电子信息工程专业英语=文章翻译+课后解答

来源：小奈知识网

We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the 电子信息工程专业英语

Part 1第一课关于电子技术

一、课文习题参

Ⅰ. （1） alternating current circuits （2） semiconductor diodes （3） passive component（4） the combinatory logic electric circuit （5） rectification（6） Laplace transform

（7） inductor（8） Fourier series and Fourier transform Ⅱ.（1）控制理论（2）场效应管三极管（3）布尔代数（4）稳压

（5）相关性和功率谱密度（6）滤波器类型

（7）模/数转换器（8）时序逻辑电路的分析与综合

Ⅲ.(1)Electronics is a part of the larger field of electricity. The basic principles of electricity are also common to electronics. Modern advances in the field of computer, control system, communications have a close relationship with electronics. The field of electronics includes the electron tube, transistor, integrated circuit and so on.

(2) Direct current circuits & Alternating current circuits,Analog electronics,Digital electronics,signal and systems,Circuit theory and design, Control theory, Microcontroller systems,Computer programming for engineering applications.

(3) This curriculum mainly introduces the characteristics of semiconductor devices in linear application scope.The content involved in semiconductor diodes (PN junction diodes, special purpose diodes), transistors (field effects and bipolar transistors), signal amplifiers, practical amplifiers, biasing circuits, operational amplifiers circuit and other circuits (rectification, regulation and DC power supplies).

(4) This partial studies take the basic electric circuit theory and the operational amplifier knowledge as the foundation. The main study goal is to enhance understanding of the electric circuit theory. Its main content includes the elementary theory in circuit theory (network functions, characteristic frequencies), types of filter (lowpass,bandpass), review of operational amplifiers (design of first and second order using operational amplifiers, cascade design), filter characteristics(Butterworth, Chebyshev, frequency transformations in design, sensitivity design of passive LC ladder filters and a brief introduction to switched capacitor filters).

(5) Perfect. 二、参考译文电子学的发展

电子学是电学的一部分。有关电学的基本原理也都常用于电子学中。近代计算机、控制系统和通信等方面的进展都与电子学有着密切的关系。

电子学的范围包括电子管、晶体管和集成电路等。

电子学始于1883年，即爱迪生研究材料时发现真空管可以用作电灯的那一年。第一个电子装置显示出其非线性的单一电子特征，但是不能产生放大信号。1905年佛莱明在英国制成了第一个二极管。1906年德·福雷斯特在美国研制了第一个三极管，那个时候真空管是无线电设备中一个奇妙的器件。真空管广泛应用于通信工业，真空管首先用于收音机，然后用于电视。发明了半导体器件后，真空二极管的使用呈迅速下降趋势，因为半导体器件具有真空管的许多功能。

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk managementensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the第一个大型数字电子系统是特殊用途的真空管电路，称为电子数字积分计算机。ENIAC是计算机工业的先驱。1948年晶体管问世，为电子学的发展作出了重大贡献。今天所说的电子技术实际上是在发现晶体管效应以后开始发展的。晶体管为电子技术开辟了道路，早期的晶体管用锗做成，主要用于小型袖珍调幅收音机。硅晶体管于20世纪50年代末代替了锗晶体管，它再次给电子学带来了性进步，更重要的是它为计算机世界开辟了道路。各种类型的计算机开始在市场上出现，研究工作进入一个迅速发展的时代。

在电子技术发展过程中还存在其他的问题，如电子器件在一块主板上的安装问题。对此，德克萨斯仪器公司的Jack Kilby找到了很好的答案。他提议不用任何导线，把电阻、电容和晶体管在同一片晶片内部连接起来，令人不可思议的是他的想法成功了，从此诞生了集成电路工业。

集成电路工业的商业成就是在以数字逻辑家族为代表的标准产品的基础上取得成功的。集成电路从小型电路不断发展成大规模集成电路。20世纪70年代末，经过十年的发展，大规模集成电路的时代结束了，迎来的是集成电路的新时代。这个时代以一个单一电路包含越来越多的元件为特征，这一电路被称为超大规模集成电路。

电子技术正在飞速发展，电子工业也正以又一巨大的步伐向前迈进。电子专业的课程内容 1.直流电路和交流电路

这门课程包括无源器件（电阻、电容和电感）的基本理论和用直流电源供电的电路网络，无源电路中的交流电流和交流电压的作用以及直流电机、三相电机和变压器等知识。

2.模拟电子技术

这个课程主要介绍半导体器件在线性应用范围中的特征，内容包括二极管（半导体二极管、PN结二极管、特殊二极管）、三极管（场效应管三极管、晶体三极管）、信号放大电路、实际放大电路、偏置电路、运算放大器电路、其他电路（整流、稳压、直流电压源电路）。

3.数字电子技术

这个课程学习以下内容：逻辑电路的基本概念、数字表示方法、组合逻辑电路、CMOS数字电路、逻辑运算定律和布尔代数、数字运算（二进制、十六制、整数）、组合逻辑电路的分析与综合、时序逻辑电路的分析与综合、寄存器、计数器、总线系统以及逻辑电路设计中的计算机辅助设计工具（软件）。

4.信号与系统

这个单元讲解许多工程信号和系统的基本性质以及在信号和系统处理中必需的数学工具，要特别强调的是线性时不变系统的时域和频域模型。这些概念对学习通信、控制、电力系统和信号处理等领域的许多单元都会用到。学习信号与系统需要微分、积分、微分方程和线性代数等基础知识。

课程包括连续时间信号(分类及性质)、系统的基本性质（线性、时不变性、因果性和稳定性)、线性时不变系统(由微分方程描述的特征和卷积)、傅立叶级数和傅立叶变换（定义、性质、频率响应和基于傅立叶变换的线性时不变系统的分析、采样、相关性和功率谱密度）、拉普拉斯变换（定义、性质、基于拉普拉斯的线性时不变系统的分析、用拉普拉斯变换求解状态方程）。

5.电路理论和设计

这个部分的学习是以基本电路理论和运算放大器知识为基础的。主要的学习目标是增强对电路理论的理解，其主要内容有电路理论的基本理论（网络函数、特征频率）、滤波器类型（低通、带通滤波器）、运算放大器的讨论（用运算放大器设计的一级、二级滤波器、电路串联级联设计）、几种典型的滤波器（Butterworth、Chebyshev滤波器、设计中

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the的频率变化、无源LC梯形滤波器的灵敏度设计、以及开关电容滤波器做简短的介绍）。

6.控制理论

这个单元是讲授关于连续、线性时不变系统的反馈控制的应用，要求学生具有线性系统理论和拉普拉斯变换的基础。学习的主要目的是使学生在基本理论和进一步研究的能力方面打下一个坚实的基础，这个单元的学习将促进学生在本领域的进一步学习和今后在工业控制行业的工作。

本课程主要内容包括控制理论的历史、物理过程的模块化方法、时域系统的设计方法、用根轨迹法的设计方法、频率响应，以及单一输入/输出系统状态方程设计方法的介绍。

7.微处理系统

当前，计算机及微处理器在电子工业的各个领域中应用十分广泛。随着计算机变得更加复杂和功能强大，微处理器的应用将持续快速增长。对日益增长的电子工业来说，一个具有微处理器编程能力的学生将会有用武之地。这个模块安排学生对一个简单的微处理器过程来完成工业上典型的控制任务。用汇编语言和C语言对微处理器进行编程，学生将用到一些内部的器件如RS232接口、定时器、中断器件、计数器、输入/输出口、模/数转换器等，利用这些器件通过编程完成控制系统等操作。

8.计算机编程及其在工程中的应用

此课程将继续介绍更高级的编程技术，教学中采用C语言，重点放在如何运用编程技术解决工程应用的实际问题。

第二课电子元器件Ⅰ

一、课文习题参

Ⅰ.（1） linear device （2） placed in parallel with a voltage source （3） discharge （4） component testing （5） insulation resistance

Ⅱ.（1）欧姆定律（2）最大功率损耗（3）非极性电容（4）交流阻抗

（5）电容器的电容量可用电容器电桥测量（6）电压分压器

Ⅲ.(1) Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current and is represented by the letter symbol R. The unit of resistance is the Ohm(Ω).

(2)One Ohm is defined as that amount of resistance that will limit the current in a conductor to one ampere when the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt.

(3)If a circuit contains resistance in series, the total resistance can be calculated by adding all the individual resistance. The formula is

RT=R1+R2+R3+…+Rn

Where RT is the total resistance, R1 through Rn are the individual resistance.

(4) An inductor is an electrical device which can temporarily store electromagnetic energy in the field. The inductor is a coil of wire that may have an air core of an iron core to increase its inductance. A powered iron core in the shape of a cylinder may be adjusted in and out of the core.

An inductor tends to oppose a change in electrical current, it has no resistance to DC current but has an AC resistance to AC frequency and is given by the formula XL=2πfLL, with units of ohms. Inductors are used for filtering AC current. It is electrically opposite to the capacitor. Its value is expressed in Henry (more commonly milliHenries). There are two major

(5) Methods for testing components are described below.

Resistors are normally checked with an ohmmeter (in all probability on one of the resistance ranges of a multimeter). Such an instruments carries its own power supply and the circuit under test must be disconnected from the subunit power supply if the resistor is only partially removed from the circuit (that is, one end disconnected). Zero resistance on an ohmmeter is normally full scale deflection of the pointer and care must be taken not to confuse this reading with “infinite ohms”. With the meter leads connected together, the ohmmeter is first zeroed, using the electrical control provided. This removes lead resistance from the leading and adjust the zero control appropriate to the chosen range.

Capacitors may also be checked for component resistance by use of an ohmmeter. On connection the meter initially reads low. Then capacitor is functional, the pointer moves to the high resistance end of the scale as the component charges. The reading given when the pointer stops moving is the insulation resistance, which is normally high if the capacitor is in good condition. Low resistance indicates a shortcircuit or a leaky capacitor. Very high resistance indicated immediately (that is, without charging) may indicate an opencircuit except for very lowvalue capacitors in which the charging time is too short to cause detectable pointer movement as described. Capacitance itself may be measured on a capacitor bridge. The instructions for use of these instruments depend upon the type and are usually given with the instrument.

Inductors may be checked with an ohmmeter in the manner described for resistors, bearing in mind that inductor DC resistance is usually low. Inductance itself may be measured either by using a reliable AC supply to determine the inductive reactance or by a direct reading from a bridge instrument constructed for the purpose.

二、参考译文

电阻器、电容器和电感器构成了电子电路的重要元件。学一些有关电阻、电容和电感的知识是很在必要的。

电阻器与电阻

电阻器是一种电子元器件，它能阻碍电流的流动，在电阻器中流过的电流与加在电阻器两端的电压成正比。与电阻的阻值成反比。这就是欧姆定律，可以用公式表示成I=U/R。电阻器一般是线性器件，它的(伏安)特性曲线形成一条直线。

电阻器可分为固定电阻和可变电阻，也可分为线性电阻和非线性电阻。

对电流的阻力叫电阻，用字母R表示，电阻的单位是欧姆，通常用Ω表示。1Ω的定义是当加到导体上的电压为1V时，使导体的电流为1A时所需要的电阻值。较常用的电阻值有千欧（KΩ）和兆欧（MΩ）。

电阻阻止电流的流动会产生热，并且产生最大的功率损耗，功率损耗以瓦特为单位。电阻与电源并联连接，则电阻限定流入装置的电流。电阻与电源串联，则电阻便成为电压分压器。

如果电路中电阻是串联的，那么把所有的单个电阻进行相加就可以计算出总电阻。计算公式为RT=R1+R2+R3+…+Rn。其中，RT为总电阻值，R1~Rn分别是各个电阻值。

如果电路中包含并联电阻时计算总电阻值稍有点困难。即各个电阻的倒数之和等于总电阻的倒数。其计算公式为1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+…+1/Rn。如果只有两个电阻并联，则可使用更简单的公式RT=（R1·R2）/（R1+R2）。

如果你对电子技术有兴趣，建议学会色标法识别电阻，这样会带来很多方便。

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the色带的解释如下。

● 第一条色带（靠近电阻的一端）是电阻欧姆值等级的第一位有效数字； ● 第二条色带表示电阻欧姆值等级的第一位有效数字；

● 为了知道电阻的标称欧姆值，第三条色带表示乘数或跟在头两位有效数字后的零的个数；

● 第四条色带表示公差百分比的信息。那就是电阻值从它的色标值变化百分之多少，仍能在厂商的技术指标范围之内;

● 第五条色带，当其出现，表示每使用1 000小时的故障率(用百分比表示)。它有时也被称为可靠性因子。

电容器和电容

电能能够储存在电场中，能够储存电能的装置叫电容器。

一个电容器由两块被介质隔开的金属平板构成。如果电容器与电池相连，电子就会从电池的负极流出，并聚集在与之相连的电容器的金属板上。同时，电子从与电池正极相连的多属平板流进电池正极，由此产生电位差，其值等于电池的电压值，这称为电容器的充电。

用一根导线连接电容器的两个极板，电容就会放电。电子从一个极板通过导线向另一个极板运动恢复电中性。

电容器的电容量与介质的介电常数及平板的面积成正比，与平板间的距离成反比，其大小用法拉（F）表示。当电容器两端的电压以每秒1伏的速率变化，产生的电流为1安培，则称电容器的电容量为1法拉。在计算中，法拉的单位太大，所以常用微法和皮法。

电容器中的电荷能量与电容两端的电压及电容量成正比，电容量取决于三个因素，即平板面积、平板间的距离和介质材料。平板面积越大，平板间距离越小，电容量越大。电容器有两种，极化电容和非极化电容。最通常使用的电容类型是电解电容。

电容并联时总电容值等于并联的各个电容值相加的和。公式为 CT=C1+C2+C3+…+Cn

其中，CT是总电容，C1~Cn分别是各个电容的值。

电容串联时总电容值可以用下面的公式来计算：1/CT=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3+…+1/Cn。电感器和电感

电感器是以电磁场的形式暂时储存电磁能量的电子器件。电感器是一组线圈，有的电感器线圈中有可增加其电感量的铁芯，有一个强磁的圆柱状铁芯，通过调节铁芯可以增加电感量或减少电感量。

电感器有反抗电流变化的趋势。对直流电而言，电感器是没有阻碍作用的，但对交流电来说，电感器有一个交流阻抗，称为感抗。这个感抗与电感量和交流电的频率有关，用公式表示为XL=2πfLL，其单位为欧姆。电感器可以用来滤波。

在电学性质上，电感器与电容器正相反。电感值用亨利表示。电感线圈主要有两种，空心线圈和铁芯线圈。

元件测试

一旦怀疑某个元件出故障，就得单独做些测试。理想的方法是把该元件从线路中完整取出。但如果不方便的话（至少要在判别需要去掉之前），应该断开一根或几根引线，应当避免在测试时邻近的元件之间有电流通路。这种通路会产生不真实的数据，导致得出错误的结论。测试元件的方法概括如下。

电阻器通常用欧姆表来检测（多半是万用表的某个电阻量程）。万用表带有自己的电源，如果电阻器并不是完全从电路上取下来（即只断开一端），则被测电路必须与它自己的电源断开。欧姆表指针满刻度偏转通常表示零电阻。把电表的表笔碰在一起，先用电表

电容器的电阻也可以用欧姆表检查。电表刚接通时，该读数很低。随着电容器作用而充电，指针逐渐向高阻端移动。指针停止转动时的读数就是电容器的绝缘电阻，假设电阻器没有毛病的话，绝缘电阻值通常很高。电阻低则表示电容器短路或漏电。如果电表一接通电阻读数就很高（即没有充电），则电容器可能是开路的，除非是电容器的容量太小，充电时间太短，不足使电表指针如前所述有明显的摆动。电容器的电容量可用电容器电桥测量。

电感器可以按上述测试电阻器的方法，用欧姆表检查。但应记住，电感器的直流电阻通常很小。电感本身的测量，既可使用可靠性高的交流电源来测定感抗，也可使用为此目的而制造的电桥直接读出。

第三课电子元器件Ⅱ

一、课文习题参

Ⅰ.（1）正向偏置（2）齐纳二极管（稳压管）（3）正极电压（4）结型晶体管（5）基极电流（6）增强型MOS晶体管（7）集电极电流Ic（8）共基极、共发射极和共集电极 Ⅱ.(1)√ (2)× (3)× (4)√ (5)√

Ⅲ.(1)a single PN junction (2)reverse bias (3)a lot ligher (4) commonbase,commonemitter,and commoncollecttor (5) N trench and P trench 二、参考译文半导体二极管

半导体二极管是含有一个PN结的二端器件。它是最简单的半导体器件。P型材料一端称为正极，而N型材料一端称为负极。

二极管是只允许电流朝一个方向流动的半导体器件。它能被用来把交流电转换成直流电。二极管的两个引线被分为阳极和阴极。

当二极管的正极电位高于负极电位（其差值大于开启电压，对锗管近似为0.3V，对硅管近似为0.7V）时称二极管是正向偏置，这时二极管的内阻是很小的，有一个较大的电流流过二极管，流过电流的大小取决于外部电路的电阻。

当二极管的正极电压高于负极电位时称二极管反向偏置，这时二极管的内部电阻非常高，所以一个理想的二极管可以阻挡反向的电流而让正向的电流通过。

一个二极管的实际特性曲线并不是十分理想的，如图所示。当理想二极管反向偏置时，电流不能通过，而实际二极管却有约10μA的电流通过（虽然很小，但仍不够理想）。如果加上足够大的反向电压，PN结就会被击穿，让电流反向通过。一般要选择二极管的反向击穿电压远大于电路中可能出现的电压，二极管才不会击穿。

齐纳二极管（稳压管）

稳压管是一种特殊的二极管，在正偏的条件下，它与一般的二极管有相同的特性（可以流过一个大电流）。但是，在反向偏置时，在外加电压低于稳压电压（UZ）时它不导通，在外加电压等于稳压电压（UZ）时稳压管反向导通，同时维持稳压管两端的电压为稳压值（如图）。流过稳压管电流的大小由两个因子决定，一个为串联的（限流）电阻（RS），另一个为并联的负载电阻（RL）。

电阻RS由公式RS=URs/IZ确定，其中URs=Usource-UZ，在没有负载时，一个特定大小的电流（IZ=IRs）流过稳压二极管和RS，电压降URs加UZ等Usource，Usource至少要比UZ高1V。当一个负载并连到稳压二极管，流过二极管的电流由于负载的分流而

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the减小，所以通过RS的电流保持为常数（IZ=IRs-IRL）。稳压管通过改变流过它的电流来维持稳压管两端的电压稳定。

晶体管

晶体管是由贝尔电话实验室的Wm. Shockley,John Bardeen和Walter H. Brattain三位博士发明的一种器件，是电子技术中最重要的器件。它不仅被作为分立元件，而且在集成电路芯片中也包含成千上万的晶体管。

晶体管是三端器件，可用作放大器和作为开关器件使用。晶体管有两种基本类型，结型晶体管和场效应晶体管。

结型晶体管结型晶体管也称晶体管。它的工作依赖于两种载流子，即多数载流子和少数载流子的流动，并且有两个PN结。

可以有以下两种安排：N型在中间，P型在两边（PNP）；P型在中间，N型在两边（NPN）。中间称为基极，两边分别称为发射极和集电极。

晶体管是调节流过它的电流的电子控制器件，电流从电源流进发射极，穿过很薄的基区，再从集电极流出，电流始终朝着这个方向流动。改变基极电流，电流大小也会改变，基极电流只需很小的变化，就会引起集电极电流很大的变化。正是这种能力使晶体管具有放大作用。

集电极电流IC与基极电流IB成正比，小于发射极电流IE，因为要使三极管导通必须有一个小的基极电流流入（发射极），三个电流之间的关系是IE=IC+IB。IC与IB的比值称为三极管的电流放大系数，用来表示三极管放大电流的能力，这个电流放大倍数称为β，当C、E两端的电压（UCE）保持不变时有β=ΔIC/ΔIB。

晶体管在电路中有三种连接方式：共基极、共发射极和共集电极。场效应晶体管场效应晶体管通常称为场效应管。它的电流仅由多数载流子提供（可以是电子，也可以是空穴，且只有一个PN结)。

目前，设计微电路中最普遍的技术是利用MOS管。缩写词MOS表示金属氧化物半导体，分别表示用金属作门极，氧化物作绝缘层，半导体作沟道、基底等。

根据载流子的不同，MOS管可以分为两类：N沟道和P沟道。N沟道MOS管用电子导通电流，而P沟道MOS管用空穴传导电流。此外，N沟道MOS管用一个正的门电压导通而P沟道MOS管用负的门电压导通。

根据电压条件不同，MOS又可分为增强型和耗尽型两种。增强型MOS晶体管与耗尽型MOS管的符号如图。

三极管技术主要应用单一管（全部用NPN型或全部用PNP型）形式设计电路，与之不同的是MOS管设计的电路一般用两种互补型的晶体管，一块同时含有N沟道MOS管和P沟道的MOS管高驻地的电路一般用两种互补型的晶体管，这样的集成电路称为CMOS电路。

晶体管的测试

在实际应用中，对晶体管须进行四项基本测试：增益、漏电流、击穿电压和开关时间。所有这些测试最好用通用晶体管测试仪和示波器进行测试。也可以用欧姆表测试。这种简易的欧姆表测试可以了解晶体管是否漏电，是否有某些增益。准确测试晶体管的唯一方法是在所用的电路中进行测试。

第四课电子仪器

一、课文习题参

Ⅰ.（1）调节频率细调旋钮（2）两对偏转板（3）等效电阻

Ⅱ.（1） Oscilloscope（2） productionline testing（3） multimeter （4） square waves（5） the peaktopeak output voltage

Ⅲ.(1) One of the most important electronic test and measuring instruments is the oscilloscope. It is widely used in the electronic industry for research and development, design work, troubleshooting and signal monitoring, manufacturing and productionline testing, and many other applications where the observation of an electrical waveform is desired.

(2) The frequency of a waveform can be determined by counting the number of centimeters, horizontally, in one cycle of the waveform and then multiplying it by the setting time/cm control. For example, if the waveform is 2 cm long and the control is set at 1 ms/cm, the period would be 2 ms. The frequency can now be found from the formula: f=1/T=1/2 ms=500 Hz.

(3) These two kinds of multimeter have some common grounds: ① Both have a positive jack and a common jack for the test leads;

② Both have a function switch to select DC voltage, AC voltage, DC current or resistance;

③ Both have a range switch for accurate readings.

(4) A digital oscilloscope samples the waveform and uses an analogtodigital converter (or ADC)to convert the voltage being measured into digital information. It then uses this digital information to reconstruct the waveform on the screen.

(5)The signal generating device is used to give the electric circuit or the equipment input signal, in order to maintain and modify either the electric circuit or the equipment. It converts DC to AC or varying DC in the form of sine waves, square waves, triangle wave, or other types of voltage waveforms. Some signal generating device may use to generate the special audio frequency, RF, or higher frequencies,some may produce many kinds of frequency range signal. All generators will have a function switch, a frequency range switch, and a fine adjustment control for selecting a specific frequency, an amplitude control for varying the peaktopeak output voltage, and output terminals.

二、参考译文示波器

示波器是最重要的电子测试仪器之一。在电子工业中，示波器广泛地应用于研发、设计工作、故障探寻、信号监督、生产线测试和许多其他需要观测波形的情况。

电子设备通常分为两类：模拟的和数字的。示波器也有模拟和数字的。模拟示波器示波器是一个图像显示设备，它显示一个电子信号的图像。示波器的心脏是阴极射线管，它包括管座、电子、灯泡和面板（荧光屏）。电子包括一个阴极（当它被加热时能发射电子）、一个控制栅、一个阳极（当电子束通过阳极时会受到阳极吸引）和两对偏转板（其中一对偏转板用于使电子束在水平方向运动，另一对使电子束在垂直方向运动）。当信号输入到示波器中时，一个电子束从阴极出发，通过两对偏转板之间的控制栅和阳极轰击阴极射线管的面板,在阴极射线管上显示电压的波形。

这个波形是随时间变化的图像。其水平轴表示时间，垂直轴表示电压，可以通过在示波器的屏幕上数出电压波峰与波谷之间纵向距离的厘米值来确定。用示波器的水平标尺可以测量时间值，时间测量包括测量信号的周期、脉冲宽度和频率。频率是周期的倒数，一旦知道了周期，频率就是用1除以周期。一个波形的频率可以通过在水平方向数出波形

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the一个周期的厘米值来确定，将这厘米值乘上时间/厘米控制钮的设定值得到它的一个周期所需的时间。例如，一个波长2厘米，控制钮设在1毫秒/厘米，则周期是2毫秒，则频率为500 Hz。

在使用示波器时，需要根据输入信号调节3个基本高设置使示波器显示适当的图像。 ① 信号的衰减或放大。用电压/单位格控制旋钮调整输入信号幅度。

② 时间基准。用秒/单位格设置旋钮设置屏幕上水平线每单位格所表示的时间。 ③ 示波器触发控制旋钮。用触发对准钮来稳定一个重复周期信号或触发一个单信号。

数字示波器数字示波器是对电压波形采样，并用一个模/数转换器把待测电压转换成数字信号，然后用这个数字信号在显示屏上重新构画出波形。

数字示波器可以捕获图像并且一次测量后可以多次重复显示。数字示波器可以处理数字化的波形数据或把这些波形数据送到计算机中去处理。数字示波器还可以储存数字化的波形数据，供以后再次显示和打印。

一个双踪示波器具有同时显示输入信号和输出信号的优点，可以显示输出信号是否有失真和表示输入/输出信号的相位关系，即两路波形重叠在一起可以更好地显示出输入信号与输出信号相位的差别。如图所示(此略，见教材，以下同)。

万用表

万用表能用来测量电阻、直流和交流电压、电流，有的还能测量分贝。万用表有两种：模拟万用表和数字万用表。模拟万用表用指针在标准刻度上的移动来指示测量值，数字万用表用电子数字显示器显示测量值。这两种万用表有以下一些共同点。

① 都有一个正极插孔和一个公共端插孔用来插入测试笔。

② 一个功能选择开关用来选择测量对象，即直流电压、交流电压、直流电流、交流电流或电阻。

③ 一个范围选择开关用来选择范围以精确测量。

为了保证正确读数，万用表必须与电路正确连接。当万用表测量电压时应与被测电路或元件并联。当测量电流时，电路必须断开，插入万用表表笔使万用表与被测电路或元件相串联。当测量电路中局部电路或元件的等效电阻时，必须除去电路中的电源，万用表与这局部电路或元件并联。

信号发生器

信号发生器是用来给电路或设备输入一个信号，以便对电路或设备进行维修或校正用的。它是把直流电转换成交流电，即将直流电转换成正弦波、方波、三角波或其他波形的电压信号的仪器。有些信号发生器可以用来专门产生音频、射频或高频信号，有些可以产生多种频率范围的信号。所有的信号发生器都有波形选择按钮、频率选择按钮、频率细调旋钮，用来选择一个特定的频率，有一个幅度控制旋钮用来改变输出电压的峰峰值（幅值），还有一些输出端口。

如果要使用一个2 KHz的正弦波，可把波形选择旋钮调在正弦波上，把频率范围选择旋钮放在1 K上，然后将频率细调旋钮调到2，再通过输出幅度控制旋钮调节想要设定的峰峰值电压的输出信号。

第五课模拟电子技术

一、课文习题参

Ⅰ.(1) There are different kinds of amplifiers, they are classified according to the character of amplifiers. Another method of classification is based on the amplitude of signals.Amplifiers are also classified in terms of load current flow and classified according to

(2) If the load current flows for one cycle (360) of a sine wave, the amplifier is operating as Class A.

(3) A unit that generates a signal is called an oscillator. The oscillators produce AC with waveforms which may be sinusoidal, square, sawtooth, etc. and with frequencies from a few hertz up to millions of hertz. The electrical oscillators are widely used in radio and television transmitters and receivers, in signal generators, oscilloscopes and computers.

(4) Sinusoidal oscillators have two main sections, a frequencydetermining section and a maintaining section. The frequencydetermining section commonly consists of an IC or RC network. The maintaining section is a transistor amplifier (with its power supply) that provides its own input by feedback through some kind of frequency controlling component such as a tuned circuit or a resonant crystal, and must have sufficient gain to offset the attenuation of the frequencydetermining section and must also introduce the degree of phase shift required by this section.

(5) Filters can be categorized, in terms of their frequency characteristics, into four groups. They are the bandrejection filter, bandstop filter, the highpass filter and the lowpass filter.

Ⅱ.（1） the bandrejection filter（2） basebias resistor（3） isolation transformer （4） a relaxation oscillator（5） a bridge(fullwave) rectifier

Ⅲ.来自电源线的交流电压可以直接或通过一个绝缘变压器（其变压比为1∶1）后进行整流。根据所需要的直流电压值的不同，变压器还可以是一个升压变压器或降压变压器。从变压器副边流出的交流电流通过二极管构成的半波整流器、全波整流器或桥式整流器整流成为脉冲直流电，然后这脉冲直流电通过电容、电感和电阻构成的滤波电路滤波产生较稳定的直流电压输出。

二、参考译文放大器

放大器简介放大器能够增强(即放大)电信号。在所有电子元件中，放大器是在电子系统中使用最广泛的部件。它广泛用于各种电子设备，如收音机、示波器、录音机等。

放大器可以用简单的框图来表示（如图）。图中输入信号为Uin，输入信号电流为Iin。输出两端间跨有负载电阻RL。电阻RL可以代表扬声器线圈的电阻、电动机的绕阻或者所接的放大器的输入。电压Uout是输出负载电压，电流Iout是输出负载电流。Pin和Pout分别是输入和输出信号功率。

放大器有以下分类。

1.根据放大类型分类。有各种类型的放大器，诸如电压放大器、电流放大器、脉冲放大器和运算放大器等。

2.根据信号的振幅来分类。放大器分为小信号的放大器和大信号放大器。计算小信号放大器性能只需要简单的代数知识。但是，分析大信号放大器通常用图解法。

3.按负载电流相位改变相移的情况来分类。如图所示为放大器工作状态的分类。（1）甲类放大。图中表示输入放大器的正弦波输入信号的一个周期。假如负载电流相移360度（见图），那么这种放大器是甲类放大。

（2）乙类放大。负载电流相移180度时（见图）称为乙类放大。

（3）甲乙类放大。如果负载电流相移大于180度而小于360度时，则为甲乙类放大（见图）。

（4）丙类放大。假如负载电流相移小于180度，那么称为丙类放大（见图）。

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the4.按工作类型分类，可分为音频、射频、视频、微波和脉冲放大器。

晶体管电压放大器电路图如图所示，表明了电压放大器的过程。首先考虑没有输入电流，即Uin=0的情形，称为静态。晶体管工作在放大状态时其发射结必须为正向偏置。为保证发射结正偏，简单的方法是接一个电阻RB，称为基极偏置电阻。基极偏置电流IB从电源正极流出，经RB流入基极，再经发射极流回电源负极，一旦IB在放大器的最佳状态下确定后，可以计算出RB的值。

如果VCC为电源电压，UBE为发射极电压（NPN硅管为0.6 V），则对基极回路，若加有交流电压，有

VCC=IB·RB+UBE（1）

IB产生了一个相当大的集电极电流IC，基在负载RL上产生电压降ICRL。若UCE为集电极电压，则对集电极回路有

VCC=IC·RL+UCE（2）

当交流电压Uin加入且为正时，基极电压略有增加（如从0.60 V到0.61 V）；当Uin为负时，基极电压略有下降（如从0.60 V到0.59 V）。结果是一个小的交流电流叠加在静态基极电流IB上并产生一个变化的交流电压。

当基极电流增大，集电极电流大幅增大。由式（2）可知，将相应引起集射间电压大幅下降（因为VCC一定）。同理，基极电流减小将引起集射间电压大幅增加，导致负载RL上的电压及集射间电压有较大的幅值变化。

振荡器

振荡器能够产生信号的部件叫做振荡器。

它被用来产生几赫兹到几百万赫兹的各种波形，如正弦波、方波、锯齿波等。电子振荡器广泛用于广播、电视发射机、接收机、信号发生器、示波器及计算机中。

振荡器根据所产生的信号波形可以用两种方法进行描述：正弦波振荡器和张弛振荡器。正弦波振荡器产生具有正弦波形的信号，张弛振荡器通常产生方波信号。

正弦波振荡器有两个主要部分：决定频率部分和保持振荡部分。决定频率部分是由LC或RC网络组成的。保持振荡部分是由一个晶体管放大器，这个放大器的输入是通过诸如调谐电路或谐振晶体管类型的频率控制部件反馈供给的，它必须具有足够增益以抵消决定频率部分的衰减，而且必须引入这部分所需的相移度数。

张弛振荡器由两个相互连接的开关电路构成，每个电路的输出都能依次对另一个进行开关。开关的过程是连续的，因此输出的波形是连续直流电平的波形。

正弦振荡器广泛用于无线电通信，以产生载波，并广泛用于许多无线电通信系统使用的测试仪器。张弛振荡器在电视和雷达系统、数字系统和测试仪器中用作脉冲发生器。

振荡电路如图所示，一个充电电容和一个电感线圈相连，电容立刻开始放电，电流流过电感并在其中产生磁场和感应电动势，这个感应电动势与电流相反。当电容放电完成以后，两金属片之间电场中储存的电场能全部转变成了电感中的电磁能。

然后，电感对电容反充电，电场能重新储存在电容中。当电容再次放电，回路中电流反向，在电感中产生极性相反的电磁场。然后电感再次放电，电容再次充电，电流再次反向，这个过程不断重复。

滤波器滤波器主要是为了改变信号而设计的，它分为有源滤波器和无源滤波器。有源滤波器需要电源且能提供功率增益，无源滤波器由不需要电源就可以工作且会有一定的损耗。

在电源中，滤波器由电容、晶体管和电感组成，用以消除直流电流的波形。在通信系统中，滤波器主要用来滤除某些频率成分而允许另一些频率成分无衰减地通过。如果是无源滤波器，则由电容、电感和晶体管构成。如果是有源滤波器，则由运算放大器构成（如

滤波器根据其频率响应频率特性可分为四种类型，即带通滤波器、带阻滤波器、高通滤波器和低通滤波器。

电源许多电子电路都需要直流电压源供电，通常一个电子稳压电源就是把交流电源转换成直流电源的器件。

电源通常由电池或变压器、整流器和滤波器组成(如图所示)。

电源是设法使交流电转变成直流电。首先对交流电压整流，获得准直流电压，然后滤波获得平滑的电压。最后，经稳压获得恒定的直流输出电压，尽管当负载或环境温度改变时，仍会有一定的波动。

来自电源线的交流电压可以直接或通过一个绝缘变压器（其变压比为1∶1）后进行整流。根据所需要的直流电压值的不同，变压器还可以是一个升压变压器或降压变压器。从变压器副边流出的交流电流通过二极管构成的半波整流器、全波整流器或桥式整流器整流成为脉冲直流电，然后这脉冲直流电通过电容、电感和电阻构成的滤波电路滤波从而产生较稳定的直流电压输出。

阅读材料参(一)

阅读材料（1）处理单元(CPU) 一、阅读材料习题参

Ⅰ.（1）√ （2）× （3）√ （4）√ （5）× （6）√（7）×（8）×（9）×（10）√ Ⅱ.(1)B（2）C（3）A（4）B（5）A

Ⅲ.(1) 处理单元（2）系统总线（3）算术逻辑单元 (4)指令周期（5）寄存器

Ⅳ.(1) The CPU has two main parts:the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit. The control unit is responsible for directing and coordinating most of the computer systems activities.The arithmetic/logic unit does arithmetic and logic operations on data. Arithmetic operations include tasks such as addition subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logic operations involve the comparison of two items of data to determine if they are equal, and if not, which is larger.

(2) The arithmeticlogic unit (ALU) is the section of the CPU that does arithmetic and logic operations on data. Arithmetic operations include tasks such as addition subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logic operations involve the comparison of two items of data to determine if they are equal, and if not, which is larger.

(3) In many cases, a bus actually consists of multiple communication pathways, or lines. Each line is capable of transmitting singles representing binary 1 and binary 0. Over time, sequence of binary digits can be transmitted across a single line. Taken together, several lines of a bus can be used to transmit binary digits simultaneously (in parallel). For example, an 8bit unit of data can be transmitted over eight bus lines.

(4) Registers are special temporary storage locations within the CPU—some in the control unit and some in the ALU. Registers quickly accept, store, and transfer data and instructions that are being used immediately.

(5) The execution cycle, or Ecycle, refers to the execution of the instruction and the subsequent storing of the result in a register.

二、阅读材料参考译文

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the处理单元(CPU)是计算机系统的心脏，相对其他相关设备而言，其配置决定了计算机的快慢。CPU是最复杂的计算机部件，(在程序)所提供的指令基础上它负责控制计算机系统的大部分活动。随着计算机的升级换代，其尺寸越来越小，而速度与性能则有了极大提高。确实，这些变化的结果产生了小得可放在桌面或膝盖上的微型计算机。微型计算机的CPU称为微处理器，封装在指甲盖大小或更小的芯片中。

CPU有两大部分:控制器和算术逻辑单元(运算器)。CPU的部件通常由叫做“总线”的电子元件来连接，总线起连接各部件的电子高速公路的作用。为暂时存储数据和指令,CPU设有叫做“寄存器”的专用存储元件。

控制器

控制器是一个复杂的电子迷宫，负责控制和协调计算机系统的大部分活动。它自身不执行指令，只通知系统的其他部分要做什么。它决定主存和算术逻辑单元之间的信号交流，也控制CPU和输入输出设备之间的信号交流。

正如无油的汽车毫无用处一样，没有软件的计算机不能使用。通常我们用高级语言编写软件。这些语言通过编译软件转换为计算机可以使用的低级指令形式——机器语言——CPU能理解的唯一语言。在机器语言中数据和指令以二进制形式(0或1)表示，因而在各型计算机——微机、小型机及大型机中都独一无二地使用二进制语言。一旦这些指令被转换为这种形式，它们就可由控制器从主内存中检索并翻译(有时也叫做“译码”)。依据每条特有的指令，控制器向其他部件发送必要的信号以满足处理要求的需要。例如，命令从磁盘存储器中检索数据，“告诉”打印机打刚写出的字母，或简单地命令算术逻辑单元将两个数字相加。

算术逻辑单元(ALU)

算术逻辑单元(ALU)是计算机中对数据进行算术运算和逻辑运算的部件。算术运算包括加、减、乘、除等。逻辑运算涉及两个数据项的比较，以确定它们相等、不等以及谁更大一些。所有输入计算机的数据，包括字母等非数字数据，都可以用数字形式进行编码。这样，算术逻辑单元既能对数字进行逻辑运算也能对字句进行逻辑运算。计算机能做的就是这些基本的算术逻辑运算。尽管这并不令人惊讶，但这些操作以极高的速度按不同的方式结合起来时，就能使计算机完成非常复杂的任务。

寄存器

寄存器是CPU内部的专用临时存储单元，控制器和ALU都有寄存器。寄存器极快地接受、存储、传输即时使用的数据和指令(主存保持近期使用的数据，辅存如磁盘存储较晚使用的数据)。要执行一条指令，CPU的控制器从主存中检索它并放入寄存器。指令处理产生的典型操作由取指周期及执行周期组成。

取指周期或称I周期，涉及从主存中检索一条指令和该指令子序列的译码。取指周期占用的时间称为I时间。

执行周期或称E周期，涉及特定指令及其子序列的执行，其结果在寄存器存储。执行周期占用的时间称为E时间。由于取指周期及执行周期共同提供一条指令，它们总称机器周期。其速度表示为兆赫兹(MHz)，1 MHz等于每秒1百万个周期。一般而言，时钟速度越快，计算机处理信息的速度越快。

总线

总线是连接两个或更多个设备的通路。总线的关键特性是共享传输媒体。多个设备连接到总线上，并且任何一个设备发送的信息都可以被总线上的所有其他设备所接收。如果两个设备同时发送，它们各自的信息会重叠并被混淆。因此，在一个时刻只有一个设备可以成功地传送信息。

在许多情况下，总线实际上包含了多条通信线。每条线能够传送代表二进制“1”和

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk managementensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the“0”的数字信号。一个二进制序列可以通过一条线路一个接一个的被传送(串行)，也可以将几条线路合并在一起同时传送(并行)。例如，一个八位数据单元能够通过线同时传送。

计算机系统包括许多不同的总线，它们为计算机系统不同层次的部件之间提供数据通路。连接主要的计算机部件(处理器、内存、输入输出)的总线被称为系统总线。最常用的计算机互连结构往往基于一个或多个系统总线。

阅读材料（2）多媒体

一、阅读材料习题参

Ⅰ.(1) √（2）√（3）×（4）√（5）√

Ⅱ.(1) multimedia technology (2)data compression (3)static graphics images(4)FullMotion Video (5)Virtual Reality(6)Digital Audio

Ⅲ.（1）乐器数字接口 (2)声音 (3)动画 (4)空间的 (5)仔细分析(6)描绘(7)电子合成器(8)反响

Ⅳ.（1）If it plays music from a compact disk (CD) while animating the graph and superimposes the result on a prerecorded video,thats a multimedia.

（2）MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a communication standard developed in the early 1980s for electronic musical instruments and computers. It allows music and sound synthesizers from different manufacturers to communicate with each other by sending messages along cables connected to the devices.

（3）For example, in a virtual space, students can “dissect” a human body, “visit” ancient battlefields, or “talk” with Shakespeare.

（4）Text,audio sound,static graphics images, animation and fullmotion video, and so on.

（5）In computer terms, multimedia is a blending of media types(text, audio, visual, and computer data)in one convenient delivery medium.

二、阅读材料参考译文

即使用户不能确定何为多媒体，当用户看到它(或听到它)的时候就会了解它了。即使一台计算机能显示一幅画面,排版一页文字，演奏一首乐曲，甚至给三维模型加阴影，那也称不上多媒体。如果它能在一个窗口内显示图形，在另一个窗口内旋转三维模型，同时还演奏乐曲，这就有点多媒体的味道了。但如果它从CD盘上播放音乐，同时使某个图形活动起来，并把这二者合起来添加到提前录制好的录像上，这就是多媒体了。如果人们把Multimedia这个词分开，使得到Multi——多、media——媒体。媒体类型包括：文本、声音、静态图像、动画、动态视频等。用计算机的术语来说，多媒体是文本、声音、图像、计算机数据等多种类型的媒体混合成的一种便于传送的媒介。

下面我们逐一详细介绍。文本

文本是文字处理程序的基础，并且作为基本信息用于很多多媒体程序中。声音

声音文件有几种不同的格式。今天，也许最普通的声音文件类型是声音红皮书，这是为CD消费者提供的标准，它作为一种国际标准并正式公布为IEC 908。另一种声音格式是Windows声波文件，它只能用于Windows环境下的PC机。声音的最后一种类型是乐器数字接口，缩写为MIDI。

静态图像

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the当你想象图像时，可能会想到静态的图像——也就是像照片或图像那样的图像，这种类型的图像是静止不动的。静态图像是多媒体的重要部分，Windows也是图形环境，它比DOS环境更容易显示图像。

动画

动画指的是运动的图像。动画和静态图像都是强有力的交流形式。动画在解释涉及运动的概念时特别有用。

全运动视频

全运动视频(如电视里的图像)可使多媒体的应用更加广泛。以上元素的融合

你知道多媒体绝不是从前的某种技术。由于硬件能力的，要权衡选择静态图像、声音、全运动图像和文本各自所占的比例。正如你可以猜到的，文本信息占用的存储空间最小。即使多媒体计算机有无限的资源，人们仍想改进将这些多媒体技术融于一体的综合技术。

下面让我们对一些多媒体信息技术进行详细的介绍。数据压缩

显而易见，到目前为止，以非压缩形式传输多媒体资料是完全不可能的。唯一的希望是可能实现大规模的压缩。幸运的是，大量的研究团体在过去的几十年中已发明了许多使多媒体传输切实可行的压缩技术和算法。

所有的压缩系统需要两种算法：一个是对原始数据的压缩，另一个是对到达目的地后的数据的解压。比如,家用电脑要有效处理高品质视频所要求的大量数据，唯一途径就是压缩。设计压缩格式是为了大幅度减少文件所占空间，同时又维持可接受的质量。压缩程序删除那些对图像整体质量无足轻重的数据。例如，一个380亿字节20分钟的文件，经过高质量的MPEG(Moving Picture Expert Group的缩写，即活动图像专家组)格式压缩后只占26亿字节。其他一些常用的压缩格式有AVI、QuickTime和MPEG2。

所有新的视频编辑器都可以让你选择你想要的最终输出质量。你可以选择分辨率和压缩水平来达到你的最佳效果。如果你是为网上制作视频材料，你需要使用低分辨率和高压缩率的常用压缩格式；如果你要求高品质效果，则会选用较低的压缩率和较高的分辨率。

数字音频

声音既能以模拟形式(作为波形的电子拷贝)，也能以数字形式(作为能够用计算机处理的一系列数字)被记录。你的选择既取决于音频记录设备和你的软件的能力，也取决于做好录音后你计划使用它做什么。

“数字音频”是基于计算机对于声音的记录、处理和复制的技术的应用。一个音频信号被简化成一系列数字，它们可以方便地通过计算机对时间延迟效果、回响、平衡、编辑和存储等进行处理。

虽然数字音频复制品使你能够以实际上不降低声音质量和非常小的失真来制作原版录音的拷贝，但需要更多的存储空间。如果你正在制作一个将被复制、存储和发布的数字音频拷贝，你可能发现自己正努力地在音质和存储需求量之间求得平衡。

MIDI与数字音频

MIDI(乐器数字接口)是20世纪80年代初期为电子乐器和计算机开发的一个通信标准。它允许在不同厂家的音乐和声音合成器之间，通过连接设备的电缆发送信息而相互进行通信。MIDI提供了一个用于传送乐谱详细描述的协议，比如音符、音符序列以及何种乐器将演奏这些音符。但是，MIDI数据并不是数字化声音，它只是以数字形式记录的音乐的速记表达。数字音频是一个记录，而MIDI是一个乐谱——前者取决于声音系统的性能，后者则取决于乐器的品质及声音系统的性能。

William Gibson在他的科幻小说Neuromancer中描述了一个计算机控制的电脑空间。一个人只要将自己的大脑与计算机连接起来，进入电脑空间，就可以体验在该空间的一切经历。一套全新的电子刺激将代替人在真实世界的各种感觉。这个电脑空间被认为是未来虚拟现实的目标。

实际上，虚拟现实就是利用计算机的软件和硬件产生一种环境仿真，如仿真一个安静的教室，一个惊险的动作等。人在这个仿真环境中有一种身临其境的感觉。例如，在虚拟空间中，学生们可以“解剖”人体，“参观”古战场，与莎士比亚“对话”，等等。

阅读材料（3）中间件技术一、阅读材料习题参

Ⅰ.(1)Middle ware (2)clientserver architecture (3)International Data Corp. (IDC)(4)EAI(enterprise application integration) (5)ERP(enterprise resource planning)(6)IT(Information Technology)

Ⅱ.(1) 中间件之所以重要，是因为中间件的容量极大，可以将不同环境的计算资源连接起来，使多平台和通信协议用户及应用程序通过网络有效地连接起来。

(2)由于合并、收购、基础设施的升级，商业公司的数量增长很快，各公司尽量吸收消化众多的系统及应用程序，中间件就成为了重要的合成工具。

(3)尽管中间件越来越受到人们的欢迎，但仍有许多难题。例如，产品还有待于进行标准化生产，集成化中还存在问题，使用还较麻烦，管理方面也有问题。

(4)在这种情况下，中间件销售商Sybase公司的高级程序经理Michael Balah指出，中间件使得公司可以综合来源于他们众多的计算机系统的客户数据构成为一个界面。

(5) 一家市场分析公司从事AMR研究的分析员Kimberly Knickle说，中间件可按同样的方法促使公司“使用web作为前端与合作伙伴、远程雇员及远程办公人员建立联系”。

Ⅲ.略。

二、阅读材料参考译文

多年以来，中间件在软件市场中一直不被人们重视。若人们考虑过中间件的话，也只是把它当作透明胶或一种分布式操作程序的连接管道。

然而，互联网、个人网络及电子商务已成为展现技术水平的靓丽景色中不可缺少的部分，中间件也成为了一颗随之升起的新星。中间件之所以重要，是因为中间件的容量极大，可以将不同环境的计算资源连接起来，使多平台和通信协议用户及应用程序通过网络有效地连接起来。

由于合并、收购、基础设施的升级，商业公司的数量增长很快，各公司尽量吸收消化众多的系统及应用程序，中间件就成为了重要的合成工具。由于商业公司经常改变他们的计算环境，中间件使众多不同的程序紧密地结合在一起，这使他们从中收益匪浅。正是由于这些原因，中间件的市场面貌也发生了巨大的变化。

最初，中间件主要用于连接分布操作程序的部件或程序段。例如，中间件可使用户无障碍地进入某公司系统中的不同数据库。但是目前，中间件已被用来集成一个机构中和机构外的全部应用程序。这比先前所做的集成更加精细。例如，企业应用集成(EAI)中间件可使不同的程序之间进行跨平台对话，帮助一个机构将各种不同的程序集成在一起。中间件现在还可使众多的商业公司更加轻松地运行中间件的应用程序。例如，应用程序服务器可自动地对不同平台上的应用程序提供行业逻辑。程序员们无须为应用程序编写逻辑码，从而节省了公司的时间和金钱。

目前，商业公司的信息技术预算中对中间件的资金投入不断上涨。一家名为国际数据公司(IDC)的市场调研公司预测，事实上中间件市场份额将从去年的45亿美元增加到今

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the年的70亿美元，到2002年预计可达到90亿美元。

尽管中间件越来越受到人们的欢迎，但仍有许多难题。例如，产品还有待于进行标准化生产，集成化中还存在问题，使用还较麻烦，管理方面也有问题。

中间件以往可以有多种用途。例如，在一个三层客户服务器体系结构中，中间件位于用户接口和数据管理之间的中间层。中间件也可以位于应用程序和控制程序之间，如同操作系统一样，并且提供一个单一的程序设计接口以供开发者编写应用程序。这就意味着,开发者不必对每个控制程序编写API(应用程序接口)。但是，一个名为Giga Information Group的市场调研公司的副总裁Mike Gilpin认为，由于中间件日益增强的集成能力，它可以承担更重要的工作。他说，目前很多商业公司把应用集成产品和应用服务器这种高一级的中间件产品视为策略平台，这对电子商务和其他重要应用程序的成功是至关重要的。

市场驱动很多因素促使中间件市场发生变化。

电子商务电子商务的兴起是中间件一跃成功的重要因素之一。一个名为Yankee Group的市场调研公司最近报道说，他们预测全世界的电子商务交易额从今年的1 380亿美元，到2003年可达5 410多亿美元。电子商务，包括企业间和零售业以及证券交易，十分依赖中间件来帮助系统通过不同的计算环境对交易进行快速和安全的处理。

通信在各机构与其客户、合作伙伴及雇员之间的交流方面，中间件也起着非常重要的作用。例如，中间件可使公司允许服务代理进入多种客户信息系统存取数据，并与使用不同平台的客户交流信息。在这种情况下，中间件销售商Sybase公司的高级程序经理Michael Balch指出，中间件使得公司可以综合来源于他们众多的计算机系统的客户数据构成为一个界面。一家市场分析公司从事AMR研究的分析员Kimberly Knickle说，中间件可按同样的方法促使公司“使用web作为前端与合作伙伴、远程雇员及远程办公人员建立联系”。

ERP ERP(企业资源规划)应用程序越来越重要，这也是中间件待开发的，并且意义非凡。很多联合公司纷纷采用ERP技术，该技术可使公司之间更有效地将其新的和旧的系统合并，并可协调硬件平台、网络拓扑、数据库与各部门和分支机构所使用的应用程序，削减相互间的影响。但是，Sybase公司的Balch说，由于各种各样的数据被集成在一个ERP包内，因此要想把ERP产品与其他程序集成在一起并不是很容易的，特别是预先包捆在一起的应用程序不能任意集成。EAI的中间件将有助于解决这种集成问题。

阅读材料（4）蓝牙技术一、阅读材料习题参

Ⅰ.（1）Bluetooth is a universal radio interface in the 2.45 GHz frequency band that enables portable electronic devices to connect and communicate wirelessly via shortrange, ad hoc networks.

（2）Bluetooth technology which,apart from Ericsson, has gained the support of Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, Intel and many other manufacturers—eliminates the need for wires, cables and connectors for and between cordless or mobile phones, modems, headsets, PDAs, computers, printers, projectors, local area networks, and so on, and paves the way for new and completely different devices and applications.

（3）Technology Characteristics include:1Ms/s symbol rate exploits maximum available channel bandwidth,fast frequency hopping avoids interference,adaptive output power minimizes interference,short data packets maximize capacity during interference,fast acknowledge allows low coding overhead for links,CVSD (Continuous Variable Slope Delta Modulation) voice coding enables operation at high biterror rates,flexible packet types supports wide application range,air interface tailored to minimize current consumption.

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk managementensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the（4）Basic Technical Information include:Based upon a small, high performance integrated radio transceiver, each of which is allocated a unique 48bit address derived from the IEEE 802 standard;Operate in the unrestricted 2.45 GHz ISM free band, which is available globally although slight variation of location and width of band apply；Range set at 10m to optimize for target market of mobile and business user；Gross data rate 1 Mbit/s with second generation plans to increase to 2 Mbit/s；Onetoone connections allow maximum data transfer rate of 721 kbit/s (3 voice channels)；Uses packet switching protocol based on frequency hop scheme with 1 600 hops/s to enable high performance in noisy radio environments. The entire available frequency spectrum is used with 79 hops of 1 MHz bandwidth, analogous to the IEEE 802.11 standard；Low power consumption longevity for battery powered devices. During data transfer the maximum current drain is 30 mA. However during pauses or at lower data rates will be lower.

（5）Excellent.

Ⅱ.（1）Bluetooth Technology （2）universal radio interface （3）piconet （4）cordless or mobile phones（5）headsets

Ⅲ.（1）技术特征（2）信道的最大有效带宽（3）快速跳频以避免干扰（4）采用短数据包传输以增强抗干扰能力（5）连续变化斜率增量调制的语音编码

（6）点到点连接允许的最大数据传输速率为721 kbit/s(3个声道) 二、阅读材料参考译文

蓝牙是一个频率为2.45 GHz的通用无线电通信接口，它通过一个特殊的网络可以在各种便携设备之间建立起无线连接并进行短程通信。在一个微微网中，每个单元都能同时与其他各单元进行通信。而且，每一个单元可以同时属于几个微微网。

什么是“蓝牙”技术?

“蓝牙”技术最先是由爱立信研制的，现在已经得到了诺基亚、IBM、东芝、Intel及许多其他相关制造厂家的支持。其目的是为了去除在无绳电话或移动式电话、调制解调器、头套式送／受话器、PDA、计算机、打印机、投影仪、局域网等之间的电线、电缆和连接器。而且，这种技术可以延伸到那些完全不同的新设备和新应用中去。

“蓝牙”技术特性

● 以每秒1M的字符速率传输，充分利用了信道的最大有效带宽 ● 快速跳频以避免干扰

● 可变的电源输出使干扰降低到最小 ● 采用短数据包传输以增强抗干扰能力 ● 快速确认降低了用于链接的编码开销

● 连续变化斜率增量调制的语音编码可以在高误码率的情况下正常工作 ● 灵活的分组类型支持多种应用 ● 无线电空中接口使电耗达到最小 “蓝牙”基本技术概要

● 以一个小型、集成了高性能的无线电收发机为基础，它们都有一个符合IEEE 802标准的唯一的48位地址

● 以无的2.45GHz ISM自由频段工作，全球都可以使用，不过位置和带宽会有微小变化

● 通信范围设置在10米，目标市场是移动和商业用户 ● 总速率为1Mbit／s，计划下一代产品将达到2Mbit／s

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the● 点到点连接允许的最大数据传输速率为721kbit／s(3个声道)

● 在有噪声的无线电通信环境里，利用基于每秒1600跳的跳频模式的分组交换协议可以提高系统性能。以1MHz带宽79跳来使用整个可用频谱，类似于IEEE802.11标准。

● 低电耗能延长用电池供电的设备的使用时间。在数据传送时电流的最大消耗为30mA。当暂停工作或低速传送数据时电流消耗更低。

Part 2

第六课数字电子技术Ⅰ

一、课文习题参

Ⅰ.（1） Digital Electronics Technology （2） hexadecimal (base 16) （3） Logical operation（4） And operation and And gate

（5） NAND operation and NAND gate（6） the OR operation and OR gate

Ⅱ.(1) The number system with which we are most familiar is the base 10, or decimal system. Recent technological developments have created the need for other number systems. The electronic computer, for example, required the development of systems that were easily adapted to electronic processes. These number systems were binary (base 2), octal (base 8), and hexadecimal (base 16). The binary system is the primary language of the computer and the octal and hexadecimal systems are usually used for communication with the computer and for the storage of information within the computer. Since computers can only process binary numbers or numbers coded in other systems such as octal and hexadecimal, the decimal system must be converted to one of the other systems before it can be processed by the computer. When the computer finishes its operations on the information, the output is printed or displayed in number system other than decimal, and this too must be converted, this time back to the decimal system.

(2)Give two input variables, A and B, and output Y, the expression Y=A And B means Y=1 if A=1 and B=1. Otherwise Y=0.

(3) Give two input variables A and B, and an output variable Y. The expression Y=A or B means Y=1 if A=1 or B=1,or both A=1 and B=1.

(4) The NAND gate is more common gate than the AND gate. It is the complement of the AND gate meaning that it is just the opposite in logic state. NAND gate frequently are cheaper and easier to use than AND gates because electronically they are simpler.

The logic is also written differently for a N gate when it is placed in a formula. An overscore of bar is used to indicate a NOT or inverted (complement) condition.

For example,Y=AB means “A and B equals NOT C”. In the case of the NAND gate, the output will still be high(1) except the inputs are all high. When all inputs are high, the output of the NAND gate will be low(0).

(5) Individual logic gates are building blocks. They can standalone if only a single logic function is needed, or they can be combined with other gates for more complex operations. There are times when it is advantageous to substitute one kind of gate for another. It is an indicator of the versatility and flexibility of digital integrated circuits that the designer can configure the gates on hand to meet the circuit needs.

Ⅲ.二进制系统是计算机的基本语言。八进制和十六进制系统通常在计算机通信和计算机储存信息时用。计算机只能处理二进制系统或其他系统如八进制和十六进制中的二进制编码，所以十进制系统必须先转换成这些数字系统才能由计算机处理。当计算机对所给的信息处理完毕后，输出的信息是以非十进制的形式打印或显示出来。所以这些输出信息

二、参考译文

数字电子技术是一门逻辑科学，一般来说，逻辑学是按一般原则进行推理的科学。数字逻辑学是用数字推理的科学。几乎所有的数字逻辑功能都可以用一种特殊的称为门的电路来实现。如果逻辑运算太复杂，无法用一个门来实现，也可以通过几个门的组合来实现这个逻辑运算。这些扩展逻辑电路被称为组合逻辑电路。

数字系统

我们最常用的数字系统是以10为基即十进制系统。但近年来科技的发展需要产生其他的数字系统，如电子计算机需要开发可以适应电子处理的数字系统。它们是二进制（基为2）、八进制（基为8）和十六进制（基为16）。二进制系统是计算机的基本语言。八进制和十六进制系统通常在计算机通信和计算机储存信息时用。计算机只能处理二进制系统或其他系统如八进制和十六进制中的二进制编码，所以十进制系统必须先转换成这些数字系统才能由计算机处理。当计算机对所给的信息处理完毕后，输出的信息是以非十进制的形式打印或显示出来。所以这些输出信息必须再转换成为十进制系统。

逻辑运算

现讨论仅取两值的数字系统变量（二进制变量）。我们确定将这些值用“0”或“1”表示。然后用布尔代数的一套特殊规律总结能合并数字变量的各种方法。

与运算与“与”门

给出两个输入变量A和B，一个输出变量Y，表示式为 Y=A与B（1）

其意思是：如果A=1与B=1同时成立，则Y=1，否则Y=0。

完成与运算的电路称为与门，有两个输入端的与门逻辑符号如图所示。与运算可以简记为圆点，所以（1）式可以写成

Y=A·B（2）

数字运算一个很好的特点是能把一组完整的填入变量值写下来。图示表示出了一个这样的真值表。此表列出相对于（2）式输入变量A和B的各种组合及其相应的输出变量Y。从真值表可以看出，从代数意义上看，与运算是乘法的一种形式，其处理规则是：0·0=0，0·1=1·0=0，1·1=1。

或运算与“或”门

给出两个输入变量A和B，和一个输出变量Y，表达式为 Y=A或B（3）

意思是如果A=1或B=1，如果A=1和B=1，则都有C=1。把“或”简记为符号“+”，其在代数表达式中永不能省略，因此（3）式可以写成代数式

Y=A+B（4）

有两个输入端的或门的逻辑符号和相应的真值表如图所示。从代数意义上看，或运算是一种特殊形式的加法。它按下面的规则进行运算：0+0=0，0+1=1+0=1，1+1=1。

与非运算与“与非”门

“与非”门比“与”门用得更普遍（如图所示）。它和“与”门是互补关系，即逻辑上的输出与“与”门相反。因为“与非”门的电路实现比较简单，所以它比“与”门更便宜，使用也方便。

逻辑表达式中对一个非门也有不同的表示法。常用字母上加一个上画线来表示非的关系。如Y=AB表示“A与B等于非Y”。在与非门中，在大部分情况下它输也都为高（1）除非当所有输入为高时，与非门的输出为低（0）。

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the或非运算与“或非”门

给出两个输入变量A和B，一个输出变量Y，有Y=A+B。有两个输入端的或非门的逻辑符号和相应真值表如图所示。从代数意义上看，或非运算按以下规则进行运算：0+0=1，0+1=1+0=0，1+1=0。

组合逻辑运算与组合逻辑门

单个逻辑门是构造块，如果只需要一个单一逻辑关系时可以只用它们其中一个，但要实现更复杂的逻辑运算时它们也可以与其他门结合构成组合逻辑门。有时用一种门去代替其他的门更有利，设计者可以用单个的门电路来实现各种电路，这就是数字集成门电路的多功能性和适应性。

第七课数字电子技术Ⅱ

一、课文习题参

Ⅰ.(1) The edgetriggered RS flipflop actually consists of two identical RS latch circuits.The inverter connected between the two CLK inputs ensures that the two sections will be enabled during opposite halfcycles of the clock signal. This is the key to the operation of this circuit. Therefore，the Q and Q outputs can only change state when the CLK signal falls from a logic 1 to logic 0. This is known as the falling edge of the CLK signal; hence the designation edgetriggered flipflop.

(2) The Q and Q outputs in a JK flipflop will only change state on the falling edge of the CLK signal，and the J and K inputs will control the function output state.

Because the behavior of the JK flipflop is completely predictable under all conditions, this is the preferred type of flipflop for most logic circuit designs.

(3)If both J and K inputs are held at logic 1 and the CLK signal continues to change, the Q and Q outputs will simply change state with each falling edge of the CLK signal. We can use this way to build a flipflop which it is typically designed as a T (for toggle) flipflop.

(4)One essential point about the D flipflop is that when the clock input falls to logic 0 and the outputs can change state, the Q output always takes on the state of the D input at the moment of the clock edge. This was not true of the RS and JK flipflops.

(5)A ripple counter contains a chain of flipflops with the output of each one feeding the input of the next. A flipflop output changes state every time the input changes from high to low (on the fallingedge). The simple arrangement works well, but there is a slight delay as the effect of the clock “ripples” through the chain of flipflops. The diagram shows how to link ripple counters in a chain, notice how the highest output QD of each counter drives the clock input (CLK) of the next counter.

Ⅱ.(1) √ (2) × (3) √ (4) √ (5) ×

Ⅲ.一个同步的计数器内部电路结构比较复杂，以保证所有的计数器输出都在每一个时钟脉冲输入时同时改变，同步的计数器可以避免异步计数器中可能出现的误计数。图7.6所示为同步计数器，所有的时钟输入端（CLK）是连接在一起的，进位输出信号CO接在下一个计数器的进位输入信号CI上，第一个计数器的CI应接高电平（无进位信号）。

二、参考译文触发器

RS触发器边缘触发的RS触发器实际上由两个同样的RS锁存电路组成，RS触发器的电路符号如图7.1所示。在两个时钟输入之间接了一个反相器，以保证这两个RS锁存电路分别在时钟信号的不同半周期中工作，即一个在时钟信号为高电平时工作，另一个

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk managementensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the则在时钟信号为低电平时工作。这就是这个电路的关键所在。所以Q和Q输出只能在时钟信号从1降到0时即时钟信号的下降沿发生改变。因此被称为边缘触发器。

JK触发器一个JK触发器的Q和Q输出只有CLK信号的下降沿时改变状态，这时J和K的输入状态将决定JK触发器的输出状态。

JK触发器在各种情况下的输出都是完全确定的，因此对大部分逻辑电路设计来说选择JK触发器比较好。如图7.2所示。

T触发器如果J和K输入端（如图7.2所示）保持逻辑1（高电平），而时钟信号不断交变，Q和Q输出将在CLK时钟信号的每一个下降沿改变状态。

这种方式工作的JK触发器（J与K连接在一起）构成T触发器，T触发器必须是边缘式触发的。

D触发器 D触发器（如图7.3所示）也是当时钟脉冲从逻辑1降到逻辑0时可能改变输出状态，且Q端的输出总是与在时钟下降沿时D的输入状态一致，这一点是与RS和JK触发器不同的。

寄存器

一个寄存器是一组触发器，每个触发器能储存一个二进制位的信息。一个N位的寄存器有N个触发器，能储存N位二进制的信息。除了触发器，一个寄存器可能还有一些组合门电路来完成数据处理任务。

如图7.4所示是一个用4个D触发器构成的最简单的寄存器。所有触发器在同一时钟输入脉冲的上升边缘触发，这时在4个输入端的二进制数据信息被传送到4位寄存器中。可以在任何时候读取4个输出端，获得储存在寄存器中的二进制的信息。

把新的信息传送到寄存器中被称为写入寄存器。如果寄存器的所有位是用同一个时钟脉冲控制同时写入的，称为并行输入。在图7.4寄存器中，在C端加一个时钟控制信号将使4个输入（I0~I3）并行写入。在并行设置中，如果要保持寄存器中的内容不变的话必须禁止时钟控制端输入。

计数器

计数器主要有两种：同步和异步。

一个异步计数器中包含了若干个触发器，每个触发器的输出端与下一个输入端相连接。每当输入信号从高电平到低电平（下降沿）时触发器的输出状态发生变化。这种简单的接法工作起来很有效，但由于时钟“异步”通过各个触发器，触发器的输出稍有延迟。图7.5显示如何连接异步计数器，每个计数器的最高位输出QD接到下一个计数器的时间输入端（CLK）。

一个同步的计数器内部电路结构比较复杂，以保证所有的计数器输出都在每一个时钟脉冲输入时同时改变，同步的计数器可以避免异步计数器中可能出现的误计数。图7.6所示为同步计数器，所有的时钟输入端（CLK）是连接在一起的，进位输出信号CO接在下一个计数器的进位输入信号CI上，第一个计数器的CI应接高电平（无进位信号）。

第八课集成电路

一、课文习题参

Ⅰ.(1) × (2) √ (3) × (4) × (5) √

Ⅱ.(1)The integrated circuit is sometimes called an IC. An integrated circuit is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material. The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.At todays level of development, it might comprise more than ten thousand separate electronic elements including elements of many functions, such as diodes, transistors,

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in thecapacitors and resistors.

(2)Integrated circuits are often classified by the number of transistors and other electronic components they contain.

① Smallscale integration (SSI): up to 100 electronic components per chip.

② Mediumscale integration (MSI): from 100 to 3 000 electronic components per chip. ③ Largescale integration (LSI): from 3 000 to 100 000 electronic components per chip.

④ Very largescale integration (VLSI): from 100 000 to 1 000 000 electronic components per chip.

⑤ Ultra largescale integration (ULSI): more than 1 million electronic components per chip.

(3) A typical IC design process is composed of the four following categories.

① System design is the process of defining the circuit functionality and the inputoutput behavior. The level of specification may be expressed in terms of a flowchart or in terms of a highlevel hardware description language (HDL).

② Logic design is the process of transforming a highlevel description of a complex function into a net list of technology independent logic elements such as NAND gate, NOR gates, inverters and latches. This process helps to ensure that minimal logic is used to implement the function that was earlier defined in a highlevel language.

③ Circuit design transforms the basic logic components into networks of transistors and interconnects.

④ Layout design creates geometrical shapes on various mask layer, which correspond to a silicon implementation of the circuit.

(4) Layout design creates geometrical shapes on various mask layer, which correspond to a silicon implementation of the circuit.

(5) Good.

Ⅲ.这些步骤每一步都有它自己的基本目标。系统设计阶段的目标是提供一个完整和精确的功能描述。逻辑阶段的设计目标是减小能量消耗。线路板设计目标则是以高集成度实现一个电路的功能。

二、参考译文

20世纪50年代，电路的主要元器件是真空管。但是真空管存在固有的不稳定因素，功耗大，体积比较大。人们更迫切地需要愈来愈小的电子元器件。于是，集成电路就应运而生了。不到十年，集成电路在工业产品设计的使用范围已经有了显著的扩展。学习集成电路是有必要的。

集成电路

集成电路有时又被称为IC。集成电路是用半导体材料制成的小电子器件，第一块集成电路是在20世纪50年代由德克萨斯仪器公司的Jack Kilby和 Robert Noyce开发的。

集成电路发明仅五十余年，它已经成为电子工业的奇迹之一。它广泛用在各种工业和消费品中。然而这种电子器件的使用范围被认为还仅仅是个开端，它具有无限的发展潜力。

在各种设备包括微处理器、音频和视频设备以及汽车中都用到集成电路。

一个集成电路看起来不过是一个银灰色的金属小片。虽然它很小，但它的每个制造步骤都含有很高的技术含量。就当前的发展水平，每个集成电路可能是由一万多个的元器件组成，这些元器件具有多种不同的功能，如三极管、二极管、电容或电阻。

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk managementensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the对一个进行系统设计的工程师来说了解集成电路是必不可少的。因为实际上每个现代系统中都含有作为关键部件的集成电路。集成电路通常根据其包含的晶体管和其他电路元件的数量来归类。

● 小规模集成电路（Smallscale integration）: 每个芯片中有100个以下的电子元件。

● 中规模集成电路（Mediumscale integration）: 每个芯片中有100到3 000个的电子元件。

● 大规模集成电路（Largescale integration）：每个芯片有3 000到100 000个电子元件。

● 很大规模集成电路（Very largescale integration）：每个芯片有100 000到1 000 000个电子元件。

● 超大规模集成电路（Ultra largescale integration）：每个芯片中有100万个以上的电子元件。

摩尔定律指出,在一个芯片上,器件集成的数量将每两年翻一番，这些年来，集成电路的发展是符合摩尔定律的。

集成电路的设计过程

一个集成电路的设计过程是由以下几个部分组成的。

● 系统设计是定义电路功能和输入输出特性的过程。这一通讯的说明可以用流程图或用一种高级硬件描述语言（HDL）来表示。

● 逻辑设计是把一个复杂功能的高级描述转换成由逻辑部件如与非门、非门、转换器、锁存器构成的功能列表，这个过程有助于用最小化的逻辑来实现前面用高级语言定义的功能。

● 电路设计是把基本逻辑部件转换成晶体管和内部连接构成电路的过程。

● 线路板设计是根据硅材料电路的需要在各层面上创建几何形状（即制作具体的晶体管元件等）。

这些步骤每一步都有它自己的基本目标。系统设计阶段的目标是提供一个完整和精确的功能描述。逻辑阶段的设计目标是减小能量消耗。线路板设计目标则是以高集成度实现一个电路的功能。

第九课数字信号处理

一、课文习题参

Ⅰ.(1)The digital signal processing is concerned with the representation of the signal sequence expressed the signal and processing these digital and the signal sequence.

(2) The development of digital signal processing origins from the 1960s, utilizes such as the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) on the computer mainframe to carry on the data processing to the digital signal. However, these techniques were not widely used at that time, because suitable computing equipment was generally available only in universities and other scientific research institutions.

Because computer is quite expensive at that time, the application of digital signal processing technology also is restricted. The personal computer appearance of the 1980s and the 90s has provided the bigger development space to the DSP technology. Not only was the military and government departments need, the DSP technology was very quickly entered the commercial marketplace. DSP arrived peoples ordinary life in such products as the mobile telephones, compact disc players and electronic voice mail.

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in theAt the beginning of 1980s, DSP is becoming specialized graduate curriculum in the electronic engineering After ten years, DSP becomes a part of the undergraduate curriculum. Today, DSP becomes a necessary skill needed by the multidomains scientists and engineers. DSP has revolutionized many areas in science and engineering.

(3)The new processors or DSP chips have features that include the following.

① Builtin hardware multipliers to allow fast multiplications. Newer DSP chips incorporate singlecycle multiplyaccumulate instructions and some have several multipliers working in parallel.

② Separate busses or memories for program and data—the wellknown Harvard architecture, which permits an overlap of instruction fetch and execution.

③ Cyclesaving instructions for branching or looping. For example,RPTK N:repeat the next instruction N times;MACD:move data into memory, multiply and accumulate with delay.

④ Very fast raw speed. Some chips have a cycle time of 100 ns.

⑤ Use of pipelining which reduces instruction time and increases speed.

(4) Separate busses or memories for program and data—the wellknown Harvard architecture, which permits an overlap of instruction fetch and execution.

(5) Perfect. Ⅱ.(1) × (2) √ (3) × (4) √ (5) √

Ⅲ.DSP 系统具有实时运算的特征，并注重高吞吐率和大量的算术运算。最显著的运算是乘法、加法或乘累加。这些运算导致了新一代处理器的开发。它的结构和指令集根据DSP 运算要求编制。

二、参考译文信号处理

信号处理具有悠久的历史。在各个不同的领域，如生物工程医学、声学、雷达、地震学、语音通信、数字通信、核科学以及其他领域。在许多应用场合，比如心电图分析、语音传输、语音识别系统中，提取某些特征参数。有时，我们可能希望剔除混在信号中的干扰和噪声，或者把信号变成专业人员更容易解释的形式。在上述每种情况下，都需要对信号进行处理。

数字信号处理

数字信号处理主要研究用数字或符号的序列表示信号和处理这些数字或符号的序列。这样处理的目的可能是估计信号的特征参数，也可能是把信号变换成某种更符合要求的形式。经典的数值分析公式，如为内插、积分、微分而设计的数值计算公式，是数字信号处理算法。（如图所示）另一方面，由于高速数字计算机的出现，促进了日益复杂和巧妙的信号处理算法的发展。同时集成电路工艺的发展，使比较经济地实现十分复杂的数字信号处理系统成为可能。

由于信号是用数字计算机处理的，人们自然而然地用越来越巧妙的信号处理算法去做实验，比如运用傅立叶反变换等。1965年出现的计算傅立叶变换的高速算法，加速了新的数字信号处理技术的发展。这种算法后来被称为快速傅立叶变换（FFT）。快速傅立叶变换把计算傅立叶变换需要的时间减少了几个数量级，这就有可能实现日益复杂的信号处理算法，使其具有能与系统进行交互的处理时间。

快速傅立叶变换的另一个重要含义是它和离散时域概念联系起来。它可以直接计算离散时间信号或序列的傅立叶变换，并且包含有一整套在离散时间域中精确成立的特性和数学关系，而不单纯是连续时间傅立叶变换的近似。它的重要作用是促使人们利用离散时域数学重新建立许多信号处理的概念和算法，并在离散时间域中形成了一套严格的关系

数字信号处理技术的发展

数字信号处理(DSP)的发展起源于20世纪60年代，在计算机主机上运用诸如快速傅立叶变换等方式对数字信号进行数据处理。然而当时这些技术并没有得到很广泛的运用，因为当时只有高校和一些科研所才有适合进行数字信号处理技术的计算机。

因为那时计算机比较贵，数字信号处理技术的应用也受到。20世纪80年代和90年代个人电脑的出现给DSP技术提供了较大的发展空间。不仅是军事和部门的需要，DSP技术受商业的影响很快进入了市场。DSP技术通过移动电话、影碟机、电子语音信箱等电子产品深入到了人们的普通生活。

20世纪80年代初，DSP成为电子工程专业的本科课程。十年后，DSP成为研究生课程的一部分。今天，DSP成为众多领域科学家和工程师的必备技能。DSP技术使科学与工程领域发生着性的变化。

数字信号处理器

20世纪70年代末80年代初微处理器的产生使DSP技术的广泛应用成为可能。在20世纪80年代基于DSP技术的电子工艺使DSP芯片得以产生。这种特殊的微处理器需要数字信号处理技术。同一般的微处理器一样，DSP是一个编程器件，它有自己专门的指令和编码。DSP芯片每秒可以处理上百万次的运算。

DSP系统具有实时运算的特征，并注重高吞吐率和大量的算术运算。最显著的运算是乘法、加法或乘累加。这些运算导致了新一代处理器的开发。它的结构和指令集根据DSP运算要求编制。新一代处理器或DSP芯片具有以下特征。

① 内置的硬件乘法器允许快速进行乘法运算，较新的DSP芯片收编有单周期乘累加指令，其中一些能使几个乘法器并行工作。

② 程序和数据采用分离总线、分别储存，这就是著名的哈佛结构。它允许取指与执行重叠。

③ 分支或循环的周期—保存指令。RPTK N：重复下一条指令N次；MACD：将数据移入内存，相乘和延迟累加。

④ 非常快的速度。例如有些DSP芯片的周期达到40ns。 ⑤ 采用流水线减少了指令时间，增加了速度。

数字信号处理是20世纪展现科学与工程最有力的技术之一。它在广阔的领域里起着性的变化。与模拟信号相比，数字信号处理的技术能更好的提高信号的质量并压缩信号。

DSP技术能实时地收集、处理、分析、传输、显示和存储现实世界的信息，是许多新的支撑信息社会的数字信息产品和应用的核心。

第十课单片机

一、课文习题参 Ⅰ.(1) √ (2) × (3) √ (4) √ (5) ×

Ⅱ.(1)They are onchip memory, external code memory and external RAM.

(2)External code memory is code (of program) memory that resides offchip. This is often in the form of an external EPROM.

(3)Eight types.

(4)Data movement instructions: MOV，LEA，LES，PUSH，POP，PUSHF，POPF. (5)String instructions: MOVS，STOS，LODS.

Ⅲ.源程序中的每一条指令都与一条汇编语言语句对应。语句必须指明执行什么操作

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the和对什么数据进行操作。因此，一条指令可以分成两个部分:操作码和操作数。操作码是指出要执行的操作，如典型的操作是加、减和移动。

二、参考译文

单片机（微处理器）

单片机是在一块超大规模集成芯片上，集中了微型计算机的全部基本部件，即CPU、RAM、ROM，以及I/O接口电路。由于这种紧凑的结构，使其具有相当于小的体积和较高的性价比，特别适合面向控制的场合，因而在最近十几年来得到了迅速的发展。

MCS51单片机是目前在我国广泛流行的一种通用型单片机，它有8051/8751/8031，80C51/87C51/80C31/C51，8052/8032。

8051是一种单片机，如图10.1所示，现在许多开发微控制器中都有8051，因此对一个想要用微处理器开发产品的人来说掌握8051编程技术是很重要的。

8051有三种存储器，为了掌握8051编程技术需要了解这些基本的存储类型。如图所示。

图10.2所示三种存储器，它们是片内存储器、外部程序存储器和外部数据存储器。片内存储器是指单片机芯片内自带的存储器（程序、数据和其他类型），片内存储器可能有几种形式。外部程序存储器是代码（程序）存储器，是外部的EPROM芯片。外部RAM存储器也是外部芯片，通常是静态RAM或闪存RAM芯片。

汇编语言指令

汇编语言指令是厂家提供的用来描述微处理器可以执行的最基本的指令。汇编语言通常用字母符号来代替微处理器的机器码。汇编语言语句通常放在左边，语句的注释则放在右边。这种格式使编程者容易书写、阅读和调试代码。“代码”是指用微处理器语言书写的程序（即机器码）。用汇编语言书写的程序被称为源代码。

源程序中的每一条指令都与一条汇编语言语句对应。语句必须指明执行什么操作和对什么数据进行操作。因此，一条指令可以分成两个部分：操作码和操作数。操作码是指出要执行的操作，如典型的操作是加、减和移动。

在汇编语言中，我们指定一个、两个或三个字母的结合来表示一种操作，这些字母结合是为了记住指令。

操作数指出用微处理器执行操作码指定的操作数时要处理的数据。如80x86单片机的指令可分为八类：

● 数据移动指令：MOV，LEA，LES，PUSH，POP，PUSHF，POPF

● 算术指令：ADD，INC，SUB，DEC，CMP，NEG，MUL，IMUL，DIV，IDIV ● 逻辑、移位、转动和位操作指令：AND，OR，XOR，NOT，SHL，SHT，RCL，RCR

● 转换指令：CBW，CWD，XLAT ● 输入/输出指令：IN，OUT

● 字符串指令：MOVS，STOS，LODS

● 程序控制指令：JMP，CALL，RET，CONDITIONAL，JUMPS ● 其他指令：CLC，STC，CMC

阅读材料（1）视频图像压缩(阅读材料) 一、阅读材料习题参

Ⅰ.（1）Achilles heel (2)quadruplespeed (3)analogtodigital converters (ADCs)

(4)Intraframe compression(5)JPEG

Ⅱ.（1）× （2）√ （3）√ （4）√ （5）×

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk managementensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in theⅢ.（1）像许多新技术一样，数字视频有一段波折的经历：产品提前发布、需大量CPU时间的技术运行在低功能的机器上，以及不平稳的、模糊的、邮票大小的视频图像被吹捧为GUI的第二次到来。

(2) 可是PC机上的视频图像有一个致命弱点，下面一句话最具代表：“为什么视频图像在我的＄200的TV上看起来更好呢?”答案很简单：电视图像是模拟的，而计算机是数字的。

（3）帧内压缩是完全在个别的帧内进行的。在帧内压缩时，codecs使用各种技术把像素转换成更紧凑的数学公式。最简单的技术称作行程长度编码(RLE)。按这种编码法，各行中相邻的相同像素串归在一起。

(4) 事实上，所有codecs都是质量上有损失的。在压缩期间，使用更紧凑的公式来替换诸像素。这些公式被设计用来近似原来的像素，而不是精确地重新产生原像素。正如你会想到的那样，压缩越大，视频质量的损失越大。

（5）捕获卡利用模—数转换器(ADC)把模拟视频信号转换成二进制代码。这些视频图像信号能被捕获作为连续的原始视频帧，发送到并保持在系统的随机存取存储器中，在那里用软件对它们进行压缩。

二、阅读材料参考译文

为了了解目前PC机上的视频图像情况，重要的是知道其历史，并了解一点视频技术的最新发展水平。

性能忧虑

像许多新技术一样，数字视频有一段波折的经历：产品提前发布、需大量CPU时间的技术运行在低功能的机器上，以及不平稳的、模糊的、邮票大小的视频图像被吹捧为GUI的第二次到来。可是PC机上的视频图像有一个致命弱点，下面一句话最具代表：“为什么视频图像在我的＄200的TV上看起来更好呢?”答案很简单：电视图像是模拟的，而计算机是数字的。

计算机不能直接处理模拟信息——它们必须(用数字)模仿模拟信息。计算机首先对视频图像数字化，或者说把模拟帧分成许多像素。一个0×480的帧需要307 200个像素，每个像素用一个字节来存储。加上24位颜色浓度(高质量的视频图像所需)，这就使存储需要量增加两倍，即每帧需921 600个字节。以每秒30帧的速率计算，则达到每秒处理920万个像素，超过27MB数据!这不仅提出了惊人的存储和带宽问题，其数据量超过了功能最强大的台式计算机所能实时处理的量。

一些简单的“缩放”技术用来减小这种负载。首先是缩小图像的大小。四分之一屏幕大小的视频图像(320×240)需要整屏图像(0×480)的四分之一带宽，这就降到每秒6.912兆字节。其次是降低帧率，即每秒显示的帧之数目。大多数视频图像达到每秒30帧(fps)，与电视一样。从30fps降到15fps，数据速率减低一半，到大约每秒3.5MB。第三种技术是减少颜色浓度。从24位减到8位，数据速率又减少了2／3，到每秒1.1MB。根据视频图像的类型，你将知道用哪种方法。

遗憾的是，即使每秒1.1MB的数据率对四倍速的CD—ROM驱动器和大多数非SCSI硬盘还是太高，因此，缩减图像大小、帧率和颜色浓度，仍不能解决问题，这就是为何要进行视频图像压缩。

视频图像压缩

视频图像压缩是一组用来缩小视频图像文件大小的技术。由称为codecs(压缩／解压)产品所体现的这些方法分为两大类：帧间压缩和帧内压缩。

帧间压缩利用关键帧和δ帧方法来消除帧之间的冗余信息。关键帧存储一幅完整的帧，而δ帧或“差异”帧，仅记录帧间变化。解压时，CPU从关键帧和累加的δ帧来构

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the造各个帧。

帧内压缩是完全在个别的帧内进行的。在帧内压缩时，codecs使用各种技术把像素转换成更紧凑的数学公式。最简单的技术称作行程长度编码(RLE)。按这种编码法，各行中相邻的相同像素串归在一起。

帧内压缩技术从简单的RLE到已成文档的诸标准，如JPEG，到一些特殊数学方法，如小波和分形变换。不是所有的codecs既用帧间压缩技术，又用帧内压缩技术——一些只用帧内压缩。那些使用两种压缩技术的codecs在消除了帧间冗余后，对关键帧和δ帧内的信息进行帧内压缩。

所有视频图像序列都有不同数量的帧间和帧内冗余，这意味着不同序列将有不同程度的压缩。现在的codecs通常都能保证把数据率降到更合理的水平，问题是以什么代价?

需要代价

俗话说“没有免费的午餐”，对codecs也是这样。codecs缩减数据率的代价是视频图像质量的降低。

事实上，所有codecs都是质量上有损失的。在压缩期间，使用更紧凑的公式来替换诸像素。这些公式被设计用来近似原来的像素，而不是精确地重新产生原像素。正像你会想到的那样，压缩越大，视频质量的损失越大。

暂且不说压缩，视频图像有一些很难对付的运行方面的问题需考虑。视频图像的输入／输出和解压都要花大量的CPU时间，局部总线结构通过加速数据传输减轻了负载。由于使用奔腾处理机，我们最后有系统能胜任这一任务。

视频图像捕获和编辑

标准的视频图像源，如摄像机，录像机，或光碟播放机把模拟视频信号传送给视频捕获卡，与此同时模拟音频信号被发送给PC机内的声卡。

捕获卡利用模—数转换器(ADC)把模拟视频信号转换成二进制代码。这些视频图像信号能被捕获作为连续的原始视频帧，发送到并保持在系统的随机存取存储器中，在那里用软件对它们进行压缩。

同时，音频信号经历了由声卡的转换器对它进行的模—数转换。此信息也发送到PC机的主系统随机存取存储器。

在已捕获了视频和音频信道后，这些被捕获的信号可以直接存储到硬盘上，也可用软件对它们进行压缩。通常，这些数字视频和音频信号被存储为同步的或交错的AVI文件放在硬盘上。

因为在本综述中视频捕获卡不提供硬件的解压支持，所以CPU担负了对系统内存中这些文件的解压工作。AVI文件的被解压的数字视频信号部分从内存发送到常规的VGA或SVGA图形适配器，在那儿这部分信号转换成非交错的模拟信号。

阅读材料（2）数字图像处理一、阅读材料习题参

Ⅰ.(1) Digital Image Processing (2)storage capacity (3)Data compression (4)image synthesis (5)lossy compression

Ⅱ.(1) 核磁共振 (2)超声波扫描 (3)远程会议 (4)放射学 (5)合成 (6)听觉的

Ⅲ.通常有两类压缩方法：无损压缩和有损压缩。无损压缩意味着能产生某个压缩系数并可完全复现原始图像。有损压缩则允许某些图像信息的丢失，但在压缩比上有着更大的潜力。

二、阅读材料参考译文

数字图像处理这个术语通常指的是利用数字计算机处理二维画面。从宏观角度上，

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk managementensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the它概括了任何二维数据的数字处理。一个数字图像是以有限的二进制位数表示的实数或复数数组。以幻灯片、投影胶片、照片或绘图方式给定的图像首先要进行数字化，再以二进制数字方阵形式存储在计算机存储器内。然后，再对这个数字化的图像进行处理，并(或)将其显示在具有高分辨率的电视显示器上。

为便于显示，图像被存储在快速存取的缓冲存储器内，该存储器以30帧每秒的速率刷新显示器，以形成视觉上连续的显示。小型或微型计算机可通过联网方式(例如以太网)通信，控制所有的数字化、存储、处理和显示操作。利用终端可以把程序输入到计算机内，在终端、电视监视器、打印机或绘图仪上输出信息也是很方便的。

数字图像处理的应用范围较广，例如与人造卫星和其他宇宙飞船有关的遥感技术，用于业务上的图像传输和存储，医疗诊断，雷达、声呐，声像处理，机器人和工业零件的自动检测。

通过卫星获取的图像可用来跟踪地球资源；地理测绘；农作物生长，城市发展和气象的预测；防洪、防火以及其他环境下的应用。空间图像应用包括对在外层空间探测飞行中所获取图像中的物体进行识别与分析。图像传送和存储的应用体现于广播电视、电活会议，办公室自动化的图像传真(打印的文件和图形)、计算机网络通信、基于安全性监视系统的闭路电视以及军事通信之中。

医疗中的应用涉及到胸部X射线的处理，横断轴向层析摄影的投影图像以及应用在放射学、核磁共振和超声波扫描中的医疗图像。这些图像可以用于病人隔离和监视，肺肿瘤或其他疾病的诊断。雷达和声呐图像被用来侦测和识别各类目标，或用于飞行器或导弹系统的制导与操纵。还有很多其他方面的应用，其范围从工业自动化中的机器人视觉到卡通制作或时装设计的图像合成。换句话说，每当人、机器或任何其他系统接收到二维或二维以上的数据信息，都要进行图像处理。

与视频信息相关的数据量是如此之大，以至于需要相当多的存储容量。虽然有些存储介质的容量也很大，但这些存储体的存取速度通常是与其容量成反比。标准电视图像生成的数据速率为10Mb/s以上，有些图像源还能产生更高的数据速率。这些数据的存储与(或)传输需要很大的容量与(或)带宽，其代价是相当昂贵的。图像数据压缩技术涉及在无信息丢失的前提下减少存储或传输图像所需要的位数。由于图像传输和图像存储的应用范围相当广泛，使得数据压缩在数字图像处理中显得尤为重要。

通常有两类压缩方法：无损压缩和有损压缩。无损压缩意味着能产生某个压缩系数并可完全复现原始图像。有损压缩则允许某些图像信息的丢失，但在压缩比上有着更大的潜力。

阅读材料（3）输入/输出一、阅读材料习题参

Ⅰ.（1）interactive input（2）Speechrecognition（3）Impact printers （4）resolution（5）dotmatrix

Ⅱ.（1）故意破坏（2）穿孔的（3）按键，按一下键（4）喷墨打印机（5）绘图仪（6）非击打式

Ⅲ.（1）A cathoderay tube (CRT) that is basically a television tube adapted to present text, data, or images generated by computers.

(2)A common electronic imaging technique used in flatpanel displays is liquidcrystal display (LCD).

(3)The electroluminescent display (ELD), which is similar to gasplasma but has layers of phosphor rather than gas.

(4)Highquality color monitors receive three separate color signals (red, green, and blue)

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in theand thus are called RGB color monitors.

Ⅳ（.1）Input device can be viewed as some of the sense organs of a computer system. Our input sense organs for sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell convey information to our central nervous system. Along the way, this information is encoded into a pattern that the brain can process. In an analogous way, keyboards, computer terminal, digital scanners, touch screens, computer mouse, penbased input, optical character recognition, sensing devices, and voice input devices are some of the ways computer systems receive information, that is then encoded for processing.

（2）Speechrecognition, or voiceinput, devices accept spoken words through a microphone and change the sounds into computerready signals.

（3）Home computer users may link their systems to thermometers, light detectors, and motion detectors to help control energy use and deter vandalism.Input from these detectors is called sensor input.

(4) In most cases, it is the job of the output device to decode these code symbols into a form of information that is easy for people to use or understand, such as text, pictures, graphics, or sound.

(5)Four.The flatpanel displays used on portable computers are less bulky and require less power than CRT monitors. A common electronic imaging technique used in flatpanel displays is liquidcrystal display (LCD). Two other flat panel displays are the gas plasma display, which uses electric current to cause gases to glow, and the electroluminescent display (ELD), which is similar to gasplasma but has layers of phosphor rather than gas.

二、阅读材料参考译文

人们可以通过输入输出设备和计算机进行交流,输入输出设备的速度、容量和使用的简易性直接影响着整个系统的表现。

计算机的输入

输入技术输入设备可以被看作是计算机系统的某些感觉器官，人们通过视觉、听觉、触觉、味觉和嗅觉等感觉器官把信息传递给自己的中枢神经系统，通过这种方式，这些信息被变成大脑能处理的形式。按同样的道理，键盘、计算机终端、数字扫描器、触摸屏、鼠标、手写板、光符号识别器、感应设备和语音输入设备等是计算机系统接收信息并对其编码处理的几种方式。

通常，输入的数据或信息激活信息系统，就像灯的开关既可以开又可以关一样，输入也可以中断处理过程。因此，输入的主要任务是激活或中断信息处理。

输入是一个过程，它包括用设备将数据编码或转换成计算机能够处理的数字码。例如，如果按下终端或个人计算机上的字母键A，则激活了一个信息处理周期。该键是一个简单的开关，它感受手指的触压，并触发一个完成下列步骤的循环：按键被编码或转换成机器能识别的代码；将已编码的数据存储在存储介质中以备处理；在计算机的监视屏上显示字母A。

当要了解输入的过程时，把输入分成不同的类别是很有必要的。

交互性输入交互性输入是指当向计算机输入信息时，获取直接输入计算机的信息，并从计算机得到响应。例如，当你敲键时，立即在屏幕上看到敲键的结果。所以这又叫做屏幕相关型输入。

对于某些任务，键盘输入太慢或使用不便，因而可以不用键盘，而采用很多其他交互性输入设备。例如，目前大多数微型计算机都配有鼠标或跟踪球，这就可以用手臂或手的自然运动去移动光标了。

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk managementensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the某些屏幕本身可以接收交互性输入：例如，虽然触摸屏看上去像普通的计算机屏幕，但它可以检测到你触摸的那一点。诸如图形艺术、映像和工程等的技术应用通常需要一些专门的输入方法。光笔和图形输入板或数字化仪这几种工具应该是使用最多的了。

直接输入在信息系统中，大多数的延时、错误和问题发生在输入阶段。为解决这一问题，研究出了很多提高输入速度、精确度和可靠性的方法。综合地说这些方法可以称为源数据自动化。扫描、声音输入和传感器输入是三种直接输入类型。

扫描仪，又称光学扫描仪，是一种用于读取印刷品上信息的设备，因而，印刷品上的信息可以变成计算机能够读的形式输入到计算机中，而无须对这些信息再录入、重画、重新打印或重新照相。

语音识别语音识别，又称声音输入，这种设备能通过麦克风接收话音并将其转化为计算机能识别的信号。

传感器输入家庭电脑用户大概希望将他们的计算机系统与温度计、光探测器和监视器连接起来，以便控制能源的使用和防止外人非法入侵。这些探测器的输入信息称为传感器输入。传感器也广泛用于工业、科技和医疗等。

计算机的输出

输出技术当处理的结果被输出时，信息处理就结束了，计算机程序所生成的就是一串被编码的符号流。在大多数情况下，输出设备的工作就是将这些符号码解码成人们容易使用和理解的信息形式，例如文本、图像、图形或声音。

当计算机系统的输出不直接被人们利用的时候，这条规则也会失效，将文件存储到海量存储设备上以便将来输入计算机便是一个最好的佐证，更加生动的例子是工厂中计算机系统的输出是为机器而不是为人设计的。最早的例子是数控机床，例如，钻床、车床、铣床。计算机程序的输出用来直接控制它们的操作而不需要人的干预，在这个例子中，人仅仅需要编写输出的程序，这个程序通常是打孔的纸带，纸带被装在机器的输入设备上，然后启动机器。今天，整个工厂由机器人运作。这些机器人不是那种科幻小说或电影中看到的，而是能够控制和操作整个装配线的、可编程的、多用途的操作者。

输出设备是计算机系统的一种分发工具，即输出硬件或者把信息以人可阅读的形式发送给用户，或者把信息存储起来备用。显示(视频输出)和打印的文件是两种常用的人可读的输出形式。计算机也能模仿人的话音来实现交流。

最常用的输出设备要算监视器了，它是一种与电视机显像管基本相似的阴极射线管(CRT)，用于显示由计算机产生的文本、数据或图像。高性能彩色监视器接收三种颜色信号(红、绿和蓝)并称之为RGB彩色监视器。显示器的清晰度，其术语叫做分辨率。监视器的分辨率表明屏幕上的图像点或像素的数量(像素是图形单元)。

用于便携式计算机上的平面显示器比CRT监视器体积小，耗电少。用于平面显示器的一种常用的电子显像技术是液晶显示(LCD)。另外两种平面显示器是气体等离子显示器和场致发光显示器(ELD)，前者用电流使气体发光，后者与气体等离子体相似，但激发的是若干磷涂层而不是气体。

文件输出打印机文件是在打印机和绘图仪上输出的，这两种设备在纸上生成影像或文本。这种输出称为打印输出或硬拷贝。

打印机和绘图仪可按几种方法分类，其中之一是按接触或非接触式打印来分类。接触式打印机微型计算机常用的接触式打印机是点阵式打印机，它是驱动装在打印头上的打印针，对着色带和纸打印的。多个针构成一个矩阵，而矩阵中针的不同组合形成了字符或图像。

非接触式打印机非接触式打印机采用热、激光或喷墨技术来打印字符和图像。目前使用的非接触式打印技术主要有两种：喷墨和激光打印机。

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the阅读材料（4）虚拟现实一、阅读材料习题参

Ⅰ.（1）√ （2）× （3）√ （4）√ （5）√ Ⅱ.(1)Virtual Reality(VR) (2)Armbased Trackers (3)Shutter Glasses (4) Headmounted Displays (5)Data Glove (6)Threedimensional Mouse

Ⅲ.(1) 谈论到移动视点和操作者身体这个话题，我们必须有一种要求计算机移动一切的方法。

(2) 输入设备能使用某些手段将信息传给计算机。解释输入工具输给计算机的内容并将其应用于虚拟世界。

(3) 手套不能跟踪手在空间的位置，它们只能把手指的有关信息传递给计算机。 (4) 要告诉计算机手在空间的位置就得使用。使用的目的是告诉计算机被跟踪物体的坐标位置以及其纵摆、俯仰和翻滚的数值以便确定其在空间的位置。

(5) 这就意味着只看到图像而看不到任何类似于电影屏幕的边框。这种显示系统加上头置就可使操作者通过运动自己的头部看到模拟世界里的任何部位。

二、阅读材料参考译文

虚拟现实(或VR)，是借助于计算机系统建造幻影的软硬件技术。以下例子说明其工作原理：一个虚拟现实用户，头戴可以看见人造的、具有连环画效果景象的专用护目镜，并戴上特制的手套，然后进行动作。动作发生时，护目镜中的景象随动作发生变化。

谈论到移动视点和操作者身体这个话题，我们必须有一种要求计算机移动一切的方法。输入设备能使用某些手段将信息传给计算机。解释输入工具输给计算机的内容并将其应用于虚拟世界。有好几种输入设备可以配置用于虚拟世界的计算机上，例如键盘、鼠标(一般的鼠标和三维鼠标)、游戏杆、手套和(包括超声波、带臂和磁性)。

键盘(略) 鼠标(略) 三维鼠标

几家公司想出了使用普通鼠标移动的许多方法，并将其扩展为建立三维鼠标。这些鼠标不再在桌面上使用，它们可以离开桌面在空中运动。计算机能够识别鼠标在空间的位置并把这些信息传递给应用软件。

如果用鼠标来控制虚拟手，那么还需要其他方法来移动用户的视点和身体，这些运动可通过使用游戏杆完成。

游戏杆

游戏杆在计算机系统上的使用要比以前更为普遍。使用游戏杆来控制飞行喷气飞机要比用键盘控制容易得多。由于游戏杆的运动，作为输入工具，它控制操作者视线和身体就变得非常自然,如果你想往前运动，你就径直让游戏杆向前。同样，往左运动游戏杆，你也就向左运动。

手套

数据手套(DataGlove)发明后，大家开始使用“手套”这个名字。数据手套是Lycn公司生产的,其手指上带有光纤传感器。当你把手插入手套，光纤遍布你的手指尖。当你握拳或松手时，光纤能告诉计算机手指弯曲的程度。计算机能利用该信息设法显示你手上的精确的情况或将这种显示用于其他目的。

手套不能跟踪手在空间的位置，它们只能把手指的有关信息传递给计算机。要告诉

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk managementensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the计算机手在空间的位置就得使用。使用的目的是告诉计算机被跟踪物体的坐标位置以及其纵摆、俯仰和翻滚的数值以便确定其在空间的位置。这个信息和被跟踪物体的实际表现相联系。由于能够确定被跟踪物体的角度位置，因此将它戴在操作者的头上是很有用的。这种头部跟踪可以使计算机根据操作者的视线来改变虚拟真实中的视点。例如，假设你现在的视点是在一条街上，你就可以简单地抬起头来向上看到摩天大楼的顶部。使用于虚拟真实的有多种类型，然而商业应用中仅此三种：超声、带臂和磁性。

既然我们有能力将信息传输给计算机，我们也需要一种办法来看到这些信息。显而易见的选择是使用计算机的显示器。显示器将充当虚拟环境的输出设备作用，但是要记住我们的目的是提供一个使用户感觉到自己处于一个全真世界里的系统。我们将看一看使用显示器，同时还要看一看使用眼罩眼镜和头置显示系统。

显示器

对于虚拟真实的应用来说，输出问题是一个重要得多的题目。输出的目标是提供一个全真的环境并使用户感到他们正身临其境。如果你用显示器玩过三维(立体)游戏，你会觉得自己不是在玩游戏，而老是感觉到是在看一个电影屏幕。另一方面，因为人人都有一个显示器，所以，我们可以有把握地说，你所创建的利用显示器的任何程序都将拥有众多的观众。但是显示器不能达到身临其境的效果。

眼罩眼镜

要从计算机屏幕得到身临其境的感觉可以通过戴上眼罩眼镜来实现。使用眼罩眼镜可以从显示器向用户眼睛和屏幕面板之间发射出一个三维图像。

头置显示系统

虚拟真实的超声显示系统就是头置显示系统，平面和立体显示版本均可使用这种显示系统。

头置显示系统包含有一套光设备，这就使得操作者的眼睛集中于固定在前面的两个小的显示器。利用一种专门的光设备图像可以拉到操作者的跟前，围绕着两眼，使得操作者身临图像之中。这就意味着只看到图像而看不到任何类似于电影屏幕的边框。这种显示系统加上头置就可使操作者通过运动自己的头部看到模拟世界里的任何部位。

在今天的世界里，标准用户计算机界面将会像现实生活经历一样真实。有些虚拟现实应用已是显而易见，而且，新闻媒介还在不断地报道新的应用。以下是些例证。

建筑学通过虚拟现实，可以“观光”基础还未浇注的房屋。房屋的计算机模型首先以三维形式出现。接着，进行计算机“观光”的客户可以按照其选定的顺序从近处、远处以及各种不同角度观察各个房间。程序可以有效地显示晴天或雨天房屋的自然光照射情况，以及人工光线所产生的变化。客户不满意起居室的外观和尺寸吗?没问题，使用改型软件包能修改形状、重新喷涂、重新布光、重新装修，只需几秒钟就能完成。

娱乐在娱乐行业，虚拟现实应用已达全方位，幻影是这里最主要的产品。许多城市的以虚拟现实游戏为特色，在这里游客能在计算机生成的逼真景观中与魔鬼战斗。很多情况下，虚拟现实参与者必须戴上可直接观看计算机生成的幻影的专用护目镜，戴着内镶传感器的手套，当双手移动时，护目镜中的幻影随着改变。长篇幅电影和计算机游戏软件也增进了虚拟现实技术的应用。

投资投资分析家使用虚拟现实技术来研究有价证券。传统分析固有的问题是追踪有价证券板块相对于总体市场变化的复杂性。虚拟现实能用不同颜色标志特定板块的股票，例如科技板块。即时股票运行的三维动画可以帮助分析家们清晰地将特定板块在整个股票市场的表现显示出来。

其他应用除已经提到的应用之外，新闻媒体突出报道了各种其他的VR应用。例

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the如，在真正使用注射器或解剖刀给病人治疗之前，医学院学生利用VR技术进行模拟注射和手术。在体育界，研究人员应用VR技术可以模仿细微的身体动作，以计算出怎样使某些运动员表现非常出色。

模拟试题一

一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true (√)or false (ⅹ)(20 points) 1. A semiconductor diode is a two-terminal device containing a single P-N 2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

9. The MATLAB system consists of five main parts: development environment; the MATLAB

Mathematical Function Library; the MATLAB language; handle graphic; the MATLAB Application Program Interface(API)

junction.

Because the behavior of the JK flip-flop is completely predictable under all conditions, this is the preferred type of flip-flop for most logic circuit designs The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1850s by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.

The development of digital signal processing origins from the 1860’s MCS-51 is a kind of popular microprocessor in China. Richard E.Morley invented the PLC in 1868.

CRTs are the most common way of displaying images today.

The first commercial microwave oven , the Radarange , was built in 1947.

10. The transfer of new information into a register is referred to as loading the

二、Translate the following words and phrases into English (20points) 1、电感 2、方波

3、带通滤波器 4、放电

5、绝缘电阻值

三、Translate the following paragraph into Chinese(20points)

The binary system is the primary language of the computer and the octal and hexadecimal systems are usually used for communication with the computer and for the storage of information within the computer. Since computers can only process binary numbers or numbers coded in other systems such as octal and hexadecimal, the decimal system must be converted to one of there other systems before it can be processed by the computer. When the computer finishes its operations on the information, the output is printer or displayed in number system other than decimal, and this too must be converted, this time back to the decimal system.

四、Answer the following questions with English (40points)

1、what is the Electronics?

2、How many types can the 80x86 instructions be divided into? 3、What is the Integrated Circuit?

模拟试题二

一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true (√)or false (ⅹ)(20 points)

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

A diode is a semiconductor that allows current to flow in any direction. There are two main types of counters: ripple and synchronous

Logic design is the process of defining the circuit functionality and the input-output behavior. The level of specification may be expressed in terms of a flowchart or in terms of a high-level hardware description language (HDL).

DSP techniques can improve signal quality with filtering of signals and to exact important information rather than analog electronics.

Assembly language instructions are provided to describe each of the basic operation that can be performed by a microprocessor.

Most PLCs have a separate rack and power supply to make them modular.

Active matrix technology used a grid of conductive metal to charge each pixel. They are less expensive.

In 1846 Raytheon patented the microwave cooking process The audience for push technology is limited to individual users.()

MATLAB is an non-interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning.

二、Translate the following words and phrases into English (20points)

交流电路

组合逻辑电路t

三、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese(40points)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

桥式整流器线性器件定时仿真器

A synchronous counter has more complex internal structure to ensure that all its outputs change precisely together on each clock pulse, avoiding the brief false counts, which occur with ripple counters. The diagram (Fig 7.6) shows how to link synchronous counters, notice how all the clock(CLK) inputs are linked. Carry out(CO) is used to feed the carry in CI of the next counter. Carry in CI of the first counter should be high.

Each instruction in source program corresponds to one assembly language statement⑤. The statement must specify which operation is to be performed and what operands are to be processed. For this reason, an instruction can be divided into two separated parts: its opcode and its operands⑥. The opcode is the part of the instruction that identifies the operation that is to be performed.

四、Answer the following questions (20points)

1、Please give out a brief description of the OR operation?

2、The 8051 has three very general types of memory, Please make a list of them

模拟试题三

一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true (√)or false (ⅹ)(20 points)

1. Generally ,the breakdown voltage is less voltage than the circuit will ever see, so it is irrelevant

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the2. An integrated circuit looks like nothing more than a tiny silver-gray chip of metal. Although it is very small, it represents the most highly skilled technology at very step of its manufacture.

3. The introduction of the microprocessor in the late 1970s and early 1980s made it possible for DSP techniques to be used in a much wider range of applications. 4. On-Chip Memory is code (of program) memory that resides off-chip. This is often in the form of an external EPROM.

5. There are three types of PLC configurations: Modular systems;Link distributed I/O systems;Fixed base PLCs

6. Liquid Crystal Display is only 4 inch thick and hanging on the wall 7. Microwave are attracted to water, sugar and fat molecules.

8. The MATLAB Language allows only “programming in the small” to rapidly create quick 9. Food is cooked in conventional oven more efficiently and quickly than in a microwave oven

10. MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing

二、Translate the following words and phrases into English (20points) 1. 等离子显示器 2. 半导体二极管 3. 偏振光..

4. 语义分析, 5. 滤波器类型

三、

Translate the following paragraph into Chinese(20points)

AHDL is Altera Hardware Description Language which is a high-level hardware behavior description language. It uses Boolean equations, arithmetic operators, truth tables, conditional statements, etc. Especially, it is well-suited for large or complex state machines. We use Insert AHDL Template in the Text Editor. We can Learn more about AHDL in the customer course such as Designing with MAX+plus II Using AHDL.

.四、Answer the following questions (40points)

1. Please write out the definition of Resistance 2.How to figure out the frequency of a waveform

3. There is a misconception that microwaves leak radiation, what do you think?

模拟试题四

一、 Decide whether each of the following statements is true (√)or false (ⅹ)(40 points)

1. A zener diode is a specially doped diode that operates the same as a regular

diode in the forward-biased condition (it allows large current to flow).

2. There are four basic tests required for transistors in practical applications: gain, leakage, breakdown, and switching time.

3. A register is a group of flip-flops with each flip-flop capable of storing several bits of information.

4. A synchronous counter can not avoid the brief false counts, which occur with ripple counters.

5. Small-scale integration (SSI): from 100 to 3000 electronic components per

6. Circuit design transforms the basic logic components into networks of transistors and interconnects.

7. All DSP chips have a cycle time of 100nS.

8. DSP technology can collect, process, transmit, display and store the real world information, sometimes in real time.

9. Each instruction in source program corresponds to one assembly language statement.

10. Data movement instructions involved ADD，INC，SUB，DEC，CMP，NEG，MUL，IMUL，DIV，IDIV.

11. Single instruction programmer is useful for a small edit of an existing program. 12. Link distributed I/O systems have plug in input and output modules. This makes it easy to add more I/O or change units.

13. Digital television is going to provide us with more channels and higher quality images, whether these are standard definition of higher definition.

14. New services making use of the advanced features of digital technology will present many-to-one, many-to-many and one-to-one communication.

15. In case of microwave ovens, the commonly used radio wave frequency is 2450MHz.

16. Especially in industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research,

development, and analysis.

17. Internet offers quantities of resources, including all the aspects of production and daily life.

Internet really makes our work and life very convenient.()

18. Hypertext, with its embedded hyperlinks, is another key to the success of the Web()

19. you can have the information you are interested in delivered automatically to your

desktop through push technology without spending hours scouring the Web()

20. Web page can’t be accessed by using a uniform resource locator (URL), which points to a

specific resource on the Internet.()

二、 Translate the following words and phrases into Chinese(20 points) 1. correlation and power spectral density 2. field effects transistors

3. two sets of deflection plates

4. Dedicated manufactures programming unit.. 5. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

三、 Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese(20points)

DSP systems are characterized by real-time operation, with emphasis on high through-put rate, and the use of algorithms requiring intensive arithmetic operations, notably multiplication and addition or multiply-accumulate. These lead to the development of a new kind of processor whose architecture and instruction set are tailored to DSP operations.

四、 Answer the following questions (20points)

1、Please give out a brief description of the development of PLC

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in the模拟试题一答案

一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true (√)or false (ⅹ)(20 points) 1. √ 4. × 7. √ 10. √ 2. √ 5. √ 8. √

9. × 3. × 6. ×

二、Translate the following words and phrases into English (20points)

6、 Inductor

7、 square waves

8、 the band-rejection filter 9、 discharge

10、 insulation resistance

（2） Translate the following paragraph into Chinese(20points) 二进制系统是计算机的基本语言。八进制和十六进制系统通常在计算机通信和计算机储存信息时用。计算机只能处理二进制系统或其它系统如八进制和十六进制中的二进制编码，所以十进制系统必须先转换成这些数字系统才能有计算机处理。当计算机对所给的信息处理完毕后，输出的信息是以非十进制的形式打印或显示出来。所以这些输出信息必须再转换成为十进制系统。

（3） Answer the following questions with English (40points)

Electronics is a part of the larger field of electricity. The basic principles of electricity are also common to electronics. Modern advances in the field of computer, control system, communications have a close relationship with electronics. The field of electronics includes the electron tube, transistor, integrated circuit and so on 2、

Eight types 3、

The integrated circuit is sometimes called an IC. An integrated circuit is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material. The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.At today’s level of development, it might comprise more than ten thousand separate electronic elements including elements of many functions, such as diodes, transistors, capacitors and resistors.

模拟试题二答案

b) Decide whether each of the following statements is true (√)or false (ⅹ)(20 points)

10、√ 1. × 4. √ 7. ×

3. √ × 5. 6. √ √ 8. 9. × ×

二、Translate the following words and phrases into English (20points)

6. a bridge(full-wave) rectifier. 7. linear device

8. timing simulation

10. the combinatory logic electric circuit,

三、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese(40points)

一个同步的计数器内部电路结构比较复杂，以保证所有的计数器输出都在每一个时钟脉冲输入时同时改变，同步的计数器可以避免异步计数器中可能出现的误计数。图7。6所示为同步计数器，所有的时钟输入端（CLK）是连接在一起的，进位输出信号CO接在下一个计数器的进位输入信号CI上，第一个计数器的CI应接在高电平（无进位信号）。

源程序中的每一条指令都与一条汇编语言语句一一对应。语句必须指明执行什么操作和对什么数据进行操作。因此，一条指令可以分成两个部分；操作码和操作数。操作码是指出要执行的操作，如典型的操作是加、减和移动。 a) Answer the following questions (20points)

1、

Give two input variables A and B, and an output variable Y. The expression

Y=A or B

means Y=1 if A=1 or B=1 or both A=1 and B=1

.They are on-chip Memory, External Code Memory and External RAM

模拟试题三答案

一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true (√)or false (ⅹ)(20 points)

10. ×1. × 4. × 7. √

8. √ 2. √ 5. √

3. √ 6. × 9. ×

二、Translate the following words and phrases into English (20points) 1. Plasma display

2. Semiconductor diodes 3. polarized light..

4. synthesis, 5. types of filter

三、 Translate the following paragraph into Chinese(20points)

AHDL是ALTERA硬件描述语言。它是一种高水平的硬件描语言。它运用布尔运算、算子、真值表和条件语言描述等。值得一提的是，它特别适合大且复杂的机械。在文本编辑器中我们使用AHDL模板。在基于AHDL的MAX+plus II中我们能学到关于AHDL语言的相关知识。

.四、Answer the following questions (40points) 1.

Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current and is represented by the letter symbol R. The unit of resistance is the Ohm, expressed by using Ω 2.

The frequency of a waveform can be determined by counting the number of centimeters, horizontally, in one cycle of the waveform and the multiplying it by the setting time/cm control. For example, if the waveform is 2cm long and the control is set at 1ms/cm, the period would be 2ms. The frequency can now be found from

of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism. o conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited. Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happyWe will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication \"zero resistance\". o constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promoteproblem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ER, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure \"zero.\" To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. o strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of \"zero risk\". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure thebusiness can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity. o further standardize trading, and strive to achieve \"according to law, standardize and fair.\" Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees \"zero fly\". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. o further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in \"five type Enterprise\" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening \"four good\" leadership construction, full play levels cadres in enterprise development in thethe formula: f=1/T=1/2ms=500Hz. 3.

I think microwaves radiation can’t be leaked Because it’s virtually impossible to be in contact with microwaves emitted from a microwave oven. There is some sort of pattered mesh covering on the doors of all microwaves. Because the waves are wider than the holes, the shield which is made of metal blocks the waves form going through the plastic door

模拟试题四答案

五、 Decide whether each of the following statements is true (√)or false (ⅹ)(40 points)

36. × 21. √ 26. √ 31. √

37. √ 22. √ 27. × 32. ×

38. √ 23. × 28. √ 33. √

39. √ 24. × 29. √ 34. √

40. ×25. × 30. × 35. √

六、 Translate the following words and phrases into Chinese(20 points) 6. 相关性和功率谱密度 7. 场效应管三极管 8. 两对偏转板

9. 专供制造厂编程单元. 10. 可编程逻辑控制器七、 Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese(20points)

DSP 系统具有实时运算的特征，并注重高吞吐率和大量的算术运算。最显著的运算是乘法、加法或乘-累加。这些运算导致了新一代处理器的开发。它的结构和指令集根据DSP 运算要求编制。

八、 Answer the following questions (20points) 1、

Richard E.Morley invented the PLC in 1968. After his invention, Morley founded the Modicon Corportation to produce and sell the concept of the PLC to industry. Before that time manufactures like GM or Ford would use electro-mechanical relays hooked to limit switches, push buttons, timers, counters and coils all interconnected to perform the “sequence of operation” needed to produce their Chevy or Lincoln. There were thousands of electrical connections involved. To understand this sequence and help in trouble shooting, Ladder Logic Schematics were used.

Ladder Logic helped in understanding the “sequence of operation”, but thousands of hours would be required to make changes in the sequence to produce next year’s car model. The PLC concept of manufacturing put a stop to all this requiring from one model year to the next. The assembly line was made flexible by routing all inputs to the PLC and all outputs from the PLC.

The first PLCs focused on large applications where over one thousand inputs and outputs would be involved. Today you can buy a PLC with as little as 6 inputs and 6 outputs

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