文章难句解析
Text 1
1.【文章难句】 It has been a divisive issue across the U.S., as educators blamed the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions.
【结构分析】 该句为一复合句，It has been a...issue是句子的主干， as educators...in minority admissions 是原因状语从句。
【句子精译】 它一直是美国国内争论不休的问题，因为教育者把少数民族学生的入学人数下降归咎于对肯定诉讼程序的持续反对。
2.【文章难句】 They, together with 36 universities and 7 non-profitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative-action.
【结构分析】 They...formed a forum是句子的主干， that set forth...on
affirmative-action 是定语从句，修饰说明 a forum, essentially designed to help...on affirmative-action是分词短语，修饰plan。
【句子精译】 他们联合了36所大学以及7家非营利性公益组织创建了一个论坛来实施一个行动计划，专门帮助大学在肯定诉讼上规避法庭强加的约束。
3.【文章难句Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldn’t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.
【结构分析】 Doing so allows colleges to take minorities 是句子的主干，even if...是让步状语从句；who excel in average urban schools 是定语从句，修饰minorities； many universities use 也是定语从句省略了that，修饰ranking。
【句子精译】 这样做使学院可以录取在一般市镇学校中的少数民族尖子生，即使他们在当前全国许多大学使用的级别排定下本不愿意作以削减。
Text 2
1. But, says Randall Rothenberg, the boss of the Interactive Advertising Bureau, a trade association, the announcements this week by Facebook and its larger rival, MySpace, which has a similar ad system, could amount to a big step forward in conversational marketing.
【结构分析】这是一个复合句，其主干是But, says Randall Rothenber, …the announcements…could amount to…。the boss of…是主语的同位语；a trade association是前面的the Interactive Advertising Bureau的同位语；在宾语从句中，
which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来修饰前面的MySpace的。
【句子精译】但是，一家名为互动广告局的贸易协会的老总Randall Rothenberg认为，Facebook和其较大的对手——拥有相似广告体系的MySpace在本周发布的宣言将在对话市场营销中向前迈出一大步。
2. If, for instance, a Facebook user makes a purchase at Fandango, a website that sells cinema tickets, this information again shows up on the news feeds of his friends on Facebook, who might decide to come along.
【结构分析】 这是一个复合句，其主干是If… a Facebook user makes a purchase…, this information… shows up…。在前面的条件状语从句中，a website…是前面Fandango的同位语；主句中who引导的定语从句是修饰friends的。
【句子精译】比如，假设一个Facebook的用户在卖电影票的网站Fandango购买了电影票，这个信息就会出现在这个人在Facebook上的朋友新闻地带中，他们也可能会决定一起去。
Text 3
1.【文章难句】 The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family are in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of
marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage.
【结构分析】 这是一个复合句，主干是The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family are a function， 省略的定语从句as seen by the individual members of the marriage修饰前面整个主句。
【句子精译】 家庭中的每个成员都可以看到，在很大程度上是婚姻中获利与成本间的平衡导致了婚姻的组成、维系与破裂。
2.【文章难句】 Much of the variations in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society, e.g. division of property, alimony, child support, and the social stigma attached to divorce.
【结构分析】 句子的主干是variations in marital stability can be explained by the variation in costs，imposed by society是一个省略的定语从句，修饰costs of dissolution。
【句子精译】 社会施加在婚姻解体上的成本差异，如财产分割，赡养费，孩子的抚养及受到玷污的名声，导致了不同收入阶层婚姻稳定性的差异。
3.【文章难句】 So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact family from coverage.
【结构分析】 句子的主干是opportunities are...but this is not the result of AFDC regulations, 定语从句that exclude most intact family from coverage 修饰AFDC regulations。
【句子精译】 因此，在贫困地区，导致家庭不稳定性的重要决定因素是能享受到福利的机会，而不是由于“子女家庭补助计划”把众多完整家庭排除在保护范围之外造成的。
Text 4
1.【文章难句】 Alarmed by a 20-year decline in student achievement, American schools are considering major upheavals in the career structure of teachers, school boards around the country are planning to abandon
traditional salary schedules and singles out outstanding teachers for massive pay rise.
【结构分析】 这是一个并列句，主干是schools are considering...school boards are planning to abandon schedules and singles out teachers. Alarmed by a 20-year decline in student achievement作原因状语从句。
【句子精译】 学生成绩持续20年的下降情况给美国各大学校敲响警钟，它们正考虑对教师的职业结构进行重大改革，全国各地的教育董事会正计划抛开传统的工资单，选拔
杰出的教师作为大规模涨工资的对象。
2.【文章难句】 To make ends meet it is common for teachers to take second jobs in the evening and in their summer holidays, and women, who used to make up the bulk of teachers candidates are turning to better paid professions.
【结构分析】 这是一个复合句，主干是it is common for teachers to take second jobs and women are turning to better paid professions， To make ends meet是目的状语， who used to make up the bulk of teachers candidates 是定语从句, 修饰women。
【句子精译】 为了收支平衡，教师在晚上或利用暑假从事第二职业是司空见惯的，此外，过去准备当教师的大多数是妇女，如今她们正转向一些工资较高的职业。
3.【文章难句】 Champions of the idea say it would at least hold out the promise of high pay and status to bright graduates who are confident of their ability to do well in the classroom, but are deterred by the present meager opportunities for promotion.
【结构分析】 这是一个复合句，主干是Champions say，it would at least hold out the promise of high pay and status to bright graduates who are confident of their ability to do well in the classroom, but are deterred by the present meager opportunities for promotion整个从句作宾语，宾语从句中的主干是it would hold out the promise，定语从句who are confident of their ability to do well in the classroom,
but are deterred by the present meager opportunities for promotion修饰graduates。
【句子精译】 支持这种做法的人士称，该办法至少可兑现向一些优秀毕业生曾作出过的“高工资和高地位”的承诺，这些毕业生对自己课堂教学的能力充满自信，但由于升职的机会很少，他们暂时无法得到晋升。
Text 5
1. 【文章难句】 The idea of public works projects as a device to prevent or control depression was designed as a means of creating job opportunities for unemployed workers and as a “pump priming”device to aid business to revive.
【结构分析】 句子的主干是The idea of public works projects was designed, as a means...and as a “pump priming”, as a device to prevent or control depression作方式状语。
【句子精译】 建立公共工程项目以防止或控制经济萧条的想法被认为是为失业工人提供就业机会的一种方法，同时也是帮助企业复苏的一种促进式手段。
2. 【文章难句】 In order to remove this stigma and restore to the unemployed some measure of respectability and human dignity, a plan was devised to create governmentally sponsored work projects that private industry would not or could
not provide.
【结构分析】 a plan was devised是句子的主干，that private industry would not or could not provide是定语从句，修饰projects, governmentally sponsored是work projects的前置修饰语。
【句子精译】 为了消除这种被救济的“耻辱”，在一定程度上恢复失业人员的名望和尊严，一项由政府资助设立工程项目的计划应运而生，这些工程项目是私人企业不愿或者不能提供的。
3. 【文章难句】 It entered into contracts with private construction firms to erect them, or it loaded money to local or state governments which undertook their constructions, this created many jobs in the factories reducing the material as well as in the projects themselves, and greatly reduced the number of unemployed.
【结构分析】 this created many jobs...and greatly reduced the number of unemployed是句子的主干， this 所指代的是分句It entered into contracts with private construction firms to erect them, or it loaded money to local or state governments which undertook their constructions.
【句子精译】 这样不仅为这些工程本身而且为那些正在缩减原料生产的工厂创造了许多就业岗位，从而大大减少了失业人数。
Text 6
1. 【文章难句】 Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and admen troposphere (ATP), the energy provider.
【结构分析】 句子的主干是Anaerobic glycolysis is a process。in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and admen troposphere (ATP), the energy provider整个作定语从句, 修饰说明process。
【句子精译】 无氧糖酵解就是将能量供应者——肌肉肝糖在无氧的情况下分解成乳酸和ATP，并制造能量的过程。
2. 【文章难句】 If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 300 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production.
【结构分析】 句子的主干是the dinosaur would have been able to generate the energy of 300 humans。
【句子精译】 比方说，一个食肉动物攻击一个100吨重的恐龙，虽然恐龙一般都反
应迟缓，但是它们几乎可以立即通过无氧糖酵解产生最多相当于300人有氧代谢所产生的能量。
3. 【文章难句】 With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent ( in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.
【结构分析】 句子的主干是the lactic acid level is high，leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted是结果状语，which is then sent ( in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis是定语从句, 修饰glucose。
【句子精译】 肌体猛烈爆发活动结束后，体液中乳酸水平较高，使得大型动物容易受到攻击伤害。这种危险直到乳酸通过氧化代谢由肝脏转化成葡萄糖，部分葡萄糖被运往肌肉，重新合成糖元后才消失。
Text 7
1. 【文章难句】 In America, the debate is no longer about whether surgery is normal; rather, it centers on what age people should be before going under the knife.
【结构分析】 这是一个并列句，主干是 the debate is no longer about...rather, it centers on..., 从句 what age people...作centers on 的宾语。
【句子精译】 在美国，争论不再是关于外科手术是否正常，相反，它集中于在动手术前应是什么年龄的人。
2. 【文章难句】 But the proportionate cost of treatment has fallen substantially, bringing all but the most advanced laser technology within the reach of most people.
【结构分析】 句子的主干是the...cost... has fallen, bringing all but...the most people 是动名词短语，起到结果状语的作用，来修饰句子主干，其中 all but 意为“几乎，差不多”。
【句子精译】 但是手术费用比例的大幅下降，让大多数人都可以支付得起那最为先进的激光技术手术费。
3. 【文章难句】 Dr. Davis suspects that the increasing sophistication of the fat injecting and removal techniques that allow patients to be treated with a local anaesthetic in an afternoon has also helped promote the popularity of cosmetic surgery.
【结构分析】 这是一个复合句，主干是Dr. Davis suspects that..., 宾语从句中的主干是the sophistication has also helped..., that allows patients to...in an afternoon 是定语从句，修饰fat injecting and techniques。
【句子精译】 戴韦斯博士觉得使得病人只需一个下午用局部麻醉就能医治的日益先进的脂肪注射和除脂技术，也有助于提高美容外科的流行度。
Text 8
1. 【文章难句】 A legend among the Polynesian Cook Islanders of the South Pacific describes the descent of the culture hero Maui to the underworld, where he learned the art of making fire by rubbing two sticks together.
【结构分析】 句子的主干是A legend describes the descent of Maui，定语从句where he learned the art of making fire by rubbing two sticks together修饰underworld。
【句子精译】 而在南太平洋波利尼西亚库克群岛人中流传着的传说则描述了毛伊岛的文化英雄的后代去阴间的故事，在那里他学会了用摩擦两根棍子而生火的办法。
2. 【文章难句】 Various Semitic peoples appeased the fire god Moloch with the sacrifice of their firstborn children, and ritual offerings to fire gods were made by the Egyptians and other peoples of the ancient world.
【结构分析】 句子的主干是Semitic peoples appeased Moloch with the sacrifice and ritual offerings to fire gods were made by the Egyptians and other peoples.
【句子精译】 闪米特人把自己的第一个孩子祭献火神，用以平息其怒气，而埃及和古代的其他民族也都有各自为火神的祭祀仪式。
3. 【文章难句】 Various explanations, none of them altogether satisfactory, have been offered to explain why fire walkers apparently suffer no burns or pain.
【结构分析】 句子的主干是explanations have been offered to explain， why fire walkers apparently suffer no burns or pain是宾语从句。
【句子精译】 对于为什么在火上行走不至于被火灼伤或不感到疼痛，各种解释很多，但没有哪一种完全令人信服。
Text 9
1.【文章难句】Keynesianism went into hiding in the 1980s, when none of the old remedies could stop stagflation, and Ronald Reagan returned classical economics to the forefront of Washington’s policy.
【结构分析】本句的主干结构是Keynesianism went into hiding in the 1980s。when引导的是时间状语从句，该从句中包含一个and引导的并列句。
【句子精译】凯恩斯主义在20世纪80年代时远离了人们的视线，那时所有传统的补救措施都无法遏制通货滞涨，后来罗纳德· 里根恢复了古典经济学在华盛顿各项政策中的中心地位。
2.【文章难句】We could see serious depletion of government revenue, ever as Washington is spending billions in the war effort.
【结构分析】本句的主干结构是We could see serious depletion of government revenue。as引导的是一个完整的句子，as在此不能译为“随着”，所以这里也不表伴随，其合理译法应该以为“正如，好像”，
【句子精译】我们将看到政府收入会被严重地损耗一空，正如华盛顿政府现在正把几十亿美元用于战争一样。
Text 10
1.【文章难句】Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and
environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic are powerful factors bearing down on a 1950s-style constructions program.
【结构分析】本句看起来很长，但其实是一个主语很多的简单句。本句的主语是由两个and 并列的四个动名词短语，即主语是Soaring land costs, increasing concern over social and environmental disruptions caused by road-building, and the likelihood that more roads can only lead to more cars and traffic，谓语是are，宾语是powerful
factors。理清这一点，句子的结构就很清楚了。另外，bearing down on a 1950s-style constructions program.是powerful factors的定语。
【句子精译】土地费用高涨，修路引起人们对社会和环境破坏日益关注，修更多的路可能只会造成车辆增多，以及交通这些强有力的因素使人们全力以赴这项20世纪50年代风格的建筑计划。
2.【文章难句】The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency by treating the road and the vehicles traveling on them as an integral transportation system.
【结构分析】本句的主干是The goal of smart-highway technology is to make traffic systems work at optimum efficiency。by引导的是方式状语从句，该从句中出现一短语，即treat…as…，译为“把……看作……”。
【句子精译】智能高速公路技术的目的是把公路和行驶其上的汽车看作一个完整的交通体系，从而使这一系统发挥最佳效能。
Text 11
1.【文章难句】The hull was sheathed on the outside with lead that was fixed to the timber with bronze tacks which helped the wooden frame survive 2000 years
under the sea.
【结构分析】本句的主干是The hull was sheathed on the outside with lead。that引导的定语从句修饰lead，which引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰整个句子。
【句子精译】船体的外部都包了铅，这些铅板靠铜钉固定在船架上，这使得木制船架在海底得以保存2000年之久。
2.【文章难句】After checking his description, the team decided to concentrate their resources on the Kyrenia ship, and over the next two years a team of no fewer than 50 archaeologists and divers took part in the excavation.
【结构分析】本句是由and 引导的并列句，其主干是the team decided to concentrate their resources on the Kyrenia ship, and…。After短语位于句首，作句子的状语。
【句子精译】经过核对他的描述，考古队决定集中他们所有的财力和物力勘察凯尔尼亚的沉船，在接下来的两年里，一支由考古学家和潜水员组成的多达50人的考古队参与了对沉船的打捞。
Text 12
1.【文章难句】It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced.
【结构分析】本句的主干是It is frequently assumed that。that引导的是宾语从句，在该宾语从句中，who引导的定语从句修饰the people，which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰the society。
【句子精译】史学家们往往假设，劳动的机构化不仅仅对那些操作新机器的人们的生活，而且也对机器所被引入其中的社会，均产生了种革命性的影响。
2. 【文章难句】The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.
【结构分析】本句句子较长，要重点划分其主要结构。句子主干是The increase in the numbers of married women had less to do with the mechanization of housework and…than…。employed outside the home是过去分词短语作married women的定语。than提示了句子含有比较结构。that引导定语从句，修饰high marriage rates。
【句子精译】二十世纪已婚妇女在家庭以外就业的人数不断增加，这与家务的机械化及这些妇女闲暇时间的增加并无多大联系，更多地是与妇女自身的经济需要和高婚姻率相
关。高婚姻率致使所能雇佣的单身女工的总量缩减，而在此之前的许多情形中，单身女性则是雇主们所愿雇佣的唯一—类妇女。
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