可知，此处表示：我仍然利用到他教我的东西。他教我应是发生在过去，所以应用一般过去时。

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ改编)The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier

than I (do) how to live more with less.

解析：did 从语境“learn earlier than I”可知比我早学会，我学会……是发生在过去，所以应填did。

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Fast food (be) full of fat and salt；by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.

解析：is 由语境可知，此处表示客观事实，应用一般现在时，句子的主语Fast food (快餐)是不可数名词短语，故填is。

4．(2016·浙江高考改编)While online shopping (change) our life, not all of its effects have been positive.

解析：has changed 句意：尽管网上购物改变了我们的生活，但并非它所有的影响都是积极正面的。从句主语是online shopping，结合网上购物已经改变了我们的生活这一事实以及后面的have been可知，这里要用现在完成时。

5．While most water towns are in the south, Shandong’s Tai’erzhuang stands out in the north.The town (be) on the bank of the Beijing­Hangzhou Grand Canal.

解析：is 此处表示：这座城镇位于京杭大运河的岸边。该句主语为“The town”，故谓语动词用单数；该句陈述的是当前的情况，故用一般现在时。

6．(2018·湖北七市联考)A red rose, rather than yellow roses, (act) as the traditional romantic gift given to your lover on Valentine’s Day.

解析：acts 本句描述的是客观情况，故应用一般现在时；句子的主语是A red rose，而不是rather than后的yellow roses，所以谓语动词应该用单数形式，故填acts。

技法五 固定句式要记牢 掌握固定句式也是解决时态问题的快速且行之有效的方法，因此要熟记一些常用固定句式。 1．(2017·天津高考改编)I (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.

解析：was driving 此处是be doing ...when ...结构，意为“正在做……，这时(突然)……”。由从句的谓语动词found可知，主句应用过去进行时。

2．This was the first time I (experience) sandstorms and I don’t ever want to be in one again.

解析：had experienced 在“This was the first time (that) ...”句式中，从句用过去完成时。

3．(2019·梧州一模)I say to him with a cheerful smile，“Go to exercise and you (feel) better.”

解析：will feel 此处为“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”结构，陈述句用一般将来时。

4．(2018·汕头市模拟)The hall was dark when I came in; the show was about (begin)．

解析：to begin 此处考查be about to do sth.意为“马上就要做某事”，表将来，故填to begin。

5．If the child (listen) to his advice that day, he would have been alarmed and would not have been injured.

解析：had listened 句中的时间状语that day 是一般过去时的时间状语， 但是从主句的谓语动词的形式可以看出本题考查虚拟语气，且空格处表示与过去事实相反的假设， 所以从句用过去完成时。

6．(2018·陕西质量检测)Harvard is older than the United States.In the early 1630s some settlers suggested that a university (found) just to improve the quality of their descendants so that they could better build the new home.

解析：be founded 主语a university和动词found之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；suggest表示“建议”时，后接从句，从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。

技法六 理清主谓关系，时态、语态要分明 有时做题时我们对于时态问题比较关注，但往往忽略了语态，因此我们要对时态、语态全面考虑。 1．(2018·浙江高考)I still remember visiting a friend who’d lived here for five years and I (shock) when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.

解析：was shocked 根据后面的learnt可知，此处说的是过去的事，故用一般过去时；而I与shock之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。

2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)When fat and salt (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.

解析：are removed 句意：脂肪和盐分从食物中去除后，食物尝起来就好像缺失了什么东西。结合语境可知，状语从句中用一般现在时态，主语fat and salt是复数概念，且与remove之间是被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。故填are removed。

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been fairly unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.

解析：were used 根据句意可知Steam engines与use之间为被动关系，且动作发生在过去，故需用一般过去时的被动语态。

4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel, earning a million dollars in the next year.

解析：was told/has been told 句意：萨拉被告知她可以成为英国的一名超模新星，第二年就可以有一百万美元的收入。主语Sarah与tell之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。此

处可以用现在完成时或一般过去时。

5．(2019·南昌一模)The village, which (build) in 1086, is crossed with canals.

解析：was built 根据该句中的时间状语“in 1086”可知，该处陈述的事情发生在过去，故用一般过去时；which指代“The village”，为单数，且和动词build之间是被动关系，故此处应填was built。

6．(2018·广西桂林百色模拟)The Beijing Palace Museum keeps the original Song painting and one of its famous copies — the Qing version (hold) in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.

解析：is held 该句主语为“one of its famous copies — the Qing version”，主语和谓语动词“hold”之间为被动关系，故用被动语态；该句陈述的是一种客观情况，故用一般现在时，故填is held。

7．We sincerely hope more cultural exchanges of this kind (hold) in Italy and Lanzhou in the future.

解析：will be held 此处指希望将来会有更多这样的文化交流活动在意大利和兰州举办。根据时间状语“in the future”可知，此处应用一般将来时；又hold与其主语之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。故填will be held。

8．(2018·成都第二次诊断)Hot pot restaurants can (find) on pretty much every street in Chengdu, but the quality and taste can vary hugely.

解析：be found 动词find和句子主语Hot pot restaurants之间是被动关系，故应用被动语态。

技法七 利用三原则，确定主谓一致 对于主谓一致这个语法点来说，了解和掌握语法一致、意义一致和就近一致三个基本原则是关键，掌握了基本的用法之后就像套数学公式一样代入即可。 1．(2018·北京高考改编)She and her family bicycle to work, which (help) them keep fit.

解析：helps 句意：她和她的家人骑自行车上班，这有助于她们保持健康。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个主句的内容。which在从句中作主语，表示她和家人骑自行车上班这件事，是单数概念，且主句中谓语动词bicycle是一般现在时，从句中也应用一般现在时，故用helps。

2．(2017·天津高考改编)Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming， (regard) as one of the best all­round forms of exercise.

解析：is regarded cycling与动词regard之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；主语后有along with连接的短语时，谓语动词的数应与主语保持一致，即与cycling一致，此处谓

语动词应用单数形式，故填is regarded。

3．(2019·郑州第一次质量预测)In general, preparing for new debate topics usually (include) brainstorming arguments, researching a resolution, and doing debate practice.

解析：includes 本句中主语为“preparing for new debate topics”，是动名词短语，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

4．(2018·太原阶段测评)Furthermore, the amount of sleep (change) greatly over the past 15 years.

解析：has changed 根据该句中的时间状语“over the past 15 years”可知，此处应用现在完成时，且该句的主语是“the amount of sleep”，故谓语动词用单数形式。

5．That way you can find articles just about anything that (be) related to the science fields you are interested in.

解析：is 关系代词that指代的是先行词anything，并在从句中作主语，再结合本句的时态可知，应填is。

6．(2018·湖南长郡中学模拟)The traditional Chinese marriage usually (involve) some necessary procedures such as match­making, engagement, meeting the bride, and three bows.

解析：involves 根据该句中的usually可知，此处表示经常发生的动作，故用一般现在时；主语“The traditional Chinese marriage”为第三人称单数，故谓语动词应用单数形式。

技法八 特殊动词(短语)特殊对待 有些动词(短语)的用法特殊，例如表示所属关系的belong to不用于进行时和被动语态；date back to/date from常用于一般现在时；系动词均无被动语态，此类动词有sound, look, smell, taste, feel, prove, appear等。对此熟练掌握是准确解题的前提。 1.(2018·铁岭市联考)It is about taking action to show the world that the right to read and write (belong) to all people.

解析：belongs 主句为“It is about taking action to show the world”， that引导宾语从句，其中主语是the right, to read and write是不定式作定语， belong to为句子的谓语，它没有进行时和被动语态，故填belongs。

2．(2018·泰安市模拟)The festival (date) back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC－AD 220)．

解析：dates date back to意为“追溯到”，没有被动语态，且常用一般现在时，故填dates。

3．That piece of music (sound) quite familiar.Who is playing upstairs?

解析：sounds 句意：那首曲子听起来特别熟悉。谁在楼上演奏呢？系动词sound无被动语态，常用主动形式表达被动意义；根据语境“谁正在演奏呢”可知，应使用一般现在时，故答案为sounds。

1．看时间状语定时态

(1)看到always, often, seldom, sometimes, usually等要想到用一般现在时； (2)看到yesterday, last night, a few days ago, the other day, one rainy day等要想到用一般过去时；

(3)看到tomorrow, next year, in a week等要想到用一般将来时态；

(4)看到all the time, at present, now, at this moment等要想到用现在进行时； (5)看到already, just, yet, so far, for＋一段时间；since＋过去的时间点或ever since; in/over/during/for the last/past＋一段时间等要想到用现在完成时。

(6)看到by, by the end of, by the time等后接过去时间点要想到用过去完成时。 One rainy day, as he went for a walk, a leaping frog drew his attention to a puddle. 在一个雨天，他散步的时候，一只跳跃的青蛙使他注意到一个水坑。

Lanzhou’s cooking culture has developed its own time honored characteristics over the years.

这些年来，兰州的饮食文化已经发展出了它自己历史悠久的风格。 2．记特定句型定时态

(1)be doing ...when ...，主句常用过去进行时，从句常用一般过去时。

(2)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since ...表示“自从……以来已经……”， since从句中用一般过去时。

(3)This/It/That is the first/second ...time that ...表示“这/那是……第几次……”，后面的从句要用现在完成时。

This/It/That was the first/second ...time that ...表示“这/那是……第几次……”，后面的句子要用过去完成时。

(4)It’s (high) time that ...did/should do sth. 表示“到了……该做某事的时间了”。

did sth.与现在或将来事实相反(5)would rather that

had done sth. 与过去事实相反

(6)表示“命令，建议”的词引导从句时，谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可以省略。

It has been five years since he joined the army. 他参军五年了。

It’s high time that both children and parents took/should take action to make small changes.

到了父母和孩子该采取措施进行小的改变的时候了。

It’s strongly recommended that the machines (should) be checked every year. 强烈建议每年检查一次这些机器。 3．观固定结构定主谓一致

(1)不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)，或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

(2)主语后跟有with, together with, as well as, like，but, except, along with, rather than, including, in addition to等词或短语时，谓语动词的单复数形式要与前面的主语的单复数形式保持一致。

(3)由or, either ...or ..., not ...but ..., neither ...nor ..., not only ...but (also) ...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。

(4)由there, here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。 The leader and artist as well as some of our English teachers was given a chance to go abroad last year.

那位领导兼艺术家和我们的一些英语老师去年得到了一次出国的机会。 My father, together with his workmates, has been to Beijing. 我父亲和他的同事曾去过北京。

Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow. 或者是你或者是你的一名学生应该出席明天的会议。 4．看主谓关系定语态

动词的语态一般和时态放在一起进行考查。做好此类试题，考生需要掌握以下几点： (1)主语和谓语的关系一般分为两种：主动关系和被动关系。主动关系使用主动语态，被动关系使用被动语态。

(2)被动语态的基本形式为：be done。

(3)做题步骤一般分为两步：先考虑语态，再考虑时态。 (4)主谓一致常和动词的时态、语态放在一起考查。

To my delight, I was chosen from hundreds of applicants to attend the opening ceremony.

使我高兴的是，我从成百上千申请参加开幕仪式的人员中当选。

考生常因不能判定是填谓语动词还是非谓语动词而失分，那么如何确定空格处填谓语动

词还是非谓语动词呢？

1．找句中“题眼”，确定是谓语动词还是非谓语动词 (1)若句中找不到谓语，则所给动词应该作谓语

一个句子无论是主句还是从句，必须要有谓语。一般来讲，空格所在的句子中无其他动词，那么这个空就应填谓语动词。谓语动词需考虑动词的时态、语态、主谓一致等。

①(2018·北京高考改编)China’s high­speed railways (grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.

分析：分析句子结构可知，空处在句中作谓语。由该句时间状语“in the past few years”可知，该空应用现在完成时have grown。

②(2016·四川高考)The giant panda (love) by people throughout the world.

分析：分析句子结构可知，句子中没有谓语，故空格处应作谓语。大熊猫被世界各地的人们喜爱是客观事实，应用一般现在时；且panda与love之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填is loved。

(2)若句中已有谓语动词，且另一动作(空格处)不作并列谓语时，则所给动词一定用作非谓语动词。

非谓语动词需确定是v.­ing形式、v.­ed形式还是不定式。

③(2018·北京高考改编)During the Mid­Autumn Festival, family members often gather together (share) a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.

分析：本句中已有谓语动词gather，且空格处不作并列谓语，故应填非谓语动词。“ a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes”是状语，家人聚在一起的目的是吃饭、赏月和品尝月饼，用动词不定式表目的，故填to share。

④(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal (create) special designs.

分析：句意：熟练的工人也把各种各样的硬木和金属结合起来以创造出特别的样式。本句中已经有谓语动词combine，且空处不作并列谓语，故应填非谓语动词。此处为不定式作目的状语，故填to create。

(3)排除干扰，切忌“只见树木不见森林”

⑤ (2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and (be) too violent for use at the table.

分析：看到此题，考生可能会根据and认为应与前面的某个成分并列，是与believed并列、与would remind并列还是与killings并列？分析句子结构可知，believed后接宾语从句，宾语从句由and连接两个并列谓语。但此处描述的是过去的事实，应用一般过去时，又因主语是knives，故填were。

⑥(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)A study of travelers (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

分析：本题存在一题多义、一词多性的特征，考生易误填was conducted或were conducted。因为考生容易把names误作名词而认为空格处应填谓语动词。实际上，分析句子结构可知，空格所在句已有谓语动词names，且不与names作并列谓语，故填非谓语动词。study和conduct之间为被动关系，所以应用过去分词作定语。故填conducted。

2．通过6组易混示例，理清谓语动词和非谓语动词 [题组一]

①He volunteered to help control traffic, (donate) an 示例 hour of his time every week. ②He volunteered to help control traffic, and (donate) an hour of his time every week. 两句的差别是连词and。分析句子结构可知，①中空格处为现在分词分析 作伴随状语；②中空格处与volunteered并列作谓语。故①填donating；②填donated。 [题组二] ① (call) me tomorrow and I’ll let you know the lab 示例 result. ② (call) me tomorrow, I’ll let you know the lab result. 两句的差别是连词and。分析句子结构可知，①句为句式“祈使句＋分析 and＋陈述句”；②句为分词短语作条件状语。故①填Call；②填Calling。 [题组三] ①The guide (lead) the way, we had no trouble getting 示例 out of the forest. ②The guide (lead) the way, so we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 两句的差别是连词so。分析句子结构可知，①句为独立主格结构作原分析 因状语；②句so连接两个并列句，空格处所填词应与第二个并列分句的谓语动词时态一致。故①填leading；②填led。 [题组四] 示例 ①The party will be held in the garden, weather (permit)． ②The party will be held in the garden, if weather

(permit)． 分析 [题组五] ①Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, and all his attention (fix) on it. 示例 ②Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, (with) all his attention (fix) on it. ③Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, (fix) all his attention on it. 三句的差别是逗号后面的部分。分析句子结构可知，①句为and连接的两分析 个并列句，通过时态、语态的分析，应用一般过去时的被动语态；②句为独立主格结构(with复合结构)；③句为现在分词短语作伴随状语。故①填was fixed；②填fixed；③填fixing。 [题组六]

①He went into the room, (sit) at the table and began to 示例 read newspapers. ②They walked along the stream together, (talk) and laughing. 分析 两句看似结构一致，但仔细分析却是大相径庭。①句为and连接三个并列谓语；②句为and连接两个伴随状语。故①填sat；②填talking。 两句的差别是连词if。分析句子结构可知，①句为独立主格结构作条件状语；②句为if引导的条件状语从句。故①填permitting；②填permits。

一、 单句对点练——练明考点 1.(2018·江苏高考改编)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan (carry) out in the past two years.

解析：had been carried 本题的关键在于抓住题干中的两个时间状语last month和in the past two years。carry out所表示的动作发生在sent之前，是过去的过去，所以用过去完成时态，且the development plan和carry out之间是被动关系，应用过去完成时的被动语态had been carried。

2．(2018·福州期末)After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,

hutong conditions (improve)．

解析：were improved 句意：1949年中华人民共和国成立以后，胡同的状况得到了改善。该句主语为“hutong conditions”，和动词improve之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；根据该句中的时间状语可知，该句介绍过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。

3．Another wonderful site, one that I check out every day, (call) Science

Daily.

解析：is called 句意：另一个“我”每天查看的精彩的网站被称作Science Daily。“one that I check out every day”是主语“Another wonderful site”的同位语，且主语和call之间构成被动关系，再结合本句的时态，确定此处用一般现在时的被动语态。

4．(2018·广西桂林百色模拟)When we mention the most famous Chinese painting of the Northern Song, the image coming into people’s mind (be) the Along the

River During the Qingming Festival.

解析：is/will be 句意：当我们提及北宋最著名的国画时，映入人们脑海的是《清明上河图》。根据句意可知，该句叙述的是一般常识，故用一般现在时，也可以用一般将来时表示倾向、习惯、必然发生的事。该句主语为“the image”，故谓语动词用is或will be。

5．(2018·昆明市调研)The Silk Road was a passage for the transportation of silk in ancient times.Lots of relics on the road can still (see) now.

解析：be seen 第二句的主语是Lots of relics，与谓语动词see之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；前面有情态动词can，所以填be seen。

6．The travelers and merchants also (carry) many ideas, philosophies and religions with them along the Silk Road.Of all these, Buddhism, which came from India, had the greatest influence on Chinese culture.

解析：carried 该句讲述的是过去发生的事，因此本句应用一般过去时，故填carried。 7．(2019·郑州第一次质量预测)So even though I (defeat) in my last debate, I’m still thankful for being part of my wonderful debate family.

解析：was defeated 句意：因此，尽管在上次的辩论中我被击败了，但我仍然感谢自己是非常棒的辩论家族的一员。根据句意可知此处用被动语态，且此处描述的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时的被动语态。

8．(2018·江西五校第一次联考)These bacteria (be) able to resist powerful antibiotic (抗生素) drugs.

解析：are 此处表示客观的陈述，故用一般现在时；结合空前的“These bacteria”可知，应填are。

9．However, thanks to the international agreement，there (be) much less illegal hunting since 1990.

解析：has been 句意：然而，多亏了这项国际协议，自从1990年以来，非法捕猎少了很多。根据时间状语since 1990可推知设空处用现在完成时；本句主语hunting为单数第三人称，故填has been。

10．(2018·浙江宁波九校联考)It’s said that not getting enough sleep (lead) to poor judgement, lack of creativity, and even depression.

解析：leads 从句中主语“not getting enough sleep”是动名词结构，谓语动词应用单数形式，根据主句的时态可知，此处应用一般现在时，所以填leads。

二、 原创语篇练——练熟技法 阅读下面短文，根据本部分语法内容，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。注意使用上面的技法。

Every April, there 1 (be) a special day when people remember and honor their ancestors.It 2 (call) the Tomb Sweeping Day, also known as the Qingming Festival.

The Tomb Sweeping Day is a traditional Chinese festival.It 3 (begin) over 2,000 years ago.A lot of poems about Qingming 4 (write) by the end of the Tang Dynasty.A well­known poem by the Tang Dynasty poet Du Mu 5 (describe) the day: “Rains fall heavily as Qingming comes, and passers­by with lowered spirits go.”

The Tomb Sweeping Day 6 (be) a public holiday on the Chinese mainland since 2008.On this day, families bring flowers, food and wine to their ancestors’ tombs.Cakes and fruits 7 (put) in front of the tombs.That’s because people think that visiting tombs during the Qingming Festival 8 (be) to show respect to their dead family members.However, the Tomb Sweeping Day is not only about this.During that time, the weather 9 (get) warm.So the Tomb Sweeping Day also means finally being able to garden and enjoy outdoor activities in China.It is not clear whether these ways of celebrating the Tomb Sweeping Day 10 (change) in the future.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国的传统节日——清明节。 1．is 根据时间状语Every April可知，用一般现在时。

2．is called 句意：它被称为扫墓节，也以清明节为名。结合上文可知，此处用一般现在时的被动语态。

3．began 由“over 2,000 years ago”可知，此处用一般过去时态。

4．had been written 由“by the end of the Tang Dynasty”为“by the end of＋过去时间”可知，主句时态要用过去完成时，且动词write与poems之间构成被动关系，所以用过去完成时的被动语态。

5．described 由“the Tang Dynasty”可知，此动作发生在过去。

6．has been 由“since 2008”可知，主句时态应用现在完成时。

7．are put 结合上文可知，此处指“在清明这天，家人们把蛋糕、水果放到他们祖先的坟墓前”，用一般现在时的被动语态。

8．is 结合上文可知，此处应用一般现在时。 9．gets 结合上下文可知，此处应用一般现在时。

10．will be changed 由“in the future”可知，此处指将来，意为：在将来，这些庆祝扫墓节的方式是否会改变还不清楚。方式是被改变的，故用被动语态。

三、 A (2018·江西名校联盟检测)From Readers to National Treasure, TV programs seeking to take advantage 1 Chinese audience’s growing interest in traditional culture had a great year in 2017.

During a time 2 hiring famous pop stars and using silly gimmicks (噱头) have become major trends in drawing younger Chinese viewers, no one ever expected that these slow­paced and serious shows focused on Chinese tradition and culture would 3 (accept) so widely.But the fact is that shows like The Chinese Poetry Conference and Letters Alive quickly climbed to 4 top of the national TV ratings.The popularity of this type of program shows that many Chinese 5 (be) eager to learn more about traditional culture.

While Letters Alive and Readers invite people from all walks of life 6 (read) letters, essays or poems written by respectable writers and other great people,

仿真综合练——练通高考 National Treasure focuses on the 7 (attract) stories and history behind

national­level cultural relics (遗物)．

One reason for these shows’ being 8 (huge) successful might be their human focus.Literary works 9 (share) in these shows talk about real life and they also appeal to regular viewers rather than just literature lovers.Though National Treasure focuses on introducing ancient 10 (treasure), it focuses more on the human stories behind them.

语篇解读：近几年，一系列聚焦中国优秀传统文化的节目相继涌现。《中国诗词大会》《见字如面》《朗读者》《国家宝藏》等无不广受好评。在满屏娱乐类综艺节目的今天，文化类节目相继涌现是一种时代的必然，也是一种价值的回归。

1．of 考查介词。take advantage of意为“利用”，是固定搭配。

2．when 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处所填词引导定语从句。先行词“a

time”表示时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语，故填when。

3．be accepted 考查动词的语态。主语是“these slow­paced and serious shows focused on Chinese tradition and culture”，与accept之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。又因为空前有would，故填be accepted。

4．the 考查冠词。to the top of意为“到……顶部”，定冠词the在此表示特指。 5．are 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。此处描述现在的客观情况，故用一般现在时；主语是many Chinese，表示“很多中国人”，故谓语动词用复数形式are。

6．to read 考查非谓语动词。invite sb. to do sth.意为“邀请某人做某事”，故用不定式。

7．attractive 考查形容词。空处所填词修饰名词，故填形容词attractive(有吸引力的)。

8．hugely 考查副词。空处所填词修饰形容词successful，故用所给词的副词形式。 9．shared 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处应填非谓语动词作后置定语。Literary works与share之间是被动关系，且此处非谓语动词不表示动作发生的先后关系，故用过去分词作定语。

10．treasures 考查名词复数。由后面的代词them可知，此处应用treasures。treasure表示“珍宝，珍品”，是可数名词。

B

(2018·安徽省重点中学盟校模拟)World­famous physicist Stephen William Hawking died at the age of 76.He died 1 (peaceful) at his home in Cambridge in the early 2 (hour) of Wednesday.

Hawking was known 3 the public for his work with black holes and relativity, and wrote several popular science books including A Brief History of Time.At the age of 22, Prof.Hawking 4 (give) only a few years to live after doctors declared that he suffered from a rare disease.The illness left him in a wheelchair and he was 5 (able) to speak except through a voice synthesizer (合成器)．

Prof.Hawking was the first 6 (set) out a theory of cosmology (宇宙学) explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He also discovered that black holes 7 (leak) energy and fade to nothing — a phenomenon that would 8 (late) become known as Hawking radiation.Through his work with mathematician Sir Roger Penrose he proved that Einstein’s general theory of relativity suggests space and time would have a beginning in the Big Bang and 9 end in black holes.

In a statement his children praised his “courage and persistence” and said his

“brilliance and humour” inspired people across the world.They added, “He once said, ‘It would not be much of a universe 10 it wasn’t home to the people you love.’ We will miss him forever.”

语篇解读：斯蒂芬·霍金于2018年3月14日去世，享年76岁。本文简单介绍了霍金的生平。

1．peacefully 考查副词。空处修饰谓语动词died，故用副词。

2．hours 考查名词复数。the early hours“凌晨时分”为固定用法，故填hour的复数形式。

3．to 考查介词。be known to ...for ...“因……而为……所知”为固定用法，故填介词to。

4．was given 考查动词的时态和语态。根据表示过去的时间状语“At the age of 22”可知此处要用一般过去时；又Prof.Hawking与give之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。

5．unable 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处要填形容词；此处表示“他不能说话”，故用able的反义词unable。

6．to set 考查非谓语动词。空处是非谓语动词作后置定语，因为序数词后一般用不定式作后置定语，故填to set。

7．leak 考查动词的时态。虽然主句用了一般过去时，但宾语从句叙述的是客观事实，故从句要用一般现在时。

8．later 考查副词。此处表示一种之后会作为霍金辐射而闻名的现象，故填later。 9．an 考查冠词。前面的a beginning暗示这里用an end，故填an。

10．if 考查状语从句。根据语境可知，此处要用if引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”。

C

(2018·昆明调研)The Silk Road was a passage for the transportation of silk in ancient times. Lots of relics on the road can still 1 (see) now. From the relics, tourists can see the outline of the ancient metropolitan (大都会的) areas along 2 fantastic road. In the tour packages, tourists can imagine 3 (they) to be ancient merchants by riding camels in deserts.

The Silk Road is a long route, 4 Xi’an in the east to Gansu and Xinjiang in the west. If it is your first trip to China, we 5 (sincere) suggest you should spend at least ten days visiting Beijing, Xi’an, Dunhuang, Urumqi and Kashi. You could get to know about the history of China and experience 6 (color) scenery along the Silk Road.

If you are an 7 (experience) traveler wanting to explore China fully, it is recommended 8 you should travel to Dunhuang, Zhangye, Jiayuguan, Turpan, Kashi

and Urumqi to follow the footprint of Marco Polo. This route may take about 15 days. If you have only a one­week holiday, the 9 (choose) of three most famous cities will be fit for you.

Along the Silk Road route, Xi’an and Gansu are suitable to visit all year round. The best time 10 (visit) Xinjiang is from May to October because the weather is mild.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了中国的“丝绸之路”，并为如何游览“丝绸之路”提出了一些建议。

1．be seen 考查动词语态。句子的主语是Lots of relics，与谓语动词see之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；空格前面有情态动词can，所以填be seen。

2．the 考查冠词。上文已经提到了丝绸之路，此处再次提到，表示特指，要用定冠词，所以填the。

3．themselves 考查反身代词。本句表达的意思是“通过在沙漠中骑骆驼，游客们可以把他们自己想象成古代的商人”，they指代主语tourists，所以要用反身代词。

4．from 考查介词。此处表达的是“从东部的西安到西部的甘肃和新疆”，表达“从……到……”要用介词短语from ... to ...。

5．sincerely 考查副词。修饰动词suggest要用副词，所以填sincerely。

6．colorful 考查形容词。修饰名词scenery，要用形容词来作定语，所以填colorful。 7．experienced 考查形容词。根据空后的名词traveler可知，空处应用形容词作定语，表示“有经验的”，故填experienced。

8．that 考查主语从句。本句为“It is recommended＋that从句”结构，it作形式主语，that从句作真正的主语，故填that。

9．choice 考查名词。根据空前的定冠词the和空后的of可知，空处应填名词，所以空处要用choice。

10．to visit 考查非谓语动词。the best time to do sth.的意思是“做某事的最好的时间”，其中的动词不定式作后置定语，修饰前面的the best time，所以填to visit。

有提示词类必考点(二)——非谓语动词

技法一 分析句子所缺少的成分，以便选择恰当的形式。非谓语动词在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语。理解非谓语动词的句法功能是判断非谓语形式的关键。

(一)作目的状语时用不定式，且只能用不定式的一般式

1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You don’t have to run fast or for long (see) the benefit.

解析：to see 句意：你不必跑得很快，也不必跑很长时间就见到效果。不定式短语to see作目的状语。

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice (improve) water quality.

解析：to improve 句意：政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是水稻来改善水质。故用不定式to improve作目的状语。

3．(2017·6月浙江高考)Sixteen years earlier, Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring (cook) a meal.

解析：to cook 根据语境可知，Pahlsson摘掉钻戒的目的是做饭，此处应用动词不定式作目的状语，故填to cook。

(二)作伴随状语、方式状语和结果状语时用现在分词

4．(2018·江苏高考改编)Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, (exceed) the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.

解析：exceeding 句意：在这段时期大约创造了13 500个新工作，超过了市场分析家认为的12 000 的预期数字。分析句子结构可知，were created是谓语，空处应用非谓语动词形式。再结合语境可知，此处应用现在分词短语作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。

5．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)People probably cooked their food in large pots, (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it.

解析：using 逻辑主语people 与use之间为主动关系，故用现在分词using作方式状语。

6．Finally I refused to attend classes， (shut) myself in my room for hours.

了解句法功能，判断非谓语形式

解析：shutting 句意：最后，我拒绝上课，把自己关在房间几个小时。refused和shut之间没有并列连词，故可判断设空处应为非谓语动词作状语。主语I与shut之间为逻辑上的主动关系，且shut与refused同时发生，故设空处表示伴随，故填shutting。注意：shut的现在分词形式需要双写“t”。

7．(2018·浙江宁波九校联考)I like staying up late (watch) TV, surfing the Internet or doing something I’m fond of.

解析：watching 逻辑主语I与watch之间为主动关系，表示伴随状态，故填现在分词watching。

8．(2019·河北唐山一次调研)What’s worse, his wife abandoned him， (leave) him alone with his six­year­old younger son.

解析：leaving 句意：更糟糕的是，他的妻子离他而去，留下他自己和6岁的小儿子。设空处作结果状语，主语his wife与leave为逻辑上的主动关系，故填leaving。

(三)作介词的宾语时用动名词

9．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of (die) early by running.

解析：dying reduce one’s risk of ...“降低某人……的风险”，此处介词of后跟动名词形式， 故填dying。

10．(2018·沈阳质量检测)You could easily pay with your smartphone by (scan) the seller’s QR code.

解析：scanning 空处作介词by的宾语，故用动名词形式。 (四)缺少主语常用动词­ing 形式

11．(2018·北京高考改编) (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.

解析：Traveling/To travel 句意：沿着古老的丝绸之路旅行是一种有趣且有益的体验。分析句子结构可知，空处所在短语在句中作主语，应用动名词或动词不定式形式。

12．(2018·辽宁铁岭协作体一联)Above all, I have come to understand that (bring) happiness to others is getting ourselves happiness.

解析：bringing 句意：首先，我开始明白了赠人玫瑰、手留余香的道理。设空处在宾语从句中作主语，且表示抽象概念，故用动名词作主语。

(五)非谓语动词作表语修饰物时用v.­ing，修饰人时用v.­ed 形式

13．(2018·河南八市重点高中二次质检)I felt hopeless and alone, and more (depress) than I knew was possible.

解析：depressed 句意：我感到绝望、孤独及前所未有过的沮丧。设空处作felt的表语，故填depressed。

14．(2018·江西红色七校一联)It is (shock) that some investment banks even judge candidates by whether they wear brown shoes.

解析：shocking 句意：令人震惊的是：一些投资银行甚至根据他们是否穿棕色鞋子来判断应聘者。shocking“令人震惊的”；shocked“感到震惊的”。

技法二 牢记非谓语动词的一些固定搭配和句型公式，再分析句式结构，结合语境对非谓语动词就能迎刃而解。

1．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid (look) directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged.

解析：looking 句意：我迅速低下头避免和它直视，以便它不会感到受到挑战。avoid doing sth.“避免做某事”，avoid后接动名词作宾语。

2．(2018·天津高考改编)It took him a long time (acquire) the skills he needed to become a good dancer.

解析：to acquire 句意：他花了很长时间才获得了成为一名优秀舞蹈家所需要的技能。It takes sb. some time to do sth.“花费某人时间做某事”，故填to acquire。

3．(2018·天津高考改编)I didn’t mean (eat) anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn’t help (try) it.

解析：to eat; trying 句意：我没打算吃任何东西，但这冰淇淋看起来如此的好，以至于我忍不住要试一试。mean to do“打算做”；couldn’t help doing sth.“忍不住做某事”。

4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends, 16­year­old Sarah is not spending half­term (rest)．

解析：resting spend time (in) doing sth.“花费时间做某事”，为固定用法。 5．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My ambassadorial duties will include (introduce) British visitors to the 120­plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.

解析：introducing include为及物动词，后面常用动名词形式作宾语。

6．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you’ll be less likely (bring) your work home.

解析：to bring 句意：如果你发现在办公室之外有喜欢做的事情，你把工作带回家的可能性就小了。be likely to do sth.“可能做某事”。

7．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough (cool) the house during the hot day; at the same time,

利用固定搭配或用法，判定非谓语动词的形式

they warm up again for the night.

解析：to cool be＋adj.＋enough to do sth.“足够做某事，能够做某事”。 8．Generally (speak), the more money Americans make, the higher the percentage they pay in taxes.

解析：speaking generally speaking“一般来说”，是固定用法。

9．(2018·郑州第一次质量预测)In my mind, they help us to become calm and consider (win) and solving real problems as well.

解析：winning 句意：在我看来，它们有助于我们变得镇静，也帮助我们考虑赢得辩论比赛和解决真正的问题。动词consider“考虑”后跟动词­ing形式作宾语。

10．(2018·山东烟台期中) (judge) from the name, it is easy to guess that players can only join if they are fat.

解析：Judging 句意：从名称判断，很容易猜出如果选手肥胖，他们就可报名参加。“Judging from ...”为独立成分，是一种固定用法，故填Judging。

11．(2019·沈阳质量检测)And back in China, when riding a shared bike, you can stop (buy) and eat whatever you want simply with a tap on your phone.

解析：to buy stop to do sth.表示“停下来去做另一件事”，这里表示停下共享单车去买东西吃，故用不定式充当宾语。stop doing sth.表示“停止做某事”。

12．(2018·石家庄检测)The other day, I set out (see) how far a phone would get me in the country’s capital.Admittedly, I was surprised to discover how convenient it was.

解析：to see set out to do“打算/计划做”，为固定用法。

13．(2018·陕西检测)Nobody knows exactly how these birds find their way there and back over such vast distance, but it has something (do) with winds and air currents.

解析：to do have something to do with ...意为“与……有关”，为固定短语。

14．When you meet people from different cultures, it is important (understand) what you can and cannot do.

解析：to understand 分析句子结构可知，该句使用了it is/was＋adj.＋to do sth.的句型，其中it作形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语。

技法三 解答非谓语动词题的关键是弄清楚非谓语动词与主句主语之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系，主谓关系考虑v.­ing形式，动宾关系考虑v.­ed形式。

1．(2018·北京高考改编)Ordinary soap, (use) correctly, can deal with

辨清逻辑关系，选用恰当的非谓语动词

bacteria effectively.

解析：used 句意：普通的肥皂，如果使用得当，能有效地处理细菌。分析句子结构可知，此处是条件状语从句if it is used correctly的省略，省略了if it is，Ordinary soap与use之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故填used。

2．(2018·天津高考改编)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs (take)．

解析：taken 句意：我需要一个新护照，因此我得去让人给我照相。本句的宾语my photographs与take之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。

3．(2018·福建龙岩五校期中)Very often, opportunities come quietly and go by without (notice)．

解析：being noticed 句意：机会常常是悄无声息地来，又默默而去。介词(without)后需用动名词作宾语；主语opportunities与notice之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用being noticed。

4．(2018·太原阶段测评)Many of us ignore the problem as the day goes on, (forget) that it might have a dangerous effect.

解析：forgetting forget与其逻辑主语Many of us之间构成主谓关系，因此用现在分词作状语。

5．(2018·河北五个一名校联盟第二次模拟)One great site is Science News for Kids.This site reports science news (cover) a wide range of subjects.

解析：covering 提示词cover和其所修饰的名词news之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，所以用cover的v.­ing形式作后置定语，在此相当于which covers。

6．(2019·江西五校第一次联考)Antibiotic drugs can lose their effectiveness when people take more or less than the amount (require) by doctors.

解析：required 分析句子结构可知，require和amount之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。

7．(2018·福州市八县市一中联考)At the age of four, she fell into an icy river and was fortunately rescued by some local villagers (live) in Baoxing County in southwest China’s Sichuan Province.

解析：living 名词villagers和动词live之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。

8．(2018·重庆第一次调研)Visitors also may take a walk in the rain forest (create) by the volcano thousands of years ago.

解析：created 分析句子结构可知，forest后面的部分作定语修饰rain forest，且rain forest与动词create之间在逻辑上是动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语。

1．非谓语动词填空的两个原则 (1)主被动原则

逻辑主语与非谓语动词是主谓关系时，用现在分词­ing形式；是动宾关系时用过去分词­ed形式。

Tsinghua University, founded in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures.

清华大学建立于1911年，是许多杰出人物的摇篮。

The lecture, starting (which started) at 7：00 p．m. last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.

讲座于昨晚七点开始，随后是用望远镜观察月球。 (2)时间先后原则

非谓语动词表示正在进行，用现在分词­ing形式；表示已经完成，用过去分词­ed形式；表示将来发生的动作，用不定式to do形式。

It’s a pity that he won’t be able to attend the party to be held tomorrow at the art center.

很遗憾他将不能参加明天在艺术中心举办的宴会。

It’s a pity that he is unable to attend the party being held now at the art center. 很遗憾他不能参加正在艺术中心举办的宴会。

It was a pity that he was unable to attend the party held yesterday at the art center.

很遗憾他没能参加昨天在艺术中心举办的宴会。 2．牢记用动词­ing/to do 形式作宾语的动词(短语) (1)接动词­ing形式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有： 喜欢考虑不可免(enjoy, consider, avoid) 不禁放弃太冒险(cannot help, give up, risk) 欣赏承认很值得(appreciate, admit, be worth) 介意想象莫拖延(mind, imagine, delay, put off) 允许完成是期待(allow, finish, look forward to) 建议保持勤操练(suggest, keep, practice)

致力原谅要坚持(be devoted to, excuse, insist on) 继续成功不错过(keep on, succeed in, miss)

(2)接不定式作宾语的常用动词(短语)有：

一准备(prepare)、二决定(decide, determine)、三要求(ask, demand, request)、四希望(desire, expect, hope, wish)；提供计划(offer, plan, intend)；设法学会(manage, learn)；未能选择(fail, choose)；只好乞求(beg)；拒绝答应(refuse, promise)；假装同意(pretend, agree)。

(3)有些动词或动词短语既可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，但表示的含义不同。

to do sth. 打算做某事mean

doing sth. 意味着做某事

to do sth. 忘记去做某事未做forget

doing sth. 忘记做过某事已做

to do sth. 对即将做的事表示遗憾未做regret

doing sth. 对做过的事表示遗憾/后悔已做to do sth. 尽力做某事try

doing sth. 试着做某事

to do sth. 继续做另外一件事go on

doing sth. 继续做同一件事

to do sth. 记着去做某事未做remember

doing sth. 记得做过某事已做

todo sth. 不能帮助做某事

can’t help

doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事

I regret to tell you that he didn’t take your application into consideration. 我很遗憾地告诉你他没有考虑你的申请。

I regret making rude comments on your appearance. 我非常遗憾对你的外表做了无礼的评论。 3．掌握非谓语动词的几种句型公式 (1)不定式作宾语补足语

tell/order/persuade/force/warn/encourage/ask/invite＋sb.to do sth.。 I’d like to invite you to take part in the activity. 我想邀请你参加这项活动。

(2)后用省略“to”的不定式作宾语补足语的动词(短语)： “五看；三使；二听；一感觉”。

五看：look at/watch/notice/see/observe sb.do sth. 三使：make/have/let sb.do sth.；

二听：listen to/hear sb. do sth.； 一感觉：feel sb.do。

I like the film because it can make me laugh. 我喜欢这部电影，因为它能让我发笑。 (3)用于it作形式主语结构中：

It＋be＋名词或形容词(no good, no use, a pleasure, worthwhile, useless)＋动词­ing；

It＋be＋形容词(difficult/kind/clever等)＋for/of sb.to do sth.； It＋takes＋sb.＋some time＋to do sth.

As is known to us, it’s no use complaining without taking action. 众所周知，只抱怨不采取行动是没用的。 (4)only to do结构表示出乎意料的结果。

He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left. 他匆忙赶到车站，结果却发现火车已经开走了。

1．现在分词和过去分词作状语

现在分词作状语表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系；过去分词作状语表示的动作与句子主语之间为逻辑上的动宾关系。

①(2019·福州八中质检) (realize) it was our last high school sports meeting, we decided to make it an unforgettable experience for all of us.

分析：分析句子结构可知，空格所在的部分为非谓语动词作状语，realize与主语we之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故填Realizing。

②(2018·蚌埠二中模拟)Greatly (encourage), the team conducted another experiment, this time with water that contained bacteria.

分析：分析句子结构可知，空格所在的部分为非谓语动词作状语，encourage与主语the team之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故填encouraged。

2．现在分词和过去分词作前置定语和表语

此时现在分词和过去分词都相当于形容词，现在分词意为“令人感到……的”，过去分词意为“(人)感到……的”。

③There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and (disappoint)．

分析：此处looked后面为表语部分，此处指一些人看起来很焦急、很失望。故填disappointed。

④(2018·山西省实验中学质检)Dennis Williams, the new owner of the phone number,

responded to the (excite) baby news.

分析：此处为非谓语动词作前置定语，表示“令人兴奋的有关孩子的消息”。故填exciting。

⑤With a (puzzle)look on my face, I pointed to myself and said，“Me？” 分析：句意：脸上带着疑惑的表情，我指着自己说：“我吗？”a puzzled look“疑惑的表情”；a puzzling look“令人疑惑的表情”。故填puzzled。

3．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作后置定语

不定式作后置定语表示动作尚未进行；现在分词作后置定语表示主动、进行；过去分词作后置定语表示被动、完成。

⑥(2016·四川高考)For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something (eat)!

分析：句意：25天中，她寸步不离她的孩子，甚至不去找东西吃！动词不定式to eat作后置定语，修饰前面的不定代词something。故填to eat。

⑦(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

分析：此处表示“居住”在上海和香港的人们，应用非谓语动词作后置定语，people与live之间为主谓关系，故填living。

⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.

分析：由谓语动词are admired可知空格处填非谓语动词，adobe dwellings与build之间是被动关系，应用过去分词短语作后置定语。故填built。

4．不定式与动名词作宾语

有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，例如agree, decide, refuse, manage等；而有些动词只跟动名词作宾语，例如avoid, finish, mind, practise等。还有些动词既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，这些都要特别注意。

⑨(2018·浙江高考)I still remember (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.

分析：句意：我记得曾经拜访过一位在这里生活5年的朋友，我得知那时他没做过饭时我很震惊。remember doing sth.意为“记得做过某事”，故填visiting。

10(2018·菏泽模拟)Next keep in mind that forgiveness does not necessarily mean ○

(accept) the action of the person who upsets you.

分析：mean to do sth.意为“打算做某事”，mean doing sth.意为“意味着做某事”，故填accepting。

一、 单句对点练——练明考点 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ改编)I saw there were two instructors on board and a man (lie) across the middle.

解析：lying 此句考查see sb. doing sth.句型，“看到某人在做某事”。“lying across the middle”作宾语a man的补足语。

2．(2018·天津高考改编)That summer, when the other teams enjoyed their vacations, we met every day and practiced (pass) and kicking the football.

解析：passing practice后跟动词­ing形式作宾语，故填passing。

3．(2019·安徽名校模拟)These best cookers in the world would pick McDonald’s or KFC if they had the choice of what (eat)．

解析：to eat 分析句子结构可知，此处应用“疑问代词what＋to do”作介词of的宾语。

4．(2018·日照联考)Last year, a documentary (纪录片) (title) Masters

in Forbidden City became popular online.

解析：titled 此处用动词的过去分词形式作名词的后置定语，意为“名为……的”。 5．In the spring of the following year they make the long and tiring journey back to Britain.They get (settle) on the same barn or tree in the same district which they left the previous autumn.

解析：settled 此处get为系动词，后跟过去分词形式作表语，get settled意为“定居下来”。

6．(2018·陕西质量检测)Today, you can find a statue of John Harvard (stand) in front of the University Hall in Harvard Yard, and it is perhaps the University’s best known landmark.

解析：standing 句意：今天，你可以在哈佛广场的大学礼堂前找到一尊站立着的约翰·哈佛的雕像，这也许是这所大学最著名的地标。“a statue of John Harvard”和动词stand之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作宾语补足语。

7．The word “Mid­Autumn” first appeared in the famous ancient book Rites of

Zhou (《周礼》), a book (tell) the rites in the Zhou Dynasty.

解析：telling “a book (tell) the rites in the Zhou Dynasty”作“Rites

of Zhou(《周礼》)”的同位语，空格处作定语修饰a book，故空格处要填入非谓语动词，a

book与tell之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词。

8．(2018·成都第二次诊断)If you speak to a local about your stay in Chengdu, he will probably ask if you’ve tried hot pot.Everyone (live) here seems to love it, and trying it should be a fixed part of everyone’s culinary tour of Sichuan.

解析：living live和句子谓语seems之间没有连词，故空处应用非谓语动词，且动词live和句子主语Everyone之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作定语。

9．(2018·广州调研)He was amazed (see) a whole community of creatures swimming in this one drop — tiny beings no one had ever seen before.

解析：to see 句意：他吃惊地看见一整个生物群落正在这一滴水中游动——这么小的生物以前从未有人见过。be amazed to do sth.为固定用法，意为“吃惊地做某事”。

10．(2018·赣州十四县市联考)One day, about ten years ago, while (work) at the cash register in the gift shop at my University Museum of Natural History, I saw an elderly couple come in with a little girl in the wheelchair.

解析：working 在含有while引导的状语从句的复合句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且含有be动词的某种形式时，可将从句的主语和be动词省略，构成省略结构。此处补充完整为：while I was working at the cash register ...。故此处应填working。

11．Hongcun, (fill) with lakes and beautiful Anhui­style buildings, is 900 years old.

解析：filled 句意：布满了湖泊和美丽的安徽建筑的宏村，有九百年的历史。be filled with为固定短语，故填filled。

12．(2018·安徽名校模拟)As the researchers expected, 30% of the chefs (survey) said that their best meal as a kid was still what they liked the most as an adult.

解析：surveyed chefs和动词survey之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示“被调查的厨师”，故用过去分词作后置定语。

13．(2018·郑州第一次质量预测)However, our discussions are more than just a way (practice) our debating skills.

解析：to practice 句意：然而，我们的讨论不仅仅是练习我们辩论技巧的一种方法。此处用不定式形式作定语。

14．(2018·湖北七市联考)In Mao Zedong’s poem Ode to the Plum Blossom (《咏梅》)，the plum blossom was used (praise) great soldiers who sacrificed their lives for a better life for Chinese people.

解析：to praise 结合语境可知此处应用不定式作目的状语，所以填to praise。be used

to do sth.“被用来做某事”。

15．(2019·湖北八校第一次联考)A famous 19th century Russian writer, Anton Chekhov, once invited a Chinese man (have) a drink in a bar.

解析：to have 句意：一位19世纪著名的俄国作家安东·契诃夫曾邀请一个中国人去酒吧喝酒。invite sb.to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“邀请某人做某事”，故用动词不定式to have。

二、

阅读下面短文，根据本部分语法内容，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。注意使用上面的技法。

The truth that trees are vital to our life is not a secret.Besides 1 (provide) us with food, wood and most importantly, oxygen, they have one more thing — blocking out harmful bacteria from water.

The discovery was made by a team 2 (consist) of scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and high school students who were seeking a natural water filter — one that would help communities in 3 (develop) countries that do not have access to modern water filter systems.

The researchers, led by Professor Rohit Karnik, decided 4 (turn) to trees for help because they could allow liquid 5 (flow) through, while blocking out air bubbles.

They began by 6 (cut) 1.5­inch­wide sections of tree bark from the branches of a white pine tree.The people 7 (relate) then tested the wood’s filtering ability by pouring water 8 (contain) red dye particles of different sizes through.To their amazement, they found that it was effective in trapping all the particles. 9 (encourage), the team conducted another experiment, this time with water which contained bacteria.Sure enough, the sapwood held back 99% of the bacteria, 10 (allow) only 1% to flow through.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了树木对人类生活的重要性。一项研究发现，树木还可以杀灭有害细菌。

1．providing 考查非谓语动词作宾语。besides为介词，介词后需用动词­ing形式作宾语。

2．consisting 考查动词­ing形式作后置定语。consist of“由……组成”，无被动形式，所以用动词­ing形式作定语。

原创语篇练——练熟技法

3．developing 考查固定搭配。developing countries“发展中国家”。

4．to turn 考查非谓语动词作宾语。decide to do“决定做……”，动词decide后用不定式作宾语。

5．to flow 考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。allow ...to do ...“允许……做……”。 6．cutting 考查非谓语动词作宾语。by为介词，其后用动词­ing形式作宾语。 7．related 考查非谓语动词作后置定语。先行词为people，且relate与people之间为动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语。

8．containing 考查非谓语动词作后置定语。此处指包含有大小不一的红色染色颗粒的水，water与动词contain之间为主谓关系。

9．Encouraged 考查非谓语动词作状语。encourage与句子主语the team之间为动宾关系。

10．allowing 考查非谓语动词作结果状语。句意：非常确信的是，边材(sapwood)阻止了99%的细菌，只有1%的细菌逃脱。the sapwood与allow之间为主谓关系。

三、 A It’s almost a common belief that the best food you can find in a place is not in the fancy restaurants, 1 in the backstreets.These spots are usually away from popular tourist attractions, which means that to find them you’ll need the spirit of an 2 (explore)．

That’s how I came across roujiamo when I was exploring Beijing.I found 3 restaurant that sold dishes from Xi’an when I explored the area around 4 (I) office one day.I decided to try it out.

My roujiamo 5 (make) fresh, so the bread was still warm.It was soft when I bit into it, and the meat inside was delicious and tender.In fact, I enjoyed it so much that I ordered more to take home with me.Though it’s just a snack, it’s still quite filling and can 6 (easy) satisfy your appetite.

There are a 7 (various) of things you can put inside the “mo”， as the bread is called.For example, in certain areas in Xi’an, the meat 8 (use) is usually beef, but in Gansu Province, mutton is more common.And the first roujiamo that I tried was made 9 pork.However it’s made, it’s still a tasty snack.And for an American like me who grew up 10 (eat) hamburgers, it’s a perfect combination of East and West.

语篇解读：本文介绍了经常出现在街头巷尾的美食——肉夹馍。

仿真综合练——练通高考

1．but 考查连词。句意：普遍认为你能在一个地方找到的最好的食物不是在豪华餐厅里而是在街头巷尾。not ...but ...意为“不是……而是……”，故本空应填连词but。

2．explorer 考查名词。由空格前的不定冠词an可知，空格处应填名词形式。此处表示探索者，故填explorer。

3．a 考查冠词。句意：一天，我探访我办公室周围的区域时，我发现一个卖西安食物的餐馆。restaurant为可数名词，在文中第一次提及时应用不定冠词修饰，又因restaurant的读音以辅音音素开头，故填a。

4．my 考查代词。参见上题解析。修饰名词office应用形容词性物主代词my。 5．was made 考查动词的时态和语态。本句中主语My roujiamo和动词make之间为被动关系，故应用被动语态；根据上下文可知此事发生在过去，故本空应使用一般过去时的被动语态，应填was made。

6．easily 考查副词。修饰动词satisfy应用副词，故填easily。 7．variety 考查固定用法。a variety of意为“各种各样的”。

8．used 考查非谓语动词。动词use与修饰的名词meat之间为逻辑上的被动关系，应用use的过去分词形式作定语，故填used。

9．with 考查介词。句意：我尝的第一个肉夹馍是猪肉做的。with表示“用”，故应用介词with。

10．eating 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，在who引导的定语从句中，关系代词who指代先行词an American，在从句中作主语，因为动词eat和主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故应用现在分词作伴随状语。

B

(2018·广州综合测试)Throughout history, people have thought of the ocean as a diverse and limitless source of food.Yet today there is clear evidence that the ocean has a limit.Most of the big fish in our ocean are now 1 (go)．One major cause is overfishing.People are taking so many fish from the sea that many species cannot replace 2 (they)．

For centuries, local fishermen caught only enough fish for their own and their community’s needs.However, from the early 20th century, people around the world became interested 3 consuming protein­rich foods.People began 4 (catch) large quantities of fish for profit and selling them to worldwide markets.In a very short period of time, commercial fishing 5 (great) reduced the number of large predatory fish, such as cod and tuna.

Today, there are still plenty of fish in the sea, 6 they’re mostly just the little ones.Small fish, 7 include sardines and anchovies, have more than

doubled in number — largely because there are not enough big fish 8 (eat) them.

Such large fish 9 (be) necessary, because they hunt and kill the sick and weak smaller fish.Without this weeding out, or survival of the fittest, ecosystems become less stable.As a result, fish are less able to survive 10 (difficult) such as pollution, environmental change, or changes in the food supply.

语篇解读：本文主要介绍了海洋中大鱼数量减少的原因以及由此而造成的后果。 1．gone 考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处作表语，故填形容词gone，意为“不在了，不见了”。注意：此处非被动的含义。

2．themselves 考查代词。根据该从句的主语为“many species”可知，此处应用其反身代词，表示“自我替换”。

3．in 考查介词。be/become interested in意为“对……感兴趣”，为固定用法，故用介词in。

4．catching 考查非谓语动词。begin doing/to do sth.意为“开始做某事”；又由句中的“and selling”可知，此处与selling是并列关系，形式应相同，故填catching。

5．greatly 考查副词。此处修饰动词，故应填副词greatly，在句中作状语。 6．but 考查连词。根据语境可知，上下文之间表示转折，故用连词but。

7．which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构并根据语境可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词“Small fish”，故填which。

8．to eat 考查非谓语动词。enough ...to do sth.意为“足够的……去做某事”，为固定用法，故用不定式。

9．are 考查主谓一致。根据本句中的they可知，“Such large fish”表示复数概念，故谓语动词用复数。

10．difficulties 考查名词。根据语境中所列举的各种困难可知，此处用名词的复数形式，故用difficulties。

C

Scientists have researched the effects our diet has on our mental health.They say what we eat affects and changes our brain up until we are at 1 age of 30.This explains why older adults are more emotionally stable than under­30s. 2 (conduct) by a team, the study was led by a professor of health and wellness studies. She said that people knew of the link 3 our diet and diabetes, heart disease and obesity (肥胖), but we don’t have a good command of the influence our diet has on mental health. 4 the researchers suggested was that mental well­being makes for eating and exercising 5 (healthy)．

The research was carried out via an Internet survey.It 6 (send) to different

professional and social networks.The study found that adults under 30 who ate fast food more than three times a week had 7 (high) levels of distress, anxiety and depression. For adults over 30, the study found that eating fewer carbohydrates and more fruit reduced these 8 (condition)．The researchers pointed to research 9 (show) how a Mediterranean diet was as good for our brain as for our body.They said, “It has all the components that are of great 10 (important) to the healthy structure of the brain.”

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。一项研究发现饮食对我们的心理健康有着重要的影响。 1．the 考查冠词。at the age of ...“在……岁时”为固定用法，故填定冠词the。 2．Conducted 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处应填非谓语动词作状语；又conduct与the study之间为逻辑上的被动关系，故应用其过去分词形式在句中作状语。

3．between 考查介词。虽然人们知道我们的饮食与糖尿病、心脏病和肥胖之间的关系，但是我们并不十分了解我们的饮食对心理健康的影响。a link between ...and ...“……和……之间的联系”。

4．What 考查主语从句。研究者们所表明的是心理健康有助于健康的饮食与运动。分析句子结构可知，空处在句中引导主语从句，且从句中缺少宾语，故应用What引导该主语从句。

5．healthily 考查副词。此处修饰动词应用副词形式。

6．was sent 考查动词的时态和语态。此处表示这项网络调查被发送至不同的专业网站和社交网站。根据上文的“The research was carried out ...”可知，此处也应用一般过去时；再结合句意可知，句子的主语It与动词send之间是被动关系，所以此处应用一般过去时的被动语态。

7．higher 考查形容词比较级。这项研究发现一周吃超过3次快餐的30岁以下的成年人会有更高的悲伤、焦虑与抑郁指数。根据句意可知，句中包含明确的比较意义，且空处在句中作定语，故应用形容词的比较级形式。

8．conditions 考查名词复数。根据句中的关键词these可知，此处应用可数名词的复数形式。

9．showing 考查非谓语动词。研究者们提到了地中海式饮食如何对我们身心有益的研究。根据句子结构可知，此处应用非谓语动词作research的后置定语；又因为show与research之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故应用其现在分词形式。

10．importance 考查名词。此处表示“对健康的大脑构造有非常重要的影响”，根据空前的形容词“great”和空后的介词“to”可知，此处应填名词。be of great importance就相当于be very important，意为“非常重要”。

有提示词类必考点(三)——词性转换、比较等级及其他

技法一 形容词性物主代词、 形容词、冠词、介词或及物动词(短语)后要用名词 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.

解析：pollution decrease“降低，减少”，为及物动词，后接名词作宾语，pollute的名词形式是pollution。

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)My name is Mireya Mayor. I’m a (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.

解析：scientist 第二句句意：我是一名研究动物的科学家，例如类人猿和猴子。冠词后用名词，此处表示科学家，故填scientist。

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the (introduce) of electric­powered engines and lifts.

解析：introduction 空格前是定冠词the，空格后是of所有格，故此处用名词形式。 4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her (educate)． 解析：education 形容词性物主代词her 应该修饰名词， educate 的名词形式是education。

5．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top (attract)．

解析：attraction 句意：但是对于像我这样的旅行者，熊猫是它(成都)最吸引人的东西。根据前面的its及形容词top“头等的；最重要的”可知，后面跟名词形式。attraction“有吸引力的事物”。

6．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Then, handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of (achieve)．

解析：achievement 介词of后应用名词作宾语。此处achievement 表抽象意义，a sense of achievement意为“成就感”，故用单数形式。

7．(2019·湖北七市联考)Flowering in May, peonies’ large petals and strong colors are linked to prosperity and (rich) in traditional Chinese culture.

解析：richness 空前and一词决定其前后单词词性相同，and前prosperity(繁荣)是名词，所以空处应该也是名词，形容词rich的名词形式是richness。

8．(2018·武汉市武昌区调研)In fact, it must have a hard struggle to get its (free) from the cocoon.

解析：freedom 空处前面是形容词性物主代词its，形容词性物主代词后面要接名词，所以填名词freedom。

9．(2018·合肥市第一次教学质量检测)Senior experts from UNESCO were amazed at

its unique natural scenery, near perfect biological system, and creative (combine) of nature and humanism.

解析：combination 由前面的形容词creative和后面的of可知，此处应用combine的名词形式。

10．(2018·江西五校第一次联考)The United Nations agency reported this week the 12 superbugs are a threat to human (healthy)．

解析：health 介词后跟名词、代词或动词­ing形式作宾语。human health意为“人类健康”，作介词to的宾语。

技法二 表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词，并列名词或谓语动词为复数形式时，名词需用复数形式 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all (cause)．

解析：causes 此处表示：每天仅仅跑5－10 分钟就能降低所有原因导致的心脏病和早逝的风险。cause表示“原因，起因”时是可数名词，且前面有all修饰，故填cause的复数形式。

2．(2018·浙江高考)Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.

解析：dishes 句意：我认识的人似乎很少渴望做饭或有时间做饭。做中国菜被认为是尤其麻烦。名词dish作“菜肴”解时是可数名词，此处表示泛指，故应填dish的复数形式。

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.

解析：effects side effect表示“副作用”，为可数名词短语，前面有some修饰。因此用复数形式。

4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.

解析：invitations invitation表示“邀请”，是可数名词，其前有several修饰，应用复数形式。

5．(2017·6月浙江高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden,

Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small (carrot) and was about to throw them away.

解析：carrots carrot是可数名词，根据a handful of“一把，几个”可知，设空处应用复数形式，表示拔出了一把小胡萝卜。

6．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle­fed, the other is with mum — she never suspects.

解析：days every few＋可数名词复数，意为“每隔……”。

7．(2018·福州期末)A hutong is an ancient city street typical in Beijing.Surrounding the Forbidden City, many were built during the Yuan, Ming and Qing (dynasty)．

解析：dynasties 根据该句中的“Yuan, Ming and Qing”可知，该处指三个朝代，dynasty为可数名词，故该处用复数形式。

8．(2018·日照联考)Some other (museum) across the country, such as the National Museum of China, are inspired by the Palace Museum’s efforts and are working on similar projects of their own.

解析：museums 由空前的“Some other”可知，此处应用可数名词museum的复数形式。下文的“are inspired by ...”也提示此处用名词复数。

9．(2018·福州四校联考)I have noticed how the music can change one’s view, and am thankful for the way musicians work to the best of their (able) to provide this music for their audience.

解析：abilities 根据空格前的their可知，空处应用名词形式，且ability作“能力”讲时为可数名词，结合语境可知，应用其复数形式，故填abilities。to the best of one’s ability“竭尽全力”。

10．(2018·河北五个一名校联盟二模)The site is constantly updated with news, often about exciting (finding) that change how we view the world.

解析：findings finding为可数名词，其前无限定词修饰，且定语从句中谓语动词为“change”，为复数概念，所以应用复数形式。

11．(2018·广西桂林百色模拟)Third, the painting is highly detailed and features shops of all kinds and different economic (activity) in and out of the city.

解析：activities activity“(为兴趣、娱乐或达到一定目的而进行的)活动”为可数名词，常用复数，根据空前的“different”可知，空格处用名词的复数形式。

12．(2019·陕西质量检测)Like many other (university) at that time, the Harvard at the early stage often ran into financial crisis.

解析：universities 句意：和当时的其他许多大学一样，早期的哈佛大学经常遭遇金融危机。university为可数名词，该处表示“其他许多大学”，故该处用复数形式。

技法三 表示比较的意义、有比较结构时或有比较级修饰词时要用比较级； 三者、三者以上或有修饰最高级的词时用最高级 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years (long) than non­runners.

解析：longer 根据空白处之后的than可知，此处用long的比较级longer。 2．(2018·浙江高考)There could be an even (high) cost on your health. 解析：higher 根据空白处前的even并结合语境可知，此处表示“更高的代价”，故需用high的比较级higher。

3．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)He screams the (loud) of all.

解析：loudest 根据后面的of all和前面的定冠词the可知，他声音最大，所以用loud的最高级loudest。

4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别) those of (great) and less importance.

解析：greater 句意：如果你因工作上的责任感到压抑，你应该后退一步，并且识别一下这些工作中哪些更重要，哪些不那么重要。根据句意以及and后little的比较级less可知，空格处应用形容词great的比较级greater。

5．(2018·东北三省四市二模)Uber said its flying vehicles would be much (quiet), cost less to operate and produce less pollution than helicopters.

解析：quieter 根据下文的than和less to operate, less pollution可知，此处用比较级。

6．I was scanning the restaurant, waiting to sit at the first table that was (convenient) than others.

解析：more convenient 根据该句中的“than”可知，空处用形容词的比较级。

7．(2018·湖北八校第一次联考)Whatever happens in China, the third (large) country in the world with 20 percent of the world’s population, will certainly shape the immediate and distant futures of us all.

解析：largest 由空前的the third可知，此处表示最高级的含义，故用形容词最高级修饰名词country。

8．(2019·河北唐山一次调研)Al’s adult son, Ernie, however, is one of the (kind) men I have ever known.

解析：kindest 句意：然而，Al已成年的儿子Ernie是我认识的最有爱心的人之一。

根据I have ever known可推知设空处需用形容词最高级。

技法四 作定语修饰名词，作表语或补足语时常用形容词 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it’s always (energy). 解析：energetic 本句为主系表结构， 连系动词is后应接形容词作表语，故此处应该用形容词energetic作表语，意为“充满活力的”。

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total (globe) fertilizer consumption.

解析：global 此处和total 一起修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption 意为“全世界的化肥总消耗量”。

3．(2018·浙江高考)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be (afford) but doing this most days adds up.

解析：affordable 根据语境可知，一周在外就餐一到两次是可以负担得起的。本句为主系表结构， 故此处应该用形容词作表语， afford的形容词为affordable。

4．(2017·6月浙江高考)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a (shine) object.

解析：shiny/shining 根据空格后的object可知，此处应用形容词作定语，故填shiny/shining，意为“闪闪发光的”。

5．(2018·南昌一模)The town is as beautiful as the (magic) bird. 解析：magical 句意：这个城镇和那只神奇的鸟一样美丽。根据空格后的名词“bird”可知，空格处修饰该名词，故用形容词形式。

6．(2018·日照联考)The museum’s online store now offers special cultural and (create) products.

解析：creative 此处应用形容词修饰空格后的名词。

7．Many of us wake up feeling (tire) in the morning.Many of us ignore the problem as the day goes on.

解析：tired 本句主语是Many of us，表示人，故用形容词tired作feeling的表语。 8．(2018·河北五个一名校联盟模拟)The articles are intended for younger readers, but adults will find this site (suit) for them as well.

解析：suitable 这里构成“find＋宾语＋宾补(形容词)”结构，所以用suit的形容词形式。

9．(2018·河南省豫北名校质量评估)Lanzhou beef noodle has a history of 102 years and is known for its (taste) beef, soup and noodles.

解析：tasty 分析句子结构可知，空格处在句中作定语，修饰名词beef，故应填形容词tasty“美味的，可口的”。

10．(2018·成都第二次诊断)If you’re (adventure) and up for a challenge, the traditional oily spicy broth might be just the thing you’re after.

解析：adventurous 根据空前的you’re可知，此处应用形容词adventurous作表语。

技法五 修饰动词(短语)、形容词、副词、介词(短语)或整个句子需用副词 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.

解析：actually 空格处应用副词修饰介词短语behind the change。

2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.

解析：fairly 修饰形容词unpleasant应用副词形式。

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)It is (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.

解析：certainly 设空处在句中作状语修饰形容词fun，因此用副词形式。

4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks (regular)．

解析：regularly 此处修饰动词短语take short breaks，需用副词。

5．(2019·安徽名校模拟) (surprising), 10% of these chefs said that their favorite meal of their entire lives was at a fast food restaurant!

解析：Surprisingly 句意：令人惊讶的是，这些厨师中百分之十的人认为他们一生中最喜欢的美食是在快餐店吃的饭菜！空白处修饰整个句子，故用副词形式。

6．(2018·广州调研) (lucky) for you, there are more helpful microbes, working together to keep you healthy, than bad ones.

解析：Luckily 句意：对你来说幸运的是，比起有害的微生物，有更多的有益微生物共同努力让你保持健康。副词Luckily放在句首，修饰整个句子。

7．“If we leave it to market forces alone, the new antibiotics we most (urgent) need are not going to be developed in time，” she said.

解析：urgently 副词修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。故此处应用副词urgently修饰动词need。

8．If it is your first trip to China, we (sincere) suggest you should spend at least ten days visiting Beijing, Xi’an, Dunhuang, Urumqi and Kashi.

解析：sincerely 修饰动词suggest要用副词形式，所以填sincerely。

1．名词单复看限定

(1)不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式。

(2)有some, many, all, both, a number of, hundreds of 等词修饰时，名词用复数形式。

(3)名词前有one of/among 时，名词用复数形式。 (4)谓语动词是复数，名词作主语时，名词用复数。

If we are not aware of these differences, some unusual things might happen. 如果我们不知道这些差别，一些不同寻常的事情有可能发生。 2．名词判定看位置

(1)作主语或在及物动词宾语所有格或介词后作宾语，考虑用名词形式； (2)在形容词性物主代词后，或者在“冠词(＋形容词)”后，考虑用名词形式。 I don’t understand Mr Brad’s decision, but I respect it. 我不理解布拉德先生的决定，但是我尊重他的决定。 3．形副区分看功能

(1)作定语、表语、宾语补足语或主语补足语时，多用形容词； (2)修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词(短语)或整个句子时，多用副词。

(2018·惠州第二次调研)In a country in which 60 percent of the population has a smartphone, the game has been highly successful, partly because it is free to play.

在一个60%人口有手机的国家里，这款游戏已经非常成功，在一定程度上是由于它是免费的。

4．等级判定看标志

(1)直接型：题目中有much, far, still, even, rather, a little, a bit, a lot, a great deal, than等标志性词汇。

(2)间接型：要根据隐含的信息作出判断。 (3)“否定词＋比较级”表示最高级含义。

Mr Stevenson is great to work for — I really couldn’t ask for a better boss. 为斯蒂文森先生工作感觉非常好，我真的找不到比他更好的老板了。

(4)“one of the＋形容词最高级＋可数名词复数＋比较范围”表示“……中最……的……之一”。

As is known to us, New York is one of the biggest cities in America. 众所周知，纽约是美国最大的城市之一。

(5)“the＋比较级 ...，the＋比较级 ...”表示“越……越……”。

It is believed that the harder you work, the better result you will get. 人们相信你工作越努力，就会得到越好的结果。

1．判定填名词后，不知名词是可数或不可数或知道名词是可数，但没注意单复数及拼写 ①(2018·浙江温州联考)Computer game (design) often create interesting video games to tempt players to keep playing.

分析：根据句意可知此处表示“电子游戏的设计者”，同时根据谓语动词create可知，需用复数形式，故填designers。

②(2018·浙江湖州期末考试)How lucky we were even though my precious (equip) and documents were all burnt to the ground!

分析：my precious后面缺少名词，equip的名词形式equipment表示“装备，设备”，是不可数名词，没有复数形式。故填equipment。

2．可数名词单数变复数的变化规则记不牢 (请在横线上填写所给单词的正确形式)

①(2016·四川高考)Any smell might attract natural enemies (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.

②(2018·银川一中二模)But without sunlight and good soil, soon the leaves began to fall down and the branches (branch) began to dry.

③(2018·唐山市一模)The 220­pound Qizai has become a superstar, and many toys (toy) in his color have been made.

④(2018·石家庄市一模)On the other hand, if the water is not hot enough, the tea leaves (leaf) won’t open up and you will miss the pleasantly fresh flavor.

⑤(2018·四川省龙泉市模拟)They may let you surf the Internet, listen to music and take photos (photo) wherever you are.

⑥(2018·潍坊市复习过关)In the US, for example, more than 14% of women (woman) between 18 and 34 plan to have just one child.

[名师指津]

名词变复数的规则

(1)词尾是­s, ­x, ­ch, ­sh时一般加­es。例如： bus公共汽车→buses coach教练→coaches bush灌木丛→bushes

注意：stomach(胃部)的复数形式是在词尾直接加s。

fox狐狸→foxes branch树枝→branches

(2)词尾是辅音字母＋­y时，变y为ies；词尾是元音字母＋­y时，直接加­s。例如： enemy敌人→enemies

difficulty困难→difficulties key钥匙→keys

(3)词尾是­f或­fe时，多将f或fe变为ves。例如： shelf架子→shelves leaf叶子→leaves

knife刀子→knives

housewife家庭主妇→housewives hobby业余爱好→hobbies toy玩具→toys

(4)词尾是以辅音字母＋­o结尾，直接加­es；以元音字母加­o结尾，直接加­s。例如： tomato番茄→tomatoes

zoo动物园→zoos

注意：外来词piano与缩略词photo直接加­s。 (5)一些不规则变化的名词复数。例如： child孩子→children woman女人→women foot脚；英尺→feet criterion标准→criteria phenomenon现象→phenomena

3．已判定填形容词或副词但是不知如何加前缀后缀，例如以字母­e结尾的形容词变副词是否去掉e再加­ly等

(请在横线上填写所给单词的正确形式)

①(2018·浙江宁波十校联考)So his mother, who was unwilling (will) to pay for his education, brought him home to look after the sheep.

②(2018·曲阜师范大学附中模拟)At that time, most Chinese people made their living on farms, so weather changes were extremely (extreme) important for them.

③(2018·成都市模拟)Sitting by the river, riding a bike, or singing the old songs, I truly (true) enjoyed what I was doing.

④(2018·青岛市模拟)If you can make full use of the books, you will probably (probable) become a good lawyer in the future.

⑤(2018·佛山市模拟)By his own talents and efforts, he has secured for his family a good social position and a relatively (relative) rich life.

[名师指津]

形容词变副词的规则

一般直接加­ly，“元e”去e加­ly (如true→truly)，“辅y”改y为i加­ly (如busy→busily)，“le”结尾把e改y (whole→wholly例外)，“ic”结尾加­ally (如basic→basically), “ll”结尾加­y(如full→fully)。

man男人→men tooth牙→teeth mouse老鼠→mice medium传播媒介→media

一、 单句对点练——练明考点 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ改编) (fortunate), after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to leave and later the family met up for dinner.

解析：Fortunately 根据句子结构和句意可知应用副词Fortunately修饰整个句子。 2．(2018·成都第二次诊断)When you do go for hot pot, you will often be asked to make a (choose) of broth in which you cook your raw ingredients (食材)．

解析：choice 根据空前的a和空后的of可知空白处应填名词的单数形式。

3．(2019·沈阳质量检测)China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “four great new (invent)” — high­speed rail, electronic payment, shared bicycle, and online shopping.

解析：inventions 前面有“four great new”修饰，故用该词对应的名词的复数形式，故填inventions。

4．The lava stone areas are (color) because the lava is rich in many kinds of minerals.

解析：colorful 空白处作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，故用形容词。colorful表示“色彩丰富的”。

5．They fly (steady) for hundreds of miles before they reach the warm lands of Africa.

解析：steadily 句意：在它们到达非洲温暖的地方之前，它们要平稳地飞行数百英里。此处修饰动词应用副词形式。

6．(2018·陕西检测)But not all the birds get there, for many of them die in the (storm) weather they meet with on the way.

解析：stormy 句意：但是并不是所有的鸟儿都会到达那儿，因为途中有许多鸟儿在遇到的暴风雨天气中死去。根据空前的the以及空后的weather可知，此处修饰名词weather应用形容词形式。

7．(2018·河北保定一模)Of the three major drinks of the world — tea, coffee and cocoa — tea is consumed by the (large) number of people.

解析：largest 此处是三者之间的比较，应用最高级。注意关键词the的提示。 8．(2018·安徽合肥二模)The handmade cloth shoes are more durable (耐用的), more comfortable and (soft), and absorb sweat better.

解析：softer 分析句子结构可知，durable, comfortable和soft是并列关系，前面两个用了比较级，故此处应用形容词soft的比较级形式softer。

9．(2018·合肥市第一次质量检测)It attracts visitors from all over China and other Asian countries such as Korea, and is (increase) popular among other international tourists.

解析：increasingly 此处应用副词修饰形容词popular, increasingly表示“越来越多地，日益增加地”。

10．(2018·赣州十四县市联考)She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her world: a world of smiles, love and (warm)．

解析：warmth 根据空前的内容可知，空处与smiles和love构成并列关系，故此处用名词形式，故填warmth。

二、 原创语篇练——练熟技法 阅读下面短文，根据本部分语法内容，在空白处填入括号内单词的正确形式。注意使用上面的技法。

You may like reading novels for fun.Of course, it is fun to read some 1 (interest) books.But you need to get organized if you are reading a novel for school.Here are a few 2 (tip)．

First, pay 3 (attend) to characters.What do they do in the novel? What do they want? Everything about a character can help us to understand him, from his 4 (appear) to the kind of food he eats.

Besides, the order of the story and the plot are 5 (equal) important.Make sure that as you read, you make a quick note of what happens in each chapter. This will help you bring the things you have noticed about the character, setting, language and so on together.And by retelling the story after you have read it, the help you will get is 6 (great) than you can imagine.

Next, themes.They are ideas that a novel explores.It is a must to get the hang of the theme if you want to 7 (full) appreciate the novel.Perhaps love is a major theme, or justice, or 8 (survive)．

Furthermore, 9 (novel) are made up of language.Writers use language in a special way to make their novels work.They may use metaphors, invent symbols, or show 10 (difference) characters’ personalities through their speech styles.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了阅读小说时需要注意的几点建议：关注人物、故事情节、主题和语言风格等。

1．interesting 考查词性转换。此处作定语修饰名词。 2．tips 考查名词的单复数。a few后接名词的复数形式。 3．attention 考查词性转换。作动词的宾语，需用名词形式。

4．appearance 考查词性转换。his是形容词性物主代词，修饰名词作定语，故用appear的名词形式appearance。

5．equally 考查词性转换。副词作状语，可修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词(短语)或整个句子。本句空格处修饰形容词“important”。故填equally。

6．greater 考查比较级。由“than”可知，此处需用比较级。

7．fully 考查词性转换。修饰谓语动词“appreciate”，需用副词形式。

8．survival 考查词性转换。由上文“Perhaps love is a major theme, or justice”可知，or连接并列结构，此处应用名词形式，且不表示人，故填survival。

9．novels 考查名词单复数。由谓语的复数形式are可知，主语名词应该用复数形式。 10．different 考查词性转换。修饰中心名词“personalities”，故用形容词形式。

三、 A (2018·昆明质量检测) In the closing ceremony of the Olympic Winter Games Pyeongchang 2018, China put on “See You in Beijing in 2022”， directed 1 Zhang Yimou.The show centered on the talents of a team of 24 roller­skating 2 (perform) from Beijing Sport University.Two of 3 (they) dressed as “Panda Captains” led the performance. The performance reviewed China’s ancient times, 4 (show) the country’s rich cultural heritage (遗产) and singing about the present, as well as the future that lies ahead. In addition to 5 (tradition) symbols including the Great Wall and lucky animals like the Chinese dragon and the Chinese phoenix, the performance also showed China’s recent engineering and technological achievements, such as its wide high­speed rail network 6 its space program.Towards the end of the performance, the Olympic rings 7 (rise) on the stage, as well as images of a global village, children’s smiling faces, olive (橄榄) branches and plum blossoms (梅花), 8 stood for China’s promise to promote global peace and build a better future for mankind.Finally, the skaters travelled a path on ice 9 (draw) the “Winter Dream” sign of the Olympic Winter Games Beijing 2022.The performance 10 (success) sent Chinese people’s goodwill and invitations to the world for Beijing 2022.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了在2018年韩国平昌冬季奥运会闭幕式上，中国

仿真综合练——练通高考

“2022，相约北京”的主题表演诠释了中国文化，传达了“北京欢迎你”的愿望。

1．by 考查介词。“2022，相约北京”演出是由张艺谋导演的，此处表示被动，所以用介词by“被，由”。

2．performers 考查名词。空前的roller­skating作定语修饰空处的名词；再根据空前的a team of 24可知，空处应填表示人的复数名词，故填performers。

3．them 考查代词。根据空前介词of可知，空处应用they的宾格形式，故填them。 4．showing 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应填非谓语动词；根据语境可知，空处与下文的singing并列，故填showing。

5．traditional 考查形容词。根据空后的名词symbols可知，空前用形容词作定语，修饰symbols，故填traditional。

6．and 考查连词。根据语境可知，wide high­speed rail network和space program是并列关系，对前面的achievements进行解释说明，故填and。

7．rose 考查动词的时态。通读全篇可知，闭幕式发生在过去，所以空处应该用一般过去时，故填rose。

8．which 考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子，所以用关系代词which引导。

9．to draw/drawing 考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构并结合语境可知，空处作状语或定语：作状语时表示目的，故填to draw；也可以理解为作a path的后置定语，故也可填drawing。

10．successfully 考查副词。根据空前的The performance和空后的sent可知，空处应用副词作状语，修饰sent，故填successfully。

B

(2019·东北三省四市一模) The lion is a special animal to Chinese people.A pair of stone lions, a male and a female, are 1 (common) seen in front of the gates of Chinese traditional buildings.

The lion 2 (regard) as the king in the animal world so it represents power. The stone lions are also used to indicate the ranks of 3 (official)．

It is interesting to note that China had no lions originally.The earliest stone lions were sculpted 4 the beginning of the Eastern Han (25－220 AD) with 5 introduction of Buddhism into ancient China.In the Buddhist faith, the lion, 6 can protect the truth and keep off evils, is considered a holy animal of nobleness and dignity.In Chinese folk tales, the lion has become a symbol of 7 (brave), power and good luck.

It was also popular 8 (decorate) bridges with sculpted stone lions for the

same reason.The 9 (well) known of all is the Lugou Bridge (also as Marco Polo Bridge), 10 (build) from 1189 to 1192.A famous proverb says, “The stone lions on the Lugou Bridge are countless.”

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国的石狮子。石狮子是中国传统建筑中常见的一种装饰物。

1．commonly 考查副词。修饰动词应用副词，故用commonly。

2．is regarded 考查动词的时态和语态。此处介绍的是一般情况，故用一般现在时；又因lion与regard之间是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。

3．officials 考查名词复数。根据空前的ranks of可知，用可数名词official的复数形式。

4．at 考查介词。at the beginning of“在……的开始”，是固定搭配。 5．the 考查冠词。根据句中的of Buddhism可知此处是特指，应该用定冠词the。 6．which 考查非限制性定语从句。the lion是先行词，空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词在从句中作主语。

7．bravery 考查名词。根据空前的介词of和下文的“power and good luck”可知，此处用名词。

8．to decorate 考查非谓语动词。It is＋adj.＋to do sth.为固定用法，句中的It为形式主语，后面的不定式是真正的主语。

9．best 考查形容词最高级。根据常识，其中有石狮的最出名的桥是卢沟桥。此处为“the＋最高级＋in/of”结构，用于三个以上的人或物之间的比较。

10．built 考查非谓语动词。the Lugou Bridge与build之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词作定语，相当于非限制性定语从句which was built from 1189 to 1192。

C

(2018·太原二模) Improving your vocabulary can 1 (do) at any age and any level of education.Often people are encouraged to improve their vocabulary by taking a major test, 2 it can be done for fun as well.

One of the best ways 3 (expand) your vocabulary is to read more. Reading is 4 (clear) linked with a larger vocabulary, especially when you seek out books about topics that aren’t familiar to you.Non­fiction in a wide variety of 5 (field) can improve your vocabulary and general knowledge.Literacy (读写能力) in fiction is also highly beneficial.

Another way is to play word games.Games like Scrabble and Boggle will encourage your brain to play with words and letters, as well as learn new ones.If you play Scrabble with 6 open dictionary, you can encourage people to try out words they

might otherwise be afraid of using.Most word games are interactive, so you can enjoy company while 7 (improve) your vocabulary.

Using the dictionary will improve your vocabulary as well.Create flash cards of 8 (familiar) words and practice them in the train, on the bus, or when you wake up in the morning.Of course, there are so many circumstances 9 you can learn them.Try to practice words in different environments so that you can really learn them.If you hear someone using a word you don’t recognize, 10 (look) it up!

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。词汇量匮乏一直是困扰英语学习者的一个大问题，本文就如何扩充词汇量向读者介绍了几种有趣且实用的方法。

1．be done 考查动词的语态。空处位于情态动词后面，且Improving your vocabulary和do之间是被动关系，故答案为be done。

2．but/yet 考查连词。通常人们通过重要的测试来激励自己扩充词汇量，但是学习词汇也可以很有趣。根据句意可知，前后句之间是转折关系，故答案为but/yet。

3．to expand 考查非谓语动词。“做某事的方法”可以用the way to do sth.来表示，故答案为to expand。

4．clearly 考查副词。此处修饰动词应用副词形式，故答案为clearly。

5．fields 考查名词单复数。a wide variety of意为“许多的，大量的”，修饰不可数名词或者可数名词复数，field作“领域”讲时是可数名词，故答案为fields。

6．an 考查冠词。此处表示拿着一本打开的词典玩游戏，dictionary为可数名词，此处表示泛指，且open的读音以元音音素开头，故答案为an。

7．improving 考查状语从句的省略。while improving your vocabulary相当于while you are improving your vocabulary, you are被省略了。故答案为improving。

8．unfamiliar 考查形容词。根据语境可知，此处表示制作一些识字卡，故答案为unfamiliar“不认识的，陌生的”。

9．where 考查定语从句。先行词是表示抽象意义的circumstances，所填关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故答案为where。

10．look 考查祈使句。本句是主从复合句，If引导条件状语从句，主句部分是祈使句，故答案为look。

无提示词类必考点——介词和连词

技法一 根据固定搭配选择介词

1.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m a scientist who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching these three western lowland gorillas I’d been observing.

解析：for 此处意为“我当时正在搜寻西部低地的这三只大猩猩”。search for 意为“搜寻，寻找”。

2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads above as they travelled to and work.

解析：from travel to and from work为固定搭配，意为“上下班”。

3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s.

解析：to 此处表示“我”和大熊猫的联系可追溯到20世纪80年代中期。go back to意为“追溯到，回溯到”。

4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.

解析：on 句意：我们大多数人在上午比在一天的晚些时候更能集中精力工作。be focused on意为“集中于……”，为固定搭配。

5．(2018·福州四校联考)Thanks classical music concerts, I’ll never fail to carry on with the act.

解析：to thanks to ...“多亏……”为固定搭配，故填to。

6．(2018·太原阶段测评)A survey of over 74,000 people found 35 percent reported sleeping less than seven hours daily average.

解析：on on average为固定搭配，意为“平均来看，按平均值”。

7．Do you want to keep up the latest research and discoveries in science? 解析：with 句意：你想跟上科技的最新研究和发现吗？keep up with为固定搭配，意为“跟上，不落在……后面”。

8．Antibiotic resistance is growing and we are fast running out treatment options.

解析：of 固定搭配run out of意为“用完”，故填介词of。

9．(2018·成都第二次诊断)Bear mind that some broths like the tomato, mushroom or northern style will not be on offer at every restaurant.

解析：in bear (sth.) in mind意为“记住(某事)”，为固定搭配，故用介词in。 10．(2018·沈阳质量检测)Besides, the four innovative ways of life are most appealing youths from 20 countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative.

解析：to appeal to表示“对……有吸引力”。

技法二 掌握介词的基本意义 1.(2018·浙江高考)If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.

解析：for go to some place for dinner“去某个地方吃饭”。介词for在此表示目的。

2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.

解析：as 此处表示“医学界将其作为一种对抗心脏病的方法”，故填as，意思是“作为……”。

3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat their hands.

解析：with with“用(工具)……”，符合句意。

4．(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, I’d headed straight for Yangshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the better­known city.

解析：by 乘坐交通工具常用by加可数名词的单数形式，by car“开车”。

5．I was so excited to visit the Palace Museum my family last summer vacation.

解析：with 根据语境可知，去年暑假和家人一块儿参观故宫博物院使作者感觉很兴奋。表示“和……一起”应用介词with。

6．(2018·武汉市武昌区调研)A boy found a cocoon (茧) of a butterfly and watched the butterfly for several hours as it struggled to force its body that little hole.

解析：through 根据语境可知，蝴蝶挣扎着迫使它的身体穿过那个小洞，表示“穿过”要用介词through。

7．For example, people from northern China are in the habit of eating dumplings the day of winter solstice (冬至)．

解析：on 表示在冬至这一具体的一天，用介词on。

8．(2018·陕西检测)There are no such insects about in Britain during the winter, as it is too cold them.

解析：for 因为对它们来说，英国的冬天太冷了。此处用介词for表示“对……来说”。

9．(2018·广西桂林百色模拟)This painting is important several reasons.First, up till that time, almost all Chinese paintings were landscapes, containing no or only a few images of people.

解析：for 此处表示这幅画重要的原因。for表示“由于，因为”。

10．(2018·广州调研)Antonie collected a drop of puddle water and put it his microscope.

解析：under 句意：安东尼收集了一滴水坑的水，并把它放在他的显微镜下。根据常识可知，要把物体放到显微镜下面观察，故应用介词under“在……下面”。

技法三 分清句子成分，巧辨定语从句中抽象或具体(人与物) (一)寻找先行词，辨别人与物 先行词指人时常用who, whom, that；指物时常用that, which。

1．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.

解析：that/which 分析句子结构可知，此处引导定语从句，先行词是a study，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填关系代词that/which。

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soil­testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.

解析：that/which 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，a soil­testing program是先行词，表示物，且定语从句中缺少主语，故填that/which。

3．(2018·浙江高考)Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.

解析：who/that 根据语境并分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句并在定语从句中作主语，先行词是Many westerners，故填who或that。

4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.

解析：who 空格处引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指人，故用who。 5．(2017·北京高考改编)The little problems we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.

解析：that 句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题有可能是伟大发明的灵感。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语，先行词为The little problems，因此用that。

6．(2018·河南七所名校联考)The shelter， is designed for the thousands of traders and shoppers at Bangkok’s night market, has become an attraction itself.

解析：which 先行词是The shelter，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用which。

7．(2018·石家庄检测)I used my phone to call a taxi to meet my Chinese friend, Gu Yu， would guide me to get around Beijing.

解析：who 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“my Chinese friend, Gu Yu”，指人，并且在从句中作主语，所以要用关系代词who。

8．(2018·江西五校第一次联考)The WHO says superbugs can also pass along genetic material helps other bacteria become resistant to drug treatment.

解析：that/which that/which引导定语从句，在从句中作主语，修饰先行词genetic material。

(二)判断所缺成分，选择关系词

当定语从句部分缺少主语、宾语、定语时，要想到分别采用who(指人)，that(指人或物)，which(指物)，whom(指人)，whose(指人或物)；当定语从句部分缺少时间状语、地点状语、原因状语时，要想到分别采用when, where, why。

1．(2018·天津高考改编)Kate, sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.

解析：whose 句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了，在大学时我和她的姐姐同住一个房间。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Kate，并在从句中作sister的定语，应用关系代词 whose引导定语从句。

2．(2018·江苏高考改编)Self-driving is an area China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.

解析：where 句意：无人驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线的领域。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句修饰先行词area，并在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。

3．(2017·6月浙江高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden， it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.

解析：where 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作状语，先行词是表示地点的the garden，故填where。

4．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid­1980s, I was the first Western TV reporter ...

解析：when 空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the mid­1980s，空格处在定语从句中

作时间状语，故应用when引导该定语从句。

5．(2019·广东惠州模拟)Besides, he lives in harmony with others and never quarrels with anyone, from I’ve gained lots of social experience.

解析：whom 此处为“from＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词anyone，故用whom。

6．(2018·郑州市第一次质量预测)The reason he failed in the exam was that he didn’t study hard.

解析：why 空处引导定语从句，修饰The reason，并在从句中作原因状语，故用why。 (三)识别特殊定语从句，分清限制性、非限制性定语从句

1．(2018·厦门模拟)The main street is lined with small stands and shops sell almost anything you can imagine.

解析：which/that 句意：主街道两旁的小货摊和商店鳞次栉比，它们出售你能想象到的几乎任何东西。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词为small stands and shops，指物，且在从句中作主语，故用which或that引导该定语从句。

2．(2018·湖北七市联考)We’ve listed some of the most famous flowers have a special significance.

解析：that 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词为flowers且有形容词最高级修饰，所以空格处只能填关系代词that而不能用which。

3．(2018·武汉市武昌区调研)Our struggles in life develop our strength, without we never get stronger, so it’s important for us to handle challenges on our own, and not to rely on others for help.

解析：which 句意：生活中的奋斗能增强我们的力量，没有这些奋斗，我们就不会变得更强大……。空格处应用关系代词，放在介词without之后，引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的先行词Our struggles，所以要用which。

4．(2018·合肥市第一次质量检测)The city has built 12 state­level tourist areas, of one is 5A­class scenic spot and four sites are 4A­level.

解析：which 分析句子结构可知，空格处指代先行词12 state­level tourist areas，且在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故填which。

5．With the improvement of life standards, there are a growing number of people traveling each year, is a good way to enjoy life.

解析：which 句意：随着生活水平的提高，每年有越来越多的人旅游，这是一种很好的享受生活的方式。此处为非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，故应填which。

6．(2018·重庆第一次调研)The park offers visitors a sight of nature at majorities of people never have the chance to take a look.

解析：which 分析句子结构可知，该句中的“The park offers visitors a sight of nature”是主句，“at majorities ...a look”是定语从句，空格处在定语从句中作at的宾语，代指a sight of nature，故填which。

技法四 分析句子结构——搞定名词性从句 (一)缺少状语，用连接副词(where, when, why, how) 等 1．(2018·北京高考改编)Without his support, we wouldn’t be we are now. 解析：where 句意：没有他的支持，我们就不会取得现在的成就。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，并在从句中作地点状语，故应用where。

2．(2017·北京高考改编)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree­lined street, not knowing she was heading.

解析：where 句意：简在绿树成荫的街道上漫无目的地走着，不知道她去往哪里。此处应用where引导宾语从句。

3．(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

解析：how 根据语境和空格后的形容词thick可知应用how引导宾语从句，表示程度。此处表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墙需要“多”厚。故答案为how。

4．While visiting Hangzhou’s West Lake and its surrounding beautiful hills, you’ll understand it’s been a great source of inspiration for artists, poems and philosophers throughout Chinese history.

解析：why 句意：当你游览杭州西湖及周围美丽的群山时，你就会懂得为什么在中国历史中那个地方一直是画家、诗人和哲学家的灵感之源。宾语从句中缺少原因状语，故填why。

5．(2018·广西桂林百色模拟)People are able to see the Chinese technologies of the time, which helps them a great deal in understanding the Chinese lived.

解析：how 句意：人们能够看到当时的中国技术，这对人们了解当时的中国人是如何生活的很有帮助。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，作understanding的宾语；结合语境可知，该处表示“如何”，故用how引导宾语从句。

6． the new road will be put into use has not been made clear. 解析：When 句意：这条新路什么时候投入使用还不清楚。空处引导主语从句，并在从句中作时间状语，故用When。

(二)缺少主/宾/表语，用连接代词(who, which, what, whatever, whoever等) 1．(2018·北京高考改编)This is my father has taught me — to always face difficulties and hope for the best.

解析：what 句意：这就是父亲教我的——总是要面对困难，并且抱最大的希望。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，并在从句中作taught的宾语，故应用what。

2．(2018·天津高考改编)The gold medal will be awarded to wins the first place in the bicycle race.

解析：whoever 句意：金牌将被授予在自行车比赛中获得第一名的任何人。介词to后是宾语从句，从句中动词wins前缺主语，而且金牌给的是人，故用whoever引导宾语从句。

3．(2018·安徽名校联考)We asked 100 famous chefs from around the world their best meals were, and we got some interesting answers.

解析：what 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，作及物动词asked的宾语；该引导词也作从句的表语，故用what引导该宾语从句。

4．(2018·福州四校联考)I went to a classical music concert yesterday and I loved it. I particularly experienced in a different way is how much I appreciated the musicians.

解析：What 根据语境可知，作者经历的特别的事情就是作者非常感激那些音乐家。空格处引导主语从句，且在从句中作宾语，故填What。

5．The problem is we can get to replace her.

解析：who 分析句子结构可知，空格处引导表语从句，并且在从句中作get的宾语，故填who。

6．(2018·福建泉州质检)The father and his son got lost in the mountain and they had to eat food they could find there.

解析：whatever 句意：这位父亲和他的儿子在山里迷路了，不得不吃他们在那里能找到的任何食物。whatever food意为“任何食物”，在宾语从句中作动词find的宾语。

7．My question is student does the best in English.

解析：which 分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，并在从句中作定语，表示“哪一个”，故填which。

(三)不缺任何成分，常用that引导同位语从句或表语从句

1．(2016·天津高考改编)The manager put forward a suggestion we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.

解析：that 句意：经理提了个建议——我们应雇个助手。要做的工作太多了。分析句子结构可知，suggestion后是同位语从句，从句的结构和意义均完整，故用that引导。

2．The problem is one less hour of sleep is not equal to an extra hour of achievement.

解析：that 句意：问题是少睡一小时不等同于额外的一小时的成就。分析句子结构可知，is后为表语从句，从句的结构和句意完整，故填that。

3．The possibility the dolphins might hurt them does not crowd in on them.

解析：that 分析句子结构可知，此处the dolphins might hurt them作主语The possibility的同位语，且句意完整，应用that引导同位语从句。

(四)it作形式主语或形式宾语的名词性从句要牢记

1．(2018·昆明质量检测)Kenney said, “ is good news that this public health problem has a simple solution.”

解析：It 分析句子结构可知，该句为包含that引导的主语从句的主从复合句，It作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。

2．Since there is only one laboratory in the school, it is important to check the students can use it.

解析：when 句意：因为学校只有一个实验室，所以核查学生什么时候可以使用很重要。check后接宾语从句，且从句中缺少时间状语，因此应用when引导该从句。

3．(2019·山东师大附中一模)His favorite food is fried snacks and soft drinks.It is no surprise losing weight is just his dream.

解析：that 句意：他最喜欢的食物是油炸类小吃和软饮料。减肥只是他的梦想一点都不令人吃惊。It是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句中结构及句意完整，故用that引导。

4．I hate when someone makes a mess of my learning materials on my desk. 解析：it 分析句子结构可知，该句为包含when引导的宾语从句的主从复合句，it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是when引导的宾语从句。

技法五 结合语境及句子结构，明晰句子之间的逻辑关系 1.(2018·江苏高考改编)It had also given me a choice either to leave that page blank to keep writing the story with hope.

解析：or 句意：他也给了我一个选择，或者留下那页空白，或者带着希望继续写故事。either ...or ...是固定搭配，意为“或者……或者……”。

2．(2017·北京高考改编)If you don’t understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people you figure it out.

解析：until 句意：如果你不了解某些事物，你可以研究、学习，并和别人交谈，直到你弄明白。此处应用until引导时间状语从句，表示“直到……为止”。

3．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Over time, the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.

解析：as/when 句意：慢慢地，随着人口的增加(当人口增加时)，为了使食物熟得更快，人们开始把食物切成小块。根据句子间的逻辑关系可知，此处应用as/when引导时间状语从句。

4．(2016·北京高考改编)I really enjoy listening to music it helps me

relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.

解析：because 句意：我真的喜欢听音乐，因为它帮助我放松并让我忘掉一天中的其他烦恼。根据句意可知，这里用because引导原因状语从句。

5．(2018·河南省豫北名校质量评估)The event will make Lanzhou beef noodle well­known not only across Lanzhou, across the world through the Belt and Road Initiative.

解析：but 句意：该活动将不仅使兰州牛肉拉面在兰州被熟知，也会通过“一带一路”倡议被全世界的人们熟知。此处考查的是not only ... but (also) ...结构，意为“不仅……而且……”。

6．(2018·重庆西北狼教育联盟第一次联考)It was an extremely dark, lonely country road.Neither a single person any traffic was in sight at all.

解析：nor 第二句句意：既看不到一个人，也根本看不到一辆车。neither ...nor为固定搭配，意为“既不……也不……”。

7．(2018·辽宁葫芦岛六校协作体考试)Some animals, like people, eat both plants animals.

解析：and 句意：一些动物，例如人类，既吃植物也吃动物。both ...and ...为固定搭配，意为“既……也……”。

8．Some people said that a meal while they were on vacation with their wife husband was the best of all time.

解析：or 根据空格前的“wife”和空格后的“husband”可知，和妻子或者丈夫度假时吃的饭菜是他们人生中的最佳美食，空格处表示选择关系。

9．(2018·湖北八校第一次联考)This is the custom of China.They are not like us to finish it in one drink, prefer to drink by taking a small amount at a time.

解析：but 空格前表示他们不像我们那样一口喝下，空格后表示他们更喜欢一次喝一小口；根据上下文可知，此处为“not ...but”结构，表示“不是……而是……”，故用转折连词but。

10．(2018·广州调研) you were to count all the microbes on and inside your body, you would find your body has more microbes than the world has people — over 6 billion!

解析：If 句意：如果你要数你身体上和身体内所有的微生物，你会发现你的身体有比世界上的人数还要多的微生物——超过60亿！根据语境可知，本空应用连词If引导条件状语从句。

11．(2018·赣州十四县市联考)I’m a successful businessman now and I think about the troubles of the world, I think about that little girl and the

remarkable lesson about life that she taught me.

解析：when/whenever 此处表示“我无论何时想起世界上的困难，总是会想起那个小女孩”，故此处应用when/whenever引导状语从句，在从句中作时间状语。

12．That restaurant is extremely popular, you may have to wait to get a seat.

解析：so 句意：那家餐厅十分受欢迎，所以你可能要等座位。根据句意可知，前后两个分句之间为因果关系，前一句是因，后一句是果。故填so。

技法六 牢记固定句型结构，培养做题灵敏度 1.(2018·天津高考改编)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house we saw Lily in the passenger seat.

解析：that 句意：直到汽车停在我们的房子前时我们才看见莉莉坐在乘客座上。分析句子结构可知，本句是强调句，强调的是“only＋when 引导的时间状语从句”。根据强调句的结构“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that＋其他部分”可知，应填that。

2．(2017·浙江高考)Pahlsson screamed loudly that her daughter came running from the house.

解析：so so ...that ...为固定句式，意为“如此……以至于……”，故填so。 3．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused on our tasks in the morning than

we are later in the day. So, get an early start and try to be as productive possible before lunch.

解析：as 第二句句意：因此，早点儿开始，在午餐前尽可能高效地(工作)。as ...as possible意为“尽可能地”。为固定句型结构。

4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)It could be anything — gardening, cooking, music, sports — but whatever it is, (make) sure it’s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.

解析：make 根据句子结构和句意可知，此处为祈使句，故谓语要用动词原形。 5．(2018·山西省八校联考)Looking back, I know the greatest difficulty on our way to success is our fear.Overcome it, we will be able to achieve our goals.

解析：and 此句为“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”结构。第二句句意：克服它，我们就能够达到我们的目标。前后为顺承关系，故用and。

6．I was driving home late at night my car lost momentum (动力) and got slower and slower.

解析：when 句意：我深夜正驾驶在回家的路上，突然汽车失去动力，变得越来越慢。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导时间状语从句。be doing sth. when意为“正在做某事时突然……”。

7．(2018·陕西咸阳二模)Researchers have found, in their experiment, that a baby’s cries can cause unique emotional responses in the brain, making it impossible for us to ignore them we are parents or not.

解析：whether 句意：研究者们在他们的实验中发现，婴儿啼哭能够引起头脑中独特的情感反应，使得我们不可能忽略他们，无论我们是不是父母。whether ...or ...可用来引导让步状语从句，意为“无论是……还是……”。

8．(2018·太原二模)I had hardly sat down on the train and opened a bar of chocolate a really old man with huge bags sat down across from me.

解析：when hardly ...when ...意为“刚……就……”，为固定用法，故用连词when引导时间状语从句。

1．介词多义看语境

(1)in表示情况、状态，意为“处在……中”；表示手段、形式、方式，意为“以，用”；表示服饰，意为“穿着，戴着”；表示范围、领域，意为“在……方面”。

(2)with表示状态，意为“带有，具有”；表示手段、方法，意为“以，用”；表示关系，意为“和……在一起”；表示伴随，意为“随着”；表示原因，意为“因为，由于”。

(3)by用于被动语态，表示“被，由”；表示“用，靠，凭借”；表示乘用交通工具。 (4)for表示方向，意为“往，向”；表示对象，用途等，意为“为，给”；表示时间、距离、数量等，意为“计，达”；表示原因，意为“因为，由于”。

(5)through表示位置，意为“穿过”；表示时间，意为“整个……”；表示手段、媒介，意为“依据，经由”。

2．熟记介词固定搭配 (1)名词与介词搭配 by accident by chance on board on business on average in charge in common in conclusion in particular

偶然；无意中；意外地 碰巧；凑巧

在船(或飞机、火车、公共汽车等)上 因公出差 平均

掌管，主管；负责 共有，共同

最后，在结束时；总之 特别，尤其，详细地

in place in the distance in favo(u)r of in hono(u)r of in spite of in turn in vain in memory of in return in order out of sight (2)动词与介词搭配 remind sb.of sth. rob sb.of sth. result from call at call for care about do harm to fix one’s eyes on get rid of run out of come up with take on put forward make fun of adapt to refer to come across pick up

(3)形容词与介词搭配be curious about be proud of be popular with

适当地，在适当的位置 在远处 赞成，支持

为了纪念，对……表示敬意 尽管，虽然 依次，转而；轮流 白费力气；枉费心机 为纪念…… 作为报答；回报 按顺序，处于良好状态 看不见

提醒某人某事 抢劫某人某物

由……造成，因……而产生 访问(某地) 要求，需要 关心 伤害 注视 免除，摆脱 用完 提出 呈现 提出 取笑 适合

参考，查阅；提到 (偶然)遇见；碰见

捡起，用车接(某人)，接收，偶然习得

对……感到好奇 因……而自豪 受到……的欢迎

be anxious about be concerned about be present at be absent from be free from

3．掌握几种常考的并列结构

为……忧虑 对……担心、忧虑 出席 缺席 免于

(1)表示平行或顺承关系：both ...and, not only ...but (also) ...； (2)表示转折或对比关系：but, yet, while；

(3)表示选择关系：or, either ...or ..., neither ...nor； (4)并列连词when所在的固定句型：

be doing ...when ...; be about to do ...when ...; had (just) done ...when ...; be on the point of doing ...when ...。

During the first three years children learned the basic skills they would use in all their later learning both at home and at school.

在前三年，孩子们学会了以后在家里和在学校学习中所需要用的基本技能。 Now you can have a rest or you can go to the cinema. 现在你可以休息，或者去看电影。

4．掌握定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法

(1)who和whom只用于指人，which和as只用于指事物，that既可用于指人也可用于指物，它在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、表语，但在非限制性定语从句中不能用that；

(2)whose用来指人或物，在定语从句中只作定语；

(3)when表示时间，where表示地点，why表示原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语。 The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays. 这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生，放假时商店关门。

Finally, after four hours, they arrived at the campsite where their parents were waiting for them.

最后，在4个小时之后他们到达了营地，他们的父母正在那里等着他们。 5．牢记that 与what 在名词性从句中的区别

that没有词义，也不作任何成分，当从句意义完整，不缺任何成分时用that; what在从句中表示“……的(东西)”(有时候可以不译)，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语等成分。

What Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.(what作宾语) 芭芭拉·琼斯展现给她的“粉丝们”的是诚实和快乐。

(2016·北京高考)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust. (that不作任何成分)

雨季最愉快的事情莫过于不受灰尘的袭扰。 6．状语从句的特殊考点要记牢 (1)连词before的意义及句型：

It will be＋一段时间＋before ...，表示“多久以后才……”；It won’t be＋一段时间＋before ...表示“用不了多久就会……”；

(2)连词since的意义及句型：

It is some time (一段时间)＋since引导的时间状语从句

＝It has been some time (一段时间)＋since引导的时间状语从句。该固定句型意思是“自从……以来已经多长时间了”；

(3)whether ...or ...“无论……还是……”，引导让步状语从句； (4)where引导地点状语从句。

John thinks it won’t be long before he is ready for his new job. 约翰认为不久他就能为他的新工作做好准备。

As is reported, it is over 100 years since Tsinghua University was founded. 据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。

I cannot hear the professor clearly as there is too much noise where I am seated. 因为我坐的地方噪音太大，所以听不清教授在说什么。

1．介词容易受固定思维影响而错填

①Our English teacher, whose help we have made great progress in English, has completed thirty years of teaching.

分析：本题考生易受汉语意思的影响而误填under。句意：我们的英语老师已经有30年教龄了，在他的帮助下我们的英语取得了很大进步。表示“在某人的帮助下”用with sb.’s help或者with the help of sb.。故填with。

②I hate it when she calls me at work — I’m always too busy to carry a conversation with her.

分析：本题考生由于没有牢记carry的固定短语极易误填out。句意：我讨厌工作时她给我打电话，因为我总是很忙，没法和她进行谈话。carry on“进行，从事(某事)”，故填介词on。

③Not until we succeed in letting wildlife live in peace can we smile relief.

分析：本题极易误填for。句意：直到我们成功地让野生动物安宁地生活，我们才能放松地微笑。in relief“如释重负”，故填介词in。

2．不会分辨并列句和复合句的区别

(1)并列句和定语从句的区别

并列句与定语从句的主要区别在于：并列句是由and, but等并列连词连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。

①They live in a small house, in front of stands an orange tree. ②They live in a small house, and in front of stands an orange tree. 分析：两句的区别是连词and，句①逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词表示物，故填which；句②and连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句中的 a small house，故填it。

③The old man has three sons, none of is a doctor. ④The old man has three sons, but none of is a doctor.

分析：两句的区别是连词but，句③逗号后为非限制性定语从句，空格处为引导词表示人，故填whom；句④but连接两个并列分句，空格处指代前面分句的three sons，故填them。

(2)并列句和状语从句的区别

并列句是连词连接两个“互不依存的主谓结构”，两者之间是并列关系；而在状语从句中前后两个句子一个是主句，一个是从句，从句是用来修饰主句的。

① you take the medicine, you will be all right. ②Take this medicine, you will be all right.

分析：两个题都应该填连词。句⑤空格处引导条件状语从句表示“如果”，故填If；句⑥中两个并列分句是顺承关系，故填and。

③ money is necessary for a happy life, it can’t buy happiness. ④Money is necessary for a happy life, it can’t buy happiness. 分析：两个题都应该填连词。句⑦空格所在句子是让步关系，故填Although/Though；句⑧前后是转折关系，故填but。

3．定语从句4大易错点 (1)what不能引导定语从句

(2014·全国卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit is driving your family crazy. 分析：定语从句的先行词为前面的a habit，在定语从句中作主语，故填that/which。注意：此处不能用what。

(2)that不能引导非限制性定语从句

(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, lived from roughly 551 to 479 chopsticks.

分析：分析句子结构可知，空格处所在句子是非限制性定语从句。定语从句修饰先行词Confucius(孔子)，且从句中缺少主语，故填who。注意：此处不能填that。

B．C., influenced the development of

(3)定语从句中先行词表示地点、时间或原因时，引导词不一定是where, when或why (2018·兰州一中模拟)He came from a family had been rich for at least one hundred years.

分析：定语从句的先行词为表示地点的family，但定语从句缺少主语，故填that/which。注意：此处不能用where。

(4)逗号后面的引导词不一定用which

(2018·绵阳市模拟)The history of London goes back to its founding by the Romans, named it Londinium.

分析：分析句子结构可知，逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词是the Romans指人，故填who。此处不能用which。

4．明辨名词性从句4大易错点 (1)that与what的误用

①(2018·柳州市模拟)We should make full use of the time to do should be done.

分析：do后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中作主语。故填what。

②(2018·开封市质检)It is cheerful the local authorities have promised them to shorten the time of obtaining it.

分析：It为形式主语，cheerful后面的句子为主语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分也无任何意义。故填that。

(2)which与that, which与what的误用

①(2018·临汾一中等联考)It’s not easy for us to accept the fact we are going to leave our beloved school.

分析：本句中the fact后为同位语从句，后面的引导词在从句中不作任何成分。故填that。 ②(2018·湖南师大附中模拟)When I went to the kitchen to get my breakfast, I was astonished at I saw.

分析：在名词性从句中which和what都为连接代词，但which表示“哪一个”，而what表示“……的事情”。根据语境应填what。

(3)if与whether的误用

(2018·湖南师大附中模拟)I was in such a hurry that I paid no attention to the milk was hot or not.

分析：空处引导宾语从句，表示“是否”之意。与or not连用时常用whether，if不能跟or not连用。故填whether。

(4)that, what与连接副词的误用

①(2016·全国卷Ⅰ改编)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to I

live.

分析：close to后为宾语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状语，表示“靠近我居住的地方”。故填where。

②(2018·银川九中模拟)I’m writing to tell you is going on in our school — a basketball match to be held next month.

分析：tell you后为宾语从句，从句缺少主语，应用连接代词what引导。

一、 单句对点练——练明考点 1.Many foreigners get more familiar Chinese culture through “red packets”．

解析：with 考查介词。句意：许多外国人通过“微信红包”更加熟悉中国文化。get familiar with为固定搭配，意为“熟悉……”。

2．(2019·郑州第一次质量预测)But instead of focusing on my failure, I stopped to reflect on my experiences in the past few years a debater.

解析：as 考查介词。句意：但我并没有把注意力集中到自己的失败上，而是停下来反思过去几年自己作为一名辩手的经历。根据句意可知此处用介词as，表示“作为”。

3．(2018·日照联考)The Palace Museum also sold earphones that look like the necklaces worn by ancient officials, which brought about 1 billion yuan in sales in 2016 reported China Youth Daily.

解析：in 考查介词。句意：故宫博物院也售卖看起来像古代官员佩戴的颈饰一样的耳机；据《中国青年报》报道，这在2016年挣了大约十亿元人民币。bring in意为“赚得，挣”。

4．There are many good websites you can check out the latest in the science world.

解析：where 考查定语从句。先行词为websites，空格处在从句中作地点状语，所以用where，相当于on which。

5．(2018·湖北七市联考)Over time flowers have come to symbolize the most powerful

human experiences: beauty, love, hope, and rebirth.Sweet flowers alone can say one fears expressing.

解析：what 考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导宾语从句，同时结合语境“一个人害怕表达什么”，所以填what。

6．(2018·湖北八校第一次联考)This was the most valuable opinion of a Chinese

person was given by a foreigner two centuries ago.

解析：that 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，该句为定语从句，句中的opinion of a Chinese person为先行词，该先行词被最高级the most valuable修饰，且在从句中作主语，故用that引导该定语从句。

7．(2018·福州四校联考)I am grateful for the gifts shared by the musicians with the audience that I’ll carry this special feeling along with me.

解析：so 考查副词。根据空格后的grateful可知，此处应用副词修饰形容词，又根据下文中的that可知，此处为“so ...that ...”结构，故填so。

8．(2019·南昌一模)Fenghuang in Hunan doesn’t look like a bird, its name means “phoenix” (凤凰) in Chinese.

解析：but 考查连词。前一分句意为“湖南凤凰古镇看起来不像鸟”；空后意为“它的名字在中文里的意思是’凤凰’”；根据句意可知，空格处前后之间为转折关系，故用but。

9．(2018·济宁二模)He is the head of a three­star restaurant, is located in the center of Paris.

解析：which 考查定语从句。空格处引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指代先行词a three­star restaurant，故填which。

10．(2018·湖南长郡中学检测)In addition, a typical Chinese wedding nowadays goes like this — when a new couple is engaged, follows is a choice of the date of their marriage.

解析：what 考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导主语从句，且在从句中作主语，故用what引导该主语从句。

二、 原创语篇练——练熟技法 阅读下面短文，根据本部分语法内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词。注意使用上面的技法。

Mr. Johnson who lived 1 the woods with his wife and children owned a farm, 2 he almost planted nothing. Luckily, he also had a cow which produced milk every day.He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby 3 other food and made cheese and butter for the family with 4 was left.One day, the cow, 5

was their only means of support, was eating

grass 6 it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died. 7 the cow died, Mr. Johnson had to plant herbs and vegetables to support his family, 8 he grew cotton on his farm too.Now he had a firm belief 9 his farm had much potential, and realized 10 lucky himself

was.

语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了曾经依赖奶牛生活的约翰逊先生，在奶牛死后开始种草药、蔬菜和棉花等，让荒芜的农场变得生机勃勃。

1．in 考查介词。live in the woods“住在树林里”。

2．where 考查非限制性定语从句。先行词为a farm，且从句中缺少地点状语。 3．for 考查介词。此处指到附近城镇卖或交换牛奶的目的，故填for。

4．what 考查名词性从句。句中with为介词，介词后跟宾语从句，从句中缺少主语。 5．which 考查非限制性定语从句。此定语从句插入到主句中间，先行词为the cow，且从句中缺少主语。

6．when 考查固定句型结构。was/were doing sth. when ...表示“正在做某事这时突然……”。

7．Since/Because 考查状语从句的连接词。句意：因为牛死了，约翰逊先生只好在农场上栽种草药、蔬菜和棉花来供养家庭。根据语境及逻辑关系，此处表原因。

8．and 考查并列连词。根据句子的逻辑关系，空处前后应该为并列关系。

9．that 考查同位语从句。句意：现在，他坚信他的农田很有潜力。belief是表示抽象意义的名词，后跟同位语从句对其解释说明。

10．how 考查宾语从句。句意：他意识到自己是多么幸运。此处需用连接副词修饰形容词lucky，表示程度。

三、 A In August I spent two weeks working at the Sauraha day care center.I found working with the children very rewarding, as I believed I was making a 1 (differ) to the children’s lives and future. When I arrived in Kathmandu it was the start of the Chitwan Elephant Festival and I thanked the staff for changing all previous 2 (timetable), and helping me to experience the culture of the festival, 3 I enjoyed greatly.

4 my stay in Chitwan I experienced elephant rides, washing elephants and I was lucky enough 5 (watch) a rare one­horned rhino (犀牛) calf and its mother, as well as 6 variety of other wild birds and animals.

The staff were very helpful, making sure that I was having fun and taking good care of 7 (I)．When I first arrived in Nepal and 8 (greet) by the staff, I could really sense that this was an organisation which is devoted to 9 (assist) others and that really shone through. When I was with them, they were always thinking

仿真综合练——练通高考

of different ways to 10 (hopeful) help more local people and it was wonderful to see them so fond of helping others.So if you are looking for a memorable, fantastic experience to help others less fortunate than us, then I certainly recommend the project.

语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在尼泊尔工作时的一段愉快的经历。 1．difference 考查名词。“我”相信“我”正影响着这些孩子的生活和未来。make a difference是固定搭配，表示“有作用，有影响”。

2．timetables 考查名词复数。此处表示“更改之前所有的时间安排”，timetable是可数名词并结合空前的“all”可知，空处应填其复数形式。

3．which 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是“the culture of the festival”，指物，且从句缺少宾语，故填which。

4．During 考查介词。空后的stay是名词，意为“停留，逗留”，在stay等表示行为要持续一段时间的名词之前，常用during而不用in。during表示“在……期间”。

5．to watch 考查非谓语动词。“be＋形容词＋enough＋to do sth.”是常用结构，表示“足够……做某事”，其中不定式短语作状语。

6．a 考查冠词。此处表示“其他各种各样的野生鸟类和动物”。a variety of “各种各样的”，为固定搭配。

7．myself 考查反身代词。that引导的从句中主语是I, “taking good care of”的宾语指的就是主语I，故此处要用I的反身代词myself。

8．was greeted 考查动词的时态和语态。此处表示“当我第一次到达尼泊尔并受到员工欢迎的时候”，描述过去发生的事情要用一般过去时。又因为I与greet之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。

9．assisting 考查非谓语动词。be devoted to doing sth.表示“致力于做某事”，其中to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词作宾语。

10．hopefully 考查副词。此处修饰动词应用副词。hopefully“怀有希望地”。

B

(2018·山东省高三下学期高考预测) The famous Peking opera artist Yuan Huiqin hosted two culture talks 1 were called “Charm (魅力) of Peking Opera” in Stockholm and St.Petersburg last year.

The two sessions, as programs of Chinese Culture Talk, 2 (organize) by the Bureau for External Cultural Relations of the Ministry of Culture of China, Chinese embassies and local cultural organizations. 3 (member) of Chinese embassies, famous sinologists (汉学家) and those 4 (show) an interest in Peking opera, attended the two culture talks.

The host, Yuan Huiqin, is a national class­A artist of China National Peking Opera Company and a winner of the Plum Blossom Prize.During the talks, she 5 (patient) shared the charm of Peking opera in more than one way.

With the help of the local sinologists, 6 (she) talks were translated into Swedish and Russian. These words explored the concepts and artistic characteristics of 7 (tradition) Chinese operas, which got audience 8 (experience) the distinct charm of Peking opera.

9 addition, young artists from the China National Peking Opera Company performed classic opera selections. During the interaction of the talks, some opera lovers performed with young artists and on 10 spot the audience tried costumes (戏装) of Peking opera with great curiosity.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。京剧名家袁慧琴在瑞典的斯德哥尔摩和俄罗斯的圣彼得堡主持了两场京剧文化交流活动。

1．which/that 考查定语从句。空处引导定语从句，先行词是talks，空处在从句中作主语，故填which/that。

2．were organized 考查动词的时态和语态。此处讲述的是过去的动作，应用一般过去时；主语是“The two sessions”，与organize之间是被动关系，故应用被动语态。

3．Members 考查名词复数。根据本句中的“of Chinese embassies”可知，应用member的复数形式。

4．showing 考查非谓语动词。空处是非谓语动词作后置定语，show与those之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故用现在分词。

5．patiently 考查副词。此处修饰谓语动词，故用副词。

6．her 考查代词。此处指她的演讲被翻译成瑞典语和俄语，故使用she的形容词性物主代词。

7．traditional 考查形容词。这里应使用形容词修饰后面的Chinese operas，表示“传统的中国戏剧”。

8．to experience 考查非谓语动词。get sb.to do sth.表示“使某人做某事”，experience在此作动词用，表示“经历，体验”。

9．In 考查介词。in addition意为“此外，除此之外”，相当于besides。 10．the 考查冠词。on the spot“在现场”，是固定搭配，故填the。

C

(2018·武汉调研) The energy that so many outsiders feel when they are in China comes not just from the hurrying footsteps that can 1 (see) everywhere.It also comes from a sense that it is used for something bigger.

A few years ago, I interviewed Zhang Xin, a young man from a 2 (deep) poor agricultural province in central China.His parents were wheat 3 (farmer) and lived in a tiny one­room house next to the fields.He 4 (graduate) from Tsinghua University and gotten a job as a software engineer at Huawei.His success, Zhang told me one day, had changed his family forever, 5 (keep) his families away from hard labor forever.Not his parents.Not his children.That kind of life was over.

Multiply that young man’s story by millions, 6 you will get a sense that this once very backward society has become 7 forward­looking country.A smart American who lived in China for years put it this way：“China is making a great effort to become 8 it has not yet become.It is upwardly mobile, proudly so.”

Proudly so, because as Zhang understood, hard work today means a much 9 (good) life decades from now for 10 (he) later generations and the country.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。作者采访了一位出身贫苦、清华大学毕业的张先生，说明了知识能够改变命运、改变家庭。

1．be seen 考查动词的语态。that引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词footsteps，并且在从句中作主语；定语从句中主语与动词see之间是被动关系，所以要用被动语态；因空前为情态动词can，故填be seen。

2．deeply 考查副词。空处修饰形容词poor，作状语，要用副词。deep作副词讲时意为“在深处，深深地”；deeply为副词，意为“非常”。由此处语境可知，应填deeply。

3．farmers 考查名词复数。他的父母都是种植小麦的农民。根据语境可知空处应用名词；又由空前的His parents were可知，空处应用名词复数。

4．had graduated 考查动词的时态。根据and之后的gotten可知，这里要用完成时；大学毕业的动作是在“interviewed”这个过去的动作之前发生的，所以要用过去完成时。

5．keeping 考查非谓语动词。keep与主语His success之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故此处用现在分词短语作状语。

6．and 考查连词。此处为“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”固定句型，故空处应填and。 7．a 考查冠词。此处泛指一个国家，要用不定冠词，且forward­looking的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。

8．what 考查表语从句。空处引导一个表语从句，作become的表语。空处在表语从句中作become的表语，表示“什么”，所以要用what。

9．better 考查形容词的比较级。根据空前的much，并结合语境可知，此处要用比较级。

10．his 考查代词。空处作定语，修饰后面的名词later generations，所以要用形容词性物主代词。

选考点——冠词、代词及其他

技法一 根据特指或泛指选择冠词 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.

解析：the 此处是特指，故用定冠词the。over the past 25 years表示“在过去的25年里”。

2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over top.

解析：the 此处特指“地铁的顶部”，故用定冠词the。

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as model in New York.

解析：a 句意：相反，她在纽约作为一名模特每天挣6 500英镑。model是可数名词，前面没有限定词，而此处泛指“一个”，故填a。

4．(2018·湖北七市联考) great Chinese poet Li Bai from the Tang Dynasty once compared Yang Yuhuan’s beautiful face to blooming peonies (牡丹)．

解析：The 句中Li Bai作poet的同位语，而介词短语“from the Tang Dynasty”是后置定语，所以空格处应填定冠词The表示特指。

5．(2018·福州期末) center of the city Beijing was the royal palace — the Forbidden City.

解析：The 句意：北京城的中心是皇宫——紫禁城。根据该句中的“of the city Beijing”可知，该处特指“北京城的中心”，故用定冠词The。

6．(2018·福州四校联考)On topic of classical music, I always love the clapping and the cheering which come at the end of a concert.

解析：the 此处表示特指，故用定冠词the。

7．(2018·太原阶段测评)Society even glorifies “burning the candle at both ends” as sign of our devotion to work and family.

解析：a 此处指作为我们对工作和家庭的奉献的一种标志，表示泛指，故用a。 8．(2018·陕西质量检测一)There is saying in education that Harvard is the crown of American education and Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it.

解析：a 该处泛指“一句格言”，且saying的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。

技法二 根据固定搭配选择冠词 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ改编)In tonight’s Easter special they come to aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.

解析：the 固定短语come to the aid of “给……帮助”。

2．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I’m face­to­face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at top of her lungs.

解析：the at the top of one’s lungs是固定短语，意为“用尽量大的声音”，因此填定冠词the。

3．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)As result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.

解析：a 句意：结果，人们将吃更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。固定短语as a result表示“结果”，故填a。

4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.

解析：a for a while“一会儿”，为固定短语。

5．(2018·太原二模)Then he opened one of his bags and gave me handful of freshly picked cherries, explaining that he had just taken them from his orchard.

解析：a 固定搭配a handful of意为“一把……”，故用不定冠词a。

6．People develop a preference for a particular style of learning at early age and the preference affects learning.

解析：an at an early age“在幼年时”，形容词early的读音以元音音素开头，因此用不定冠词an来修饰。

7．You are working so hard.You’d better keep balance between work and relaxation.

解析：a keep a balance为固定搭配，意为“保持平衡”，故此处应填a。

8．As you know, science plays very important role in our education. 解析：a play an important role in ...为固定搭配，意为“在……中扮演重要角色(发挥重要作用)”，因为空格后有读音以辅音音素开头的very，故填冠词a。

技法三 根据所指对象确定代词 1.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using every day.

解析：it use是及物动词，其后接宾语，此处应用it指代前面提到的the railway。 2．(2016·浙江高考改编)In many ways, the education system in the US is not very

different from in the UK.

解析：that 句意：在很多方面，美国的教育体系与英国的并没有很大的不同。分析句子结构可知，这里指代前面的不可数名词the education system，为避免重复，所以用that。

3．(2015·广东高考)Now it occurred to that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.

解析：him It occurred to sb. that ...意为“某人突然想到……”，根据语境可知此处指突然发生在他身上的事情。

4．(2018·湖南长郡中学检测)However, quite a few others, especially in the countryside, would fix a lucky date so that their marriage would have “Double Happiness”．

解析：those 根据语境可知，空格处指那些在农村地区的人，表示复数，故用代词those。 5．(2018·湖北八校第一次联考)Chekhov said, “Before drinking from his cup, he held with his hands and presented to me and the bar owner and bartenders, saying ‘qing (please)’．”

解析：it 此处表示：在喝酒之前，他手举着杯子，向“我”和酒吧老板及酒吧服务员说“请”。根据该句中的“Before drinking from his cup, he held with his hands”可知，空格处指代该句中的“cup”，故用it。

技法四 根据所作成分确定代词的转换 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find (they) alive.

解析：them 人称代词作宾语时，要用其宾格。them在此作find的宾语，指代上文的the gorillas。

2．(2017·6月浙江高考)“She thought I had hurt (I)，” says Pahlsson. 解析：myself 句意：Pahlsson说：“她以为我伤到了自己。”宾语从句中的主语为I，空格处为宾语，替代主语时，应用反身代词。故填myself。

3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)On my recent visit, I held a lively three­month­old twin that had been rejected by (it) mother.

解析：its 句意：最近的一次参观中，“我”抱着一对可爱的、三个月大的双胞胎中的一个，它被它的妈妈遗弃了。根据句意可知此处应该使用形容词性物主代词its作定语。

4．(2018·四川成都九校联考)At that time, I thought he was a strange man who got on (I) nerves.

解析：my 此处表示这个男人会让我心烦。由句意以及句子结构可知，空格处应用形容词性物主代词，故填my。get on one’s nerves“烦扰，使心神不定”。

5．(2019·南昌一模)The village of Zhouzhuang in Jiangsu calls (it)

“the oldest water town in China”．

解析：itself 句意：江苏周庄自称“中国最古老的水乡”。根据语境可知，应用反身代词itself。

6．At the end of the Qing Dynasty, after closed China came under the influence from abroad, many old hutongs lost (they) former neat arrangement.

解析：their 根据空格后的名词短语“former neat arrangement” 可知，空格处修饰该名词短语，故用形容词性物主代词。

7．(2018·惠州第二次调研)The unnamed woman admitted to regularly playing the game for seven or eight hours without moving and finally lost (she) right eyesight.

解析：her 根据空格后的“right eyesight”可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词修饰名词，故填her。

8．(2018·昆明调研)In the tour packages, tourists can imagine (they) to be ancient merchants by riding camels in deserts.

解析：themselves 本句表达的意思是“通过在沙漠中骑骆驼，游客们可以把他们自己想象成古代的商人”，所以要用反身代词。

技法五 代词固定搭配、固定句式要记全 1.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ) If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give a try.

解析：it/running 此处号召我们尝试一下跑步这种运动，故填名词running，也可用it指代。give it/sth. a try是固定短语，意为“尝试某事物”。

2．(2018·福州期末)And the hutong today is fading into the shade for tourists and local people.

解析：both both ...and ...为固定搭配，意为“两者都……”。

3．(2018·洛阳市第一次统考)The tour guide told us there were almost 8,700 rooms in the Palace Museum.During the Ming Dynasty, construction began in 1406. took 14 years to build the Forbidden City.

解析：It “It takes (sb.) some time to do sth.”为固定句型，意为“花费(某人)多长时间做某事”，故此处应用It作形式主语。

4．(2018·广州调研)Microbes can’t survive on (they) own. They need food.

解析：their on one’s own为固定用法，意为“单独地，独自地”。

5．(2018·重庆第一次调研)There are mainly 3 stone areas. One big area seems to be deep and dark red. two areas seem almost yellow and green.

解析：Another 根据上文中的“3 stone areas”和“One big area”可知，这里用Another。Another two areas表示“另外两个地区”。

技法六 熟记基数词和序数词的相互转换 1.(2018·福州期末)However, in the urban district of Beijing houses along hutongs still occupy one (three) of the total area, providing housing for half population, so many hutongs survived.

解析：third 该处指“在北京市区的胡同中的房子占整个地区的三分之一”，表示分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，故填third。

2．(2018·日照联考)Many of these workers are young, and some are even in their (twenty)．

解析：twenties in one’s twenties为固定用法，意为“在某人二十多岁的时候”。 3．I don’t think the British opera you told me about this morning is worth seeing a (two) time.

解析：second 句意：我认为今天早上你跟我谈到的那部英国歌剧不值得再看一次。“a＋序数词”表示“再一，又一”。

4．According to one study, two (five) of the boys of middle school in urban India are getting some after­school tutoring.

解析：fifths 句意：根据一项调查，在印度城市里，上中学的男孩中的五分之二都上课外辅导班。分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词表示。如果分子大于1，序数词用复数。

1．不定冠词“一”“再”“惯” (1)在单数可数名词前，表示“一”概念； (2)在序数词前，表示“又一，再一”；

(3)用于某些习惯用法，常见的搭配有：catch a cold, have a fever, all of a sudden, as a matter of fact, as a result, have a gift for, make a living, have/take a rest, give sb. a lift, have a good knowledge of等。

They found an apartment in America.They were there for only a month. 他们在美国找到一个公寓，在那里待了仅仅一个月。

As the old saying goes, “Rome was not built in a day.” 常言道，“罗马不是一天建成的。”

He missed the gold medal in the high jump, but will get a second chance in the long jump.

他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌，但是，在跳远比赛中他还有一次(获得金牌的)机会。 2．定冠“特”“序”“独”“专”“乐”“惯” (1)特指某人或某事； (2)用在序数词及最高级前；

(3)用在世界上独一无二的东西及某些专用名词前； (4)用在乐器名词前；

(5)用在固定搭配中，如：at the same time, on the contrary, to tell the truth, in the distance, make the most/best of, in the middle of, on the spot等。

As is known to all, the People’s Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world.

众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。

The little girl likes to play the violin and often plays it after school. 这个小女孩喜欢拉小提琴，经常放学后演奏。

The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make. 你越小心，就会越少犯错误。 3．代词选用前后看

(1)填it的情况：作形式主语和形式宾语一定用it；指代前面提到的同一个物体；固定搭配，如make it(成功)，as sb. puts it (正如某人所说)。

(2)语境中给出两个选择的情况：二者选其一，用either；二者都不选，用neither；二者都选，用both。

(3)表示其他或另外的情况：若表示“另外一个”，即暗指除这个之外的另一个，用another; other和others均表示不确定意义，其中other可以修饰名词，而others后不能接名词，两者的关系可描述为：others＝other＋复数名词。

Some like staying at home at the weekend; others like going to the cinema. 一些人喜欢周末待在家里，另一些人喜欢去看电影。 It worries me the way he keeps changing his mind. 他老是改变主意，这让我很厌烦。 4．基数词和序数词对比记忆

one—first; two—second; three—third; four—fourth; five—fifth; six—sixth; seven—seventh; eight—eighth; nine—ninth; ten—tenth; twenty—twentieth; thirty—thirtieth; forty—fortieth

Beijing is the second largest city in China. 北京是中国第二大城市。

1．受惯性思维模式影响，看到元音字母就用an，看到辅音字母就用a；看到very 就用the

考生在做题时要注意：若可数名词或其前的修饰词的读音以元音音素开头，则要用不定冠词an，如an NBA player, an X­ray examination, an 11­year­old girl；若可数名词或其前的修饰词的读音以辅音音素开头，则用不定冠词a。特别要注意useful, universal, uniform, united等词前的不定冠词要用a; hour, honest, honor等词前的不定冠词要用an。

①(2018·日照联考)Many people may think the Forbidden City, or the Palace Museum, is outstanding and old­fashioned museum.

分析：根据语境可知，此处表示泛指，故用不定冠词；又因为空格后单词“outstanding”的读音以元音音素开头，故用冠词an。

②(2018·湖南长郡中学检测)The wedding ceremony is usually hosted warmly and it very often ends with unique banquet.

分析：空格后的banquet为可数名词，表示泛指，且unique的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。

③The Tianzishan mountain ranges, Baofenghu and the Suoxi Valley, is very popular filming and tourist destination.

分析：destination为可数名词，且在此表示泛指，故填a。 2．代词it 用法灵活，句式结构不会分析

it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。

No matter where he is, he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. 不管在哪里，他养成了早餐前散步的习惯。

①(2018·浙江高考)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap can be to eat out.

分析：分析句子结构可知，该宾语从句中it作形式主语，动词不定式作真正的主语。故填it。

②(2018·山东东营一模) is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer social­economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system.

分析：句意：人们普遍认为，在我们的教育体制里，社会经济背景不佳的年轻人往往会表现欠佳。it作形式主语，“that young people ...system”为主语从句，是真正的主语。故填It。

③(2018·河北唐山一次调研)I realized was foolish to judge Al that way. 分析：句意：我意识到那样判断阿尔是愚蠢的。设空处需用it作形式主语，本句中的“to judge Al that way”为真正的主语。故填it。

一、 单句对点练——练明考点 1.(2018·惠州第二次调研)Being world’s most popular online battle game, it already has over 200 million players in China.

解析：the 考查冠词。句意：作为世界上最受欢迎的网络对战游戏，它在中国已经拥有超过两亿的玩家。形容词最高级前应用定冠词the。

2．(2018·河南省豫北名校质量评估)Lanzhou is also qualified as hometown of Chinese beef noodle.

解析：the 考查冠词。句意：兰州也被认为是中国牛肉面的故乡。此处表示特指，应用定冠词the。

3．On whole, Canadian students do have a lot of freedom. 解析：the 考查冠词。on the whole“从整体上说”，为固定搭配。

4．(2018·新疆第二次适应性检测)Besides, reference books are just assistant, so we should not rely on them too much.Only in this way can we make full use of reference books.

解析：an 考查冠词。assistant是可数名词，且第一次在语境中出现，故用不定冠词修饰，且assistant的读音以元音音素开头，故用an。

5．(2018·山西省适应性考试)All too soon it was time to leave. I really enjoyed my stay in Xi’an. It is indeed worth second visit.

解析：a 考查冠词。句意：时间过得太快了，到了该离开的时间了。我真的喜欢待在西安。它的确是值得再次参观的。“a＋序数词”表示：又一，再一。

6．This simple way of helping people is now making big difference to society.

解析：a 考查冠词。make a difference“产生影响”为固定搭配。

7．(2018·重庆第一次调研)Bike sharing, for example, is not new itself. But China has made much more convenient and popular both in China and overseas.

解析：it 考查代词。这里it指代前面的Bike sharing，充当动词made的宾语。 8．(2018·山东师大附中二模)At that moment an attractive young lady who noticed my book came up to me and introduced .

解析：herself 考查代词。句意：那时，一位迷人的年轻女士注意到了我的书，向我走来并自我介绍。设空处作宾语，该空处与主语“an attractive young lady”指同一人，故用反身代词herself。

9．Feeling that I could not stand waiting in such a line any longer, I decided to join one.

解析：another 考查代词。表示“另外的”用another。

10．(2018·河南洛阳第一次统考)“As soon as he opens (he) mouth and sings in Chinese, the Chinese are very surprised and they feel very proud of him，” said his music teacher.

解析：his 考查代词。根据语境mouth和主语he可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词his修饰名词mouth，在句子中作定语。

二、 原创语篇练——练熟技法 阅读下面短文，根据本部分语法内容，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。注意使用上面的技法。

As an old English saying goes, “Honesty is the best policy.” It is more than an old cliche (陈词滥调), but 1 good way to live your life.

First, honesty is 2 easiest choice that we can make. When people get caught in lies, it always costs them something. Many relationships are destroyed by lies.

3 (two), honesty gives us much freedom. Many people believe that being honest limits 4 (they) in life, but that is not true. Sooner or later those dishonest people will pay a price for 5 (they) acts; on 6 contrary, when we are honest, we are truly free.

If there were two people standing before 7 ， a person with a record of being honest and a person who is known to be dishonest, who would you be more likely to believe? I’m sure most people would side with 8 honest person. Either we live in the truth or we live in lies. The truth sets us free and lies leave us in nothing 9 more troubles. Honesty is a choice that we make each day. The choice is 10 (you). What will you choose?

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了诚实在人们生活中的重要性。 1．a 考查冠词的用法。此处表示泛指“一种好方法”，因此填不定冠词a。 2．the 考查冠词的用法。最高级前需要填定冠词the。 3．Second 考查序数词。和上一段First相呼应。

4．them 考查代词。此处指代前面的Many people，作limits的宾语。 5．their 考查代词。名词acts前用形容词性物主代词。 6．the 考查冠词的固定搭配。on the contrary“相反”。

7．you 考查代词。根据后面的“who would you be more likely to believe”可知，

此处应填you。

8．the 考查冠词。结合上文，“一个诚实的人及一个不诚实的人”，此处特指那个诚实的人。

9．but 考查介词。nothing but ...“只有……”，为固定表达。

10．yours 考查代词。此处用名词性物主代词yours作表语，指代“your choice”。

三、 A (2018·福建省高三质量检查) No one is sure how many Americans belong to reading groups called book clubs.Yet 1 (publisher) and bookstores report that more and more people throughout the United States are joining 2 (they)．

Most of the clubs work the same way. Members read the same book at the same time.Then they meet to talk about the book.Members may be friends or people 3 live near each other.Some Americans belong to reading groups on 4 Internet.These groups include people around the world who communicate about books they read.They send electronic mails instead of gathering 5 (discuss) books.

Most reading groups study books by 6 (variety) writers.However, some groups read the work of a single writer, 7 (usual) one that has been famous for a while.Other groups may 8 (name) for an important person in the work of a writer, 9 a Sherlock Holmes Club.Members of these book clubs often are experts on their 10 (choose) reading materials. One member of a Holmes reading group, for example, can identify almost every person in every Sherlock Holmes story.

语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国越来越多的人加入读书俱乐部以及读书俱乐部的运作方式、命名方式等。

1．publishers 考查名词复数。此处与and后面的bookstores一起构成并列主语，publisher为可数名词，且其前无限定词修饰，故填publishers。

2．them 考查代词。join表示“成为……的一员，加入”，是及物动词，后面应跟宾语，故填they的宾格形式them。

3．who/that 考查定语从句。先行词是people，空处在从句中作主语，故填who/that。 4．the 考查冠词。on the Internet“在网上”，为固定搭配。

5．to discuss 考查非谓语动词。他们发送电子邮件而不是聚集起来讨论(他们读过的)书。此处动词不定式作目的状语。

6．various 考查形容词。大部分读书俱乐部研究不同作家的书。空后的writers为名词，应该用形容词来修饰，variety的形容词形式为various，故填various。

仿真综合练——练通高考

7．usually 考查副词。空后的“one that has been famous for a while”是空前writer的同位语。usually起强调作用，修饰代词one。

8．be named 考查动词的语态。其他的俱乐部可能以一个作家的作品里的一个重要人物而命名，比如夏洛克·福尔摩斯俱乐部。此处name是动词，意为“命名”，在句中作谓语，与主语“Other groups”之间为被动关系，且空前有情态动词，故填be named。

9．like 考查介词。参见上题解析。空后为举例子，故填like“像，例如”。 10．chosen 考查非谓语动词。这些读书俱乐部的成员通常是他们选中的阅读材料方面的专家。提示词choose是动词，与其所修饰的名词短语“reading materials”之间为逻辑上的被动关系，所以用choose的过去分词作定语，故填chosen。

B

(2018·石家庄一模) Mike Taylor, a university student in the study of prehistoric life forms for his Ph.D., discovered a brand­new species of dinosaur, while 1 (conduct) research at the Natural History Museum in the United Kingdom.This new species 2 (identify) as part of the sauropod family of dinosaurs.The sauropods were four­legged, vegetarian dinosaurs, 3 very long necks and tails, and relatively small skulls and brains.One of their most unusual 4 (characteristic) was their nostrils, which were higher up in their head, almost near the eyes.So far, the sauropod bones 5 (find) in every continent except Antarctica, and they are one of the longest living group of dinosaurs, spanning over 100 million years.This new species, 6 (name) Xenoposeidon proneneukos, which means forward sloping, lived about 140 million years ago.

Mike Taylor, 7 has spent five years studying sauropod vertebrae, 8 (immediate) knew that this was the backbone of a sauropod. However, he had never seen one like this before. 9 (far) research proved this was indeed a new kind of sauropod.The bone, which had been discovered in 10 1890’s, had never been examined.

语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。迈克·泰勒偶然发现了一种新的恐龙物种。经研究证明，这是一种新的蜥脚类动物。

1．conducting 考查现在分词。该句主语“Mike Taylor”和动词“conduct”之间是逻辑上的主动关系，且根据空前的“while”可知，该处表示动作正在发生，故用conducting。该句也可以看成状语从句的省略，省略了主语“Mike Taylor”和be动词“was”。

2．was identified 考查动词的时态和语态。该句主语“This new species”和动词“identify”之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；此处陈述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。

3．with 考查介词。该蜥脚类动物为四肢食草恐龙，它有着长长的脖子和尾巴，还有相对小的头骨和大脑。with表示“具有，带有”。

4．characteristics 考查名词复数。characteristic为可数名词，根据该句中的“One of”可知，该处用名词的复数形式。

5．have been found 考查动词的时态和语态以及主谓一致。根据该句中的“So far”可知，该句用现在完成时；该句的主语“the sauropod bones”为复数形式，且和动词“find”之间是被动关系，故用被动语态，谓语动词用复数形式。

6．named 考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，空处作“This new species”的后置定语；主语“This new species”和动词“name”之间是逻辑上的被动关系，故用named。

7．who 考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为“Mike Taylor”，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，故用who引导该定语从句。

8．immediately 考查副词。根据空后的动词“knew”可知，空处修饰该动词，表示“立即，立刻”，故用immediate的副词形式。

9．Further 考查形容词比较级。进一步的研究证明，这的确是一种新的蜥脚类动物。根据句意可知，空处用比较级，表示“更进一步的”。

10．the 考查定冠词。in the 1890’s表示“在19世纪90年代”，故用定冠词the。

C

(2018·合肥市第二次质量检测) Xuan paper, known as one of the Four Treasures of the Study, first came into 1 (exist) in Xuan Prefecture in the Tang Dynasty.The traditional skill of making the paper 2 hand has been passed down through generations.The process takes as many as 18 steps, all of 3 require a level of delicacy.

Take paper­making master Zhou Donghong, for example.He uses a fine screen to filter (过滤) a mixture of water and fibers.He lifts it up, and it’s a sheet of paper.It takes him and his partner only 15 seconds 4 (form) and shape it, but they’ve devoted 5 (they) to perfecting the skills for decades.

“There are a lot of tricks of filtering the fibers, and timing is the 6 (difficult) part of all.We have only one chance to filter the right amount of fibers, and only the proper weight guarantees the paper is neither too thin nor too thick, and the margin (差额) for error is 7 (extreme) small，” said Zhou.With just the right degree of thickness, top quality Xuan paper holds ink and water tightly.

The skill of paper­making, 8 (recognize) as a national treasure, has also proven to be an international one.We felt 9 great sense of pride as it was listed as a world intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) by UNESCO in 2009.Since then,

in Jing County, Xuan papermaking 10 (teach) in schools.

语篇解读：本文主要介绍了中国文房四宝之一——宣纸。

1．existence 考查名词。come into existence“产生，开始存在”，是固定短语，故此处填名词existence。

2．by 考查介词。by hand意为“用手工”，是固定搭配。

3．which 考查定语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词steps，在从句中作介词of的宾语。

4．to form 考查非谓语动词。此处为固定句型It takes sb.some time to do sth.，意为“做某事花费某人多长时间”，It作形式主语，不定式作真正的主语。

5．themselves 考查代词。固定搭配devote oneself to sth./doing sth.意为“致力于做某事”，故用反身代词themselves。

6．most difficult 考查形容词最高级。结合“There are a lot of tricks of filtering the fibers”和“of all”可推知，此处表示时间的控制是其中最困难的部分，故用形容词最高级形式修饰名词part，与下文中的“only”呼应。

7．extremely 考查副词。此处应用副词extremely修饰形容词small，在句子中作状语。

8．recognized 考查非谓语动词。recognize和句子的谓语proven之间没有连词，故用非谓语动词形式；且recognize和句子的主语The skill之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。

9．a 考查冠词。此处为固定搭配a sense of ...，意为“一种……感”，且great的读音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。

10．has been taught 考查动词的时态和语态。根据“Since then”可知，句子中应用现在完成时；又因谓语teach和句子的主语Xuan paper­making是被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态。