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民法总论和人身权重点

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民法总论和人身权 第一章 民法概述

一、民法

形式上的民法,专指系统编纂的民事立法,即民法典。

实质上的民法是指所有调整平等主体财产关系和人身关系的民事法律规范的总称,它包括民法典、其他民事法律、法规。

广义民法是指私法,即规范平等主体之间的不具有权力性质的法。 狭义民法仅指私法的一部分,不包括商法,也不包括劳动法、亲属法。 一般民法是规范一般民事关系的法律。如各国的民法典;我国的《民法通则》 特别民法是指规范特定方面、特定领域的民事关系的法律。 如公司法、保险法等。 二、民法调整对象:中华人民共和国民法调整平等主体的公民之间、法人之间、公民与法人之间的财产关系和人身关系。

1、平等主体之间的财产关系:财产关系包括财产归属关系和财产流转关系。财产归属关系是因占有、使用、收益、处分财产而发生的社会关系;财产流转关系是因转移财产而发生的社会关系。

2、平等主体之间的人身关系:民法调整的人身关系,包括人格关系和身份关系。人格关系是基于人格利益而产生的社会关系。如基于生命、健康、肖像、名誉等而形成的人身关系 。身份关系是基于一定的身份而产生的社会关系。如基于婚姻、监护、署名所形成的人身关系。人身关系不以直接的经济利益为内容,具有专属性。 三、民商法关系上的立法例

1、民商分立,是指在一国的民法典之外指定商法典,民法典与商法典同为私法的基本法典,民法与商法为私法上并列的两个法律部门。

2、民商合一,是指在一国的民法典之外不再编纂商法典,而由民法典统一调整平等主体之间的财产关系。1881年的《瑞士债务法》是最早采取民商合一的立法典范。 四、民法的性质:1、民法为私法;2、民法为权利法;3、民法为文明法;4、民法为实体法;5、民法为任意法;6、民法为国内法;7、民法为行为规范兼具裁判规范 五、民法的任务:1、保护社会成员的私权;2、促进社会主义现代化事业的发展 六、民法的基本原则:民法基本原则是民法的基本精神和指导思想。

1、平等原则:(1)民事主体的权利能力平等;(2)在具体民事法律关系中的地位平等;(3)民事主体平等地协商相互间的权利义务;(4)民事主体的合法权益平等地受法律保护;(5)民事主体平等地负担义务和承担民事责任。

2、自愿、公平、等价有偿、诚实信用原则:自愿原则是指“意思自治”,即由当事人依自己的意思决定民事事项。公平原则体现为民事主体参与法律关系的机会均等,民事主体之间权利义务均衡。等价有偿原则,是指在交易中应实行等价交换,不得无偿的非法调取他人的财产。诚实信用原则是指民事主体在民事活动中要诚实,守信用,善意的行使权利和履行义务。

3、公序良俗原则:公序良俗原则从正面说是要求民事主体在民事活动中应尊重社会公德和社会公共秩序、公共利益;从反面说是要求民事主体在民事活动中不得损害社会公共利益,破坏公共秩序,违公德。

第二章 民法的渊源与适用

一、民法的渊源:民事法律规范的表现形式,即据以裁判民事案件的法律规范或规范的来源。

民法渊源包括:1、;2、民事法律;3、法规;4、规章;5、最高人民的司法解释;6、国家;7、国际条约;8、判例和法理;9、习惯 二、 民法的效力

民法的效力即民法的适用范围,是指民法在什么时间、什么地方、对什么人发生效力。 1、民法在时间上的效力是指民法时间上的适用范围,是指民事法律法规在时间上所具有的法律效力。民事法律法规自法律实施之日起生效,自废除之日起失效。除法律有特别规定以外,民法一般没有溯及既往的效力。

2、民法在空间上的效力是指民法地域上的适用范围,指民事法律法规对何地域发生的民事关系有效。在中华人民共和国领域内的民事活动,适用中华人民共和国法律。 3、民法对人的效力即民法规范对人的适用范围,指民事法律法规适用于何人。具有中国国籍的自然人、法人,适用我国法律。在中国领域内的外国人、无国籍人,适用我国法律。

三、法律适用的规则:(1)特别法优于普通法;(2)后法优于前法;(3)强行法优于任意法;(4)例外规定排除一般规定;(5)具体规定优于一般性条款

四、民法的解释:法律解释分为文释与论理解释。文释即文理解释,是指依法律条文中所用的文句的字义或词义所作的解释。论理解释,是指依推理而阐明法律规范的真义。

论理解释包括:1、扩张解释,又称扩充解释,是指仅依法律文句的文释不足以表示立法的真义时,而扩张该文句的含义。2、限缩解释,又称解释、缩小解释,是指在法律条文的文句含义过于广泛时,而对其含义予以缩小。3、反面解释,又称反对解释,指依法律条文所规定的事项,就其反面的意思进行解释。

第三章 民事法律关系

一、民事权利的行使:1、当事人为实现权利实施一定的行为,为权利的行使。2、权利的行使有事实方式和法律方式两种。3、权利的行使以权利人的自由行使为原则,但对于义务性的权利,权利人不得怠于行使权利。4、禁止权利滥用

二、民事权利的保护:1、民事权利的保护广义上包括民事权利的确认,狭义上是指保障民事权利不受侵害或者恢复被侵害的民事权利所采取的救济措施。2、民事权利的保护包括自我保护与国家保护(私力救济和公力救济)。3、民事权利的自我保护,又称私力救济,是指权利人自己采取各种合法手段来保护其权利。私力救济包括自卫行为和自助行为。自卫行为是指为使权利免受不法侵害而采取的防卫或躲避措施。正当防卫与紧急避险属之。自助行为,是指权利人在权利受到侵害或有受侵害的危险又来不及请求国家保护时而采取的对他人的人身或财产施以拘押等措施。4、民事权利的国家保护,又称公力救济,是指民事权利受到侵害时由国家机关通过法定程序予以保护。 三、民事义务是民事主体即义务人在权利限定的范围内应为一定行为或不为一定行为的法律约束。民事义务的分类:(1)法定义务与约定义务;(2)积极义务与消极义务;(3)一般义务和附随义务;(4)专属义务和非专属义务

四、民事责任是民事主体违反民事义务而应承担的法律后果。民事责任分类:(1)债务不履行的民事责任与侵权的民事责任;(2)财产责任和非财产责任;(3)履行责任、返还责任和赔偿责任;(4)单独责任与共同责任(5)过错责任、无过错责任与公平责任

第四章 自然人

一、自然人是指基于自然规律而出生的人。自然人既包括自然受孕而出生的人,也包括通过人工授精等方式而受孕的人。

二、自然人的民事权利能力,是指自然人享有民事权利和负担民事义务的能力或资格。自然人的民事权利能力从出生时起到死亡时止。自然人死亡后的人格利益保护:对死者名誉的毁损,既损害了死者近亲属的名誉;也损害了死者的名誉。

三、自然人的民事行为能力,是指自然人能以自己的行为取得民事权利与负担民事义务的资格。

1、自然人民事行为能力的种类:(1)完全民事行为能力是指可以完全通过自己的行为取得权利和负担义务的资格。我国民法通则规定:十八周岁以上的自然人是完全民事行为能力人。十六周岁以上不满十八周岁的,以自己的劳动收入为主要生活来源的,视为完全民事行为能力人。(2)民事行为能力又称不完全民事行为能力,是指自然人可以进行一些民事活动,但不能进行全部民事活动的资格。十周岁以上的未成年人是行为能力人,可以进行与他的年龄、智力相适应的民事活动;其他民事活动由他的法定代理人代理,或者征得他的法定代理人的同意。不能完全辨认自己行为的精神病人是民事行为能力人,可以进行与他的精神健康状况相适应的民事活动;其他民事活动由他的法定代理人代理,或者征得他的法定代理人的同意。(3)无民事行为能力,是指自然人不具有以自己的行为取得权利和负担义务的资格。不满十周岁的未成年人是无民事行为能力人,由他的法定代理人代理民事活动。不能辨认自己行为的精神病人是无民事行为能力人,由他的法定代理力民事活动。

2、自然人民事行为能力状况的宣告:精神病人的利害关系人,可以向人民申请宣告精神病人为无民事行为能力人或民事行为能力人。被人民宣告为无民事行为能力人或者民事行为能力人的,根据它的健康恢复的状况,经本人或者利害关系人的申请,人民可以宣告他为民事行为能力人或者完全民事行为能力人 。 四、宣告失踪与宣告死亡

1、宣告失踪,是指经利害关系人申请,由人民宣告下落不明满一定期间的人为失踪人。公民下落不明满二年的,利害关系人可以向人民申请宣告他为失踪人。战争期间下落不明的,下落不明的期间从战争结束之日起计算。失踪人的财产由他的配偶、父母、成年子女或者关系密切的其他亲属、朋友代管。失踪人的财产代管人有管理失踪人财产的职责。

2、宣告死亡,是指经利害关系人申请,由宣告下落不明满一定期间的自然人为死亡的制度。宣告死亡发生与自然死亡相同的后果。但是,有民事行为能力人在被宣告死亡期间所实施的民事法律行为有效。有下列情形之一者,利害关系人可以申请宣告死亡:(1)下落不明满4年的;(2)因意外事故下落不明,从事故发生之日起满2年的。战争期间下落不明的,下落不明的时间从战争结束之日起计算。被宣告死亡的人重新出现或者确知他没有死亡,经本人或者利害关系人申请,人民应当撤销对他的死亡宣告。

撤销死亡宣告后的法律效力:在财产继承方面,依照继承法取得财产的自然人或者组织,应当返还原物或者给予适当补偿。在婚姻关系方面,如果其配偶尚未再婚,夫妻关系自撤销死亡宣告之日起自行恢复;如果其配偶再婚后又离婚或者再婚后配偶又死亡的,夫妻关系不能自行恢复。在父母子女关系方面,父母子女关系自动恢复。

五、监护,是对无民事行为和民事行为能力的未成年人和精神病人设立监护人,以监督和保护未成年人和精神病人的合法权益的制度。

1、未成年人的监护人的设立:(1)未成年人的父母是未成年人的法定监护人(2)未成年人的近亲属担任监护人,未成年人的近亲属包括祖父母、外祖父母;兄、姐。(3)未成年人的其他亲属、朋友担任监护人。(4)由有关组织担任监护人。

2、精神病人的监护人的设立:(1)精神病人的近亲属担任监护人。近亲属的顺序是配偶;父母;成年子女;其他近亲属。(2)其他亲属、朋友担任监护人;(3)有关单位担任监护人

3、监护人的监护职责:保护被监护人的人身;管理被监护人的财产;管理和教育被监护人;代理被监护人进行民事活动或进行诉讼

4、监护人的更换是指在监护人无力承担监护责任时,经其请求由有关单位或者人民更换他人为监护人。

5、监护人的撤换,指对不履行监护职责的监护人,经有关人员或有关单位申请,由人民撤销其监护人的资格,另行指定监护人。

6、监护的终止,即监护关系的消灭。对未成年人的监护,自被监护人成年时起,监护终止。对精神病人的监护,自该被监护人精神健康完全恢复被宣告为完全民事行为能力人时,监护终止。

六、自然人的住所:住所是指民事主体进行民事活动的主要基地和中心场所。居所为自然人居住的场所。一个人可以有多个居所,但只能有一个住所。公民以他的户籍所在地的居住地为住所,经常居住地与住所不一致的,经常居住地视为住所。所谓经常居住地,是指公民离开住所地后连续居住1年以上的地方,但住院治病的除外;公民由其户籍所在地迁出后迁入另一地之前,无经常居住地的,仍以原户籍所在地为住所。

七、自然人的身份证:身份证是证明自然人身份的法律文件。自然人从事的许多民事活动均须以身份证证明其身份。

第五章 法人

一、法人是具有民事权利能力和民事行为能力,依法享有民事权利和承担民事义务的组织。法人的条件:1、依法成立;2、有必要的财产和经费;3、有自己的名称、组织机构和场所;4、能够承担民事责任 二、法人的种类

1、学理上的法人分类:(1)依公法设立的法人为公法人;依私法设立的法人为私法人。(2)社团法人为人的组织体,其成立的基础是人。财团法人是财产的集合体,其成立的基础是财产。(3)公益是指社会一般利益,即不特定多数人的利益,且一般是非经济的利益。营利法人从事了积极的经营行为并将所得利益分配于法人的构成成员。(4)具有本国国籍的法人是本国法人;不具有本国国籍的法人是外国法人。

2、立法上的法人分类:(1)企业法人是指以营利为目的、从事商品生产和经营活

动的法人。根据生产资料所有制的性质,民法通则将企业法人分为全民所有制企业法人、集体所有制企业法人、中外合资经营企业法人、中外合作经营企业法人、和外资企业法人。企业法人又可分为公司企业法人和非公司企业法人。公司企业法人又分为有限责任公司和股份有限公司。有限责任公司,除法律有特别规定的外,采取准则设立主义原则;股份有限公司的设立原则为行政许可主义。(2)机关法人是指依法从事国家管理活动,并因行使职权需要而享有民事权利能力和民事行为能力的国家机关。我国机关法人的设立原则是采取特许主义。(3)事业单位法人是指从事非营利性的社会各项公益事业的具有法人资格的事业单位。事业单位法人,根据其登记与否,设立原则采取特许主义或许可主义。(4)社会团体法人包括社会团体和基金会法人两类。社会团体,是指自然人自愿组成,为实现会员共同意愿,按照其章程开展活动的非营利性的社会组织。基金会,是指对国内外社会团体和其他组织以及个人自愿捐赠的资金进行管理的民间非营利组织。社会团体法人的设立原则与事业单位法人相同。 三、法人的民事能力

1、法人的民事权利能力,是法人能以自己的名义享有民事权利和负担民事义务的资格和能力。法人民事权利能力始于法人成立、终于法人终止

2、法人的民事行为能力,是指法人通过自己的行为取得民事权利和负担民事义务的资格。法人的民事行为能力与法人的民事权利能力同时产生,同时废止。法人的民事行为能力与法人的民事权利能力在范围上具有一致性。法人的民事行为能力是通过法定代表人或其他人员来实现。法人或者其他组织的法定代表人、负责人超越权限订立的合同,除相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限的以外,该代表行为有效。

3、法人的民事责任能力,又称法人的不法行为能力,是指法人以自己的名义对其不法行为承担民事责任的能力或资格。法人的民事责任能力和法人的民事权利能力、民事行为能力同时产生、同时消灭。法人的民事责任能力是法人以其财产承担民事责任的能力。 四、法人的机关

1、法人机关是指根据法律、章程或条例的规定,于法人成立时就产生的不须特别授权就能够以法人的名义对内管理法人事务,对外代表法人进行民事活动的集体或个人。法人机关的存在是法人维持其人格的条件。

2、法人机关的构成:一般来说,法人机关由权利机关、执行机关和监督机关构成。公司企业法人的机关为股东会、董事或董事会、监事或监事会(国有独资企业公司不设股东会)。非公司企业法人,厂长(经理)为法人的机关。国家机关、事业单位法人实行首长负责制,首长即为法人的机关。社会团体法人的机关为成员大会和理事会;基金会法人的机关为理事会。

3、法定代表人是指依照法律或法人组织章程规定,代表法人行使职权的负责人。 4、机关与法人的关系是代表关系不是代理关系:法人机关与法人是部分与全体的一元关系,而代理人与被代理人是二元对立关系。法人机关的意思就是法人的意思,为一个意思;在代理关系中,代理人的意思和被代理人的意思是两个意思。法人机关的行为,就是法人的行为;而在代理关系中,代理行为是代理人的行为,而不是被代理人的行为。 五、法人的成立、变更及终止

1、法人成立,是指法人取得民事权利能力和民事行为能力的法律事实,相当于自然人

的出生。

2、法人成立的程序:法人成立须经设立和登记两个程序。

(1)须经设立:法人的设立是指创办法人组织,使其具有民事权利主体资格而进行的多种连续准备行为,它是法人成立的前置阶段。

我国现行法对法人设立采取的原则:机关法人,采取特许设立主义。事业单位法人和社会团体法人,依法不需要办理法人登记的,属于特许设立主义;依法需要办理法人登记的,采取行政许可设立原则。我国企业法人分为公司企业法人和非公司企业法人。公司企业法人又分为有限责任公司和股份有限公司。有限责任公司,除法律有特别规定的外,采取准则设立主义原则;股份有限公司的设立原则为行政许可主义。我国非公司企业法人的设立采取的为行政许可主义。

法人设立的方式:命令设立,即以命令的方式设立法人;发起设立,即由发起人一次性认购法人成立所需资金而设立法人;募集设立,即由发起人认购法人成立资金的一部分,其余资金向社会公开募集而设立法人;捐助设立,由法人或自然人捐助法人所需资金而设立法人。

(2)须经登记:在我国,法人的成立,原则上都必须经过登记。企业法人到工商行政机关登记。事业单位法人到机构编制管理机关登记。社会团体法人到民政部门登记。 3、法人的变更,是指法人在存续期内,法人组织上分立、合并以及在活动宗旨、业务范围上的变化。

(1)法人分立是指由一个法人分为两个以上的法人。包括新设分立和派生分立。新设分立,即解散原法人,而分立为两个以上的新法人。派生分立,即原法人存续,但从中分出新的法人。

(2)法人合并是指两个以上的法人合并为一个新法人。包括吸收合并和新设合并。吸收合并是指一个法人归并到一个现存的法人中去,参加合并的法人中的一个法人继续存在并吸收了已经消灭的其他法人。新设合并是指两个以上的法人合并为一个新法人,原来的法人消灭,新的法人产生。

(3)法人组织形式的变更:如有限责任公司在符合法定条件下,可以变更为股份有限公司。

(4)法人其他重要事项的变更是指有关法人的活动宗旨和业务范围等事项的变化。企业法人改变名称、住所、经营场所、法定代表人、经济性质、经营范围、经营方式、注册资金、经营期限,以及增设或撤销分支机构,都属于法人的变更。

4、法人的终止,又称法人的消灭,是指法人的民事权利能力和民事行为能力的终止,其民事主体资格消灭。企业法人基于下列原因而终止:依法被撤销;解散;依法被宣告破产;其他原因。

5、法人的清算,是指法人终止时清理法人的财产,了结其参与的法律关系。清算是法人终止的必经程序。

(1)法人清算的种类:法人终止后的清算分为破产清算和非破产清算。破产清算是指依破产法规定的清算程序进行的清算。非破产清算是指非依破产法的程序进行的清算。 (2)清算组织,又称清算人,是指负责清算的组织或个人。清算组织的职责:了结现存的事务;收取债权和清偿债务;移交剩余财产。

(3)法人在清算期间的性质:法人终止,应当依法进行清算,停止清算范围外的活动。 清算中的法人与清算前的法人具有同一人格,但其民事权利能力和民事行为能力受清算目的。

(4)清算终结,即法人完成清算职责。清算终结,应由清算人向登记机关办理注销登记并公告。完成注销登记和公告,法人即告消灭。

第六章 非法人组织

一、非法人组织又称非法人团体,是指不具有法人资格,但可以以自己的名义进行民事活动的组织。非法人组织的种类:1、营利性非法人组织与非营利性非法人组织;2、需登记的非法人组织与不需登记的非法人组织 二、合伙

1、合伙的概念:广义合伙指二人以上为实现一定的目的组成的不具有法人资格的联合体。狭义合伙是指二人以上为共同的经营目的,按照共同协议组成的不具备法人资格的营利性联合体。

2、合伙人的出资与合伙财产的使用、管理:合伙财产包括合伙人的出资与合伙存续期间以合伙人名义所得的利益。合伙财产为合伙人共同共有。合伙人对合伙财产有共同的管理和使用权。

3、合伙事务执行人:执行合伙事务的人为合伙事务执行人。

(1)合伙事务执行人有三种情况:全体合伙人共同为合伙事务执行人;部分合伙人为合伙事务执行人;合伙负责人为合伙事务执行人

(2)合伙事务执行人的权利:因执行合伙事务所垫付的必要费用,有请求合伙组织偿还的权利;因执行合伙事务有不可归责于自己的损害,有请求合伙组织赔偿的权利;执行合伙事务,有请求合伙组织支付报酬的权利。

(3)合伙事务执行人的义务:注意义务;忠实处理合伙事务的义务;竞业禁止义务。 4、合伙事务的异议是指合伙协议约定或者全体合伙人决定,合伙人分别执行事务时,合伙人对其他合伙人执行的合伙事务提出不同意见。

5、合伙事务执行的撤销是指委托执行合伙事务的合伙人不按合伙协议或全体合伙人的决议执行合伙事务,其他合伙人决定撤销该委托。

6、合伙收益的分配和亏损分担:合伙人对合伙的损益分配比例,依合伙协议的约定;合伙协议中未约定分配比例的,由各合伙人平均分配和分担;合伙协议中不得约定将全部利润分配给部分合伙人或者部分合伙人承担全部亏损 7、合伙与第三人的关系

(1)善意第三人的保护:合伙企业对合伙人执行合伙企业事务以及对外代表合伙企业权利的,不得对抗不知情的善意第三人。

(2)合伙债务的清偿:合伙债务,是指合伙存续期间以合伙名义进行经营活动而负担的债务。合伙债务应以合伙的财产承担;合伙财产不足承担部分,各合伙人承担连带责任。合伙人的个人债务,由合伙人的个人财产清偿,个人财产不足清偿时,债权人才有权要求将合伙人在合伙中应分取的收益进行清偿。

8、入伙是指合伙企业在存续期间第三人加入合伙组织并取得合伙人资格的行为。 入伙人入伙的条件:(1)全体合伙人同意;(2)依法订立书面协议

入伙的效力:入伙人入伙后,取得合伙人资格。入伙人对入伙的债务承担无限连带责任。 9、退伙是指合伙人在合伙组织存续期间退出合伙组织、消灭合伙人资格的行为。 (1)法定退伙又称当然退伙,是指基于法律的直接规定而退伙。具备以下条件时,合伙人法定退伙:合伙人死亡或者依法宣告死亡;合伙人被依法宣告为无民事行为能力人;合伙人丧失偿债能力;合伙人被人民强制执行在合伙企业中的全部财产份额。 (2)强制退伙又称除名退伙,是指合伙人出现某些情况后,其他合伙人可以决定该合伙人退伙。合伙人有下列情形的,可强制退伙:未履行出资义务;因故意或重大过失给合伙企业造成损失;执行合伙企业事务时有不正当行为;合伙协议约定的其他事由。 (3)声明退伙,又称任意退伙,是指合伙人依约定或但方面向其他合伙人声明退伙。有下列情形的,可以声明退伙:合伙协议约定的退伙事由出现;经全体合伙人同意退伙;发生合伙人难于继续参加合伙企业的事由;其他合伙人严重违反协议约定的义务。 退伙的效力:(1)退伙人的合伙人资格丧失;(2)退伙人或其继承人有权请求退还退伙人在合伙企业中的财产份额。;(3)退伙人应对退伙前已经发生的合伙企业债务,与其他合伙人承担连带责任;(4)退伙人退伙后,如果合伙企业只剩一个合伙人的,合伙企业终止。

10、合伙的解散又称合伙的终止,是指由于法定原因的出现或全体合伙人的约定使合伙关系消灭。

(1)合伙解散的原因:合伙协议约定的经营期限届满,合伙人不愿继续经营的;合伙协议约定的解散事由出现;全体合伙人决定解散;合伙人已不具备方法定人数;合伙协议约定的合伙目的已经实现或者无法实现;合伙企业被依法吊销营业执照;出现法律、行规规定的合伙企业解散的其他原因

(2)合伙解散的法律后果:应对合伙企业进行清算,一般由全体合伙人担任清算人对合伙企业进行清算。清算结束后,应依法进行注销登记。 三、其他非法人组织

1、个人独资企业是指一个自然人投资、财产属投资人个人所有,投资人以其个人财产对企业债务承担无限责任的经营实体。有下列情形之一的,个人独资企业解散:投资人决定解散;投资人死亡或被宣告死亡,无继承人或继承人决定放弃继承;被依法吊销营业执照;法律行规规定的其他情形。个人独资企业解散的,应进行清算。个人独资企业的债务,应按照下列顺序清偿:所欠职工工资和社会保险费用;所欠税款;其他债务。独资企业财产不足清偿部分,投资人应以其个人财产予以清偿。

2、个体工商户是指在法律允许的范围内,依法经核准登记,从事工商经营活动的自然人或家庭。个人进行个体工商经营的,由经营者个人承担财产责任;家庭进行工商经营的,以家庭财产承担财产责任;虽以个人名义经营,但以家庭进行投资或者其收益主要归家庭成员享用的,以家庭财产承担财产责任。

1、农村承包经营户是指在法律允许的范围内,按照承包合同的规定从事商品经营的农村经济组织的成员。以个人进行经营的,由经营者个人承担财产责任;家庭进行经营的,以家庭财产承担财产责任;虽以个人名义经营,但以家庭进行投资或者其收益主要归家庭成员享用的,以家庭财产承担财产责任。

第七章 民事权利客体

一、民事权利客体又称民事权利的标的,是指民事权利所指向的对象,即民事权利的利益载体。民事权利客体的种类:物;有价证券;行为;智力成果;权利;人身利益。 二、物,是指存在于人身之外的能够为民事主体所支配或实际控制并能满足其社会需要的物质资料。

1、动产是指能够移动而不损害其价值或用途的物。不动产是指不能移动或移动会损害其用途或价值的物。不动产主要指土地及地上定着物。

2、流通物是指法律允许民事主体之间依法定程序自由流通的物。流通物,是指法律对其流转给予一定程度的或者禁止自由流转的物。我国流通物主要有:专属国家所有的财产,如矿藏;非专属国家所有的财产包括土地、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂水面等自然资源;军用武器、弹药、毒品、品等;黄金;文物;黄色淫秽书刊、影像等。

3、在两个的物中,起主要效用的为主物;处于附属地位,起辅助或配合作用的物是从物。从物必须具备的条件:(1)从物的使用目的具有永久性。(2)从物与主物同属于一人。(3)从物须具有性。(4)须交易上视为从物。

4、原物是指产生收益的物,孳息为由原物所生的收益。孳息分为天然孳息与法定孳息。天然孳息是指依物的自然属性所生的收益。法定孳息是指依法律关系所生的孳息。 5、消耗物是指一次使用就归于消灭或改变原有形态或性质的物。非消耗物是指可以长期多次使用,并不会改变其形态和性质的物。

6、可分物是指可以分割并且不因分割而损害其用途及价值的物。不可分物是指按照物的性质不能分割,或者分割将损害其用途或价值的物。

7、特定物是指自身具有的特征,或者被权利人指定而特定化,不能以其他物代替的物。种类物是指具有共同的特征,能以品种、规格、质量或度量加以确定的物。 8、代替物是在一般交易上得以种类、品质、数量而定的物。不代替物是不能以他物代替之物。

9、有主物是指所有人明确的物。无主物是指没有所有人的物。

10、单一物是成一体的物。合成物是指由数个单一物构成的物。数个单一物合为一体,在法律上或观念上将其视为一物。集合物是指由多个单一物或合成物聚合而成的物,在法律或交易观念上视为一物的物的总体。如图书馆的所有藏书。

三、货币,是充当一般等价物的特殊商品,属于民法上的种类物。货币在民事法律关系中担当物权的客体;充当债权的客体。货币是民法上的特殊种类物,其特征:货币占有权与使用权合而为一,货币的占有人视为货币所有人。货币所有权的移转以交付为要件。货币不发生返还请求权与占有回复诉权问题,仅能基于合同关系、不当得利和侵权行为提出相应的请求。

四、有价证券是指设定并证明持券人有权取得一定财产权利的书面凭证。有价证券包括股票、公司债券、票据和依法认定的债券。

1、依有价证券所设定的财产权利的性质不同所作的分类:(1)设定一定股份权利的有价证券(2)设定一定物权的有价证券(3)设定一定债权的有价证券

2、依有价证券记载权利人的方式不同所作的分类:(1)记名有价证券;(2)无记名有价证券;(3)指示有价证券

3、依有价证券的指定的权利标的是金钱或物品或服务所作的分类:(1)金钱证券;(2)物品证券;(3)服务证券。

4、依有价证券的给付人为标准所作的分类:(1)自付证券。是指证券签发人自己为给付的证券。(2)委托证券。是指委托他人为给付的证券。

第八章 法律行为

一、法律行为概述

1、民事行为,是指民事主体实施的以发生民事法律后果为目的的以意思表示为要素的行为。民事行为本质是一种表示行为,即行为人企图发生一定私法上效果而表示其意思。 2、民事法律行为,是公民或法人设立、变更、终止民事权利和民事义务的合法行为。 3、事实行为是非表示行为,即不以表现内心的意思内容为必要,法律因其所生的结果,而使其产生一定的法律效果的行为。如:先占、加工、拾得遗失物、发现埋藏物、无因管理、创作等行为皆属于事实行为。事实行为的本质为事实构成行为。

4、法律行为的分类:(1)单方行为是指仅需当事人一方的意思表示即可成立的法律行为。单方法律行为可分为有有相对人的单方行为与无相对人的行为。有相对人的单方行为自意思表示到达相对人时生效。双方行为是指两个意思表示合致而成立的法律行为。多方行为是指由多个方向一致的意思表示构成的法律行为。(2)财产行为是指当事人实施行为所要发生的法律后果为财产权利义务变动的行为。身份行为是指当事人实施行为所要发生的后果为身份关系变动的行为。(3)有偿行为是指有对价的法律行为。无偿行为是指没有对价的法律行为。(4)单务行为是指当事人一方仅负担义务而另一方享有权利的行为,双方的义务无对应关系。双务行为是指当事人双方均负担义务的行为。双方行为又可区分为完全双务行为和不完全双务行为。完全双务行为是指当事人双方互负对待给付义务的行为。不完全双务行为是指双方都负担给付义务,但双方负担的给付义务并非对待给付。(5)诺成行为又称不要物行为,是指只要当事人各方的意思表示一致,就可以成立的行为。实践行为又称要物行为,是指除当事人各方意思表示一致外,还须交付实际标的物才成立的行为。(6)生前行为又称生存行为,是指行为人生存时发生效力的民事法律行为。死后行为又称死因行为,是指于行为人死亡后才能发生法律效力的法律行为。(7)行为是指有设定权利义务的的实质内容的行为。辅助行为是指并无实质的内容,仅辅助他行为生效的行为。(8)要式行为是指须采取法律规定的特定形式的法律行为;不要式行为是指当事人可自愿选择法律行为形式的法律行为。(9)要因行为又称有因行为,是指行为与其原因不可分离,原因不存在,也就不能成立生效的民事法律行为。不要因又称无因行为,是指行为与其原因可以分离,原因存在与否不影响行为效力的民事法律行为。(10)主行为是指在两个联系的法律行为中,不依赖于他行为的存在而可存在的法律行为;而从行为则是指须依赖于他行为的存在而存在的法律行为。

5、法律行为的形式:(1)口头形式;(2)书面形式;(3)默示形式

二、意思表示,是指企图发生一定私法上效果的意思,表示于外部的行为。意思表示由两个要素构成,一为内心意思,一为此项内心意思的外部表示。

1、意思表示的分类:(1)有相对人的意思表示是指有表示对象的意思表示。意思表示的对象可以是特定的,也可以是不特定的。无相对人的意思表示是指无表示对象的意思

表示。(2)对话的意思表示,是指表意人作出的意思表示直接可为对方了解的范围,相对人基本可同步受领该意思表示的意思表示。非对话的意思表示,是指表意人作出的意思表示不直接进入可为对方了解的范围,相对人不能同步受领该意思表示的意思表示。(3)健全的意思表示,是指表意人的意思与表示相一致,且其意思为自己自由形成的意思表示。不健全的意思表示,又称有瑕疵的意思表示,是指表意人的意思不是其自由形成的或者其意思与表示不一致的意思表示。

2、意思表示的发出与生效:意思表示发出,指表意人将内心明确地表示于外的行为。意思表示的生效,以发出为要件,对未经发出的意思表示不得为承诺。无相对人的意思表示,表意人完成其表示过程的,意思表示即为发出。有相对人的意思表示,其口头 意思表示的发出,以相对人了解时,发生效力。以书面作出意思表示的,以到达相对人 时,意思表示生效。表意人是否有权利能力或行为能力,应以意思表示发出时认定之。意思表示发出后,表意人死亡、丧失行为能力或其行为能力受的,其意思表示并不因此失效。为保护相对人的信赖,若表意人对意思表示之进入交易过程,依其支配及管理范围有可归责的事由时,应视为其意思表示已发出。

3、意思表示有瑕疵,即不健全的意思表示。意思表示的瑕疵分为意思与表示不一致与意思表示的不自由两种情形。

(1)意思与表示不一致,是指表意人的内在的真实意思与表示的意思不相符合。意思与表示不一致,又可分为故意的不一致与无意的不一致。

意思与表示的故意不一致,是指表意人明知而为的意思与表示的不一致。包括单独的虚伪表示、通谋的虚伪表示、隐藏行为。

单独的虚伪表示,是指表意人故意作虚伪表示,即故意隐匿其真意,作出不同于真意的表示,表意人并无受其意思表示拘束的意思。单独的虚伪原则上有效。相对人明知时,无效。

通谋的虚伪表示,是指表意人份与相对人通谋而为虚伪的意思表示。通谋虚伪表示原则上无效。但不得以其无效对抗善意第三人。

隐藏行为,是指表意人为虚伪的表示,但其真意为发生另外的法律效果的意思表示。隐藏行为有效,适用所隐藏的法律行为的有关规则。

意思与表示的无意不一致,是指表意人不知道其意思与表示不一致。意思与表示无意的不一致即是指意思表示错误。错误,指表意人因误认或不知而使意思与表示不一致。错误包括:动机错误;内容错误;表示行为错误;当事人资格或物的性质错误;传达错误。动机错误乃意思表示缘由的错误,即表意人在其意思形成的过程中,对其决定为某特定内容意思表示具有重要性的事实,认识不正确。动机错误不影响意思表示的法律效力。表意人自己承担风险。

意思表示内容错误,是指表意人表示其所欲为的表示,但误认其表示的客观意义(表示意义错误)。包括:关于当事人本身的错误;关于标的物本身的错误;关于法律行为性质的错误。内容错误的效力:表意人得将其意思表示撤销之。

表示行为错误是指表意人误为表示其所意欲者。表示行为错误,表意人使用了其所不欲使用的方法。表示行为错误与内容错误的法律效果同。

当事人资格或物之性质错误,本属于动机错误,应不影响意思表示的效力,但当该错误

在交易上认为重要者,表意人亦可撤销。

传达错误,又称误传,是指因第三人无意地传达而造成意思与表示的不一致。传达人为表意人的喉舌,所以误传在法律上的效力,应与错误相同。

(2)意思表示不自由,是指表意人的意思表示不是基于自己的真实意愿,而是受到不正当的干预自由形成的有瑕疵的意思表示。意思表示不自由包括;受欺诈的意思表示、受胁迫的意思表示和危难中的意思表示。

受欺诈的意思表示,是指表意人因受他人的欺诈而作出的违背其真实意思的意思表示。欺诈的法律效力:表意人可撤销其因受欺诈而作出的意思表示。

受胁迫的意思表示,是指表意人因受他人的胁迫而作出的违背其真意的意思表示。胁迫在法律上的效力:表意人可撤销其意思表示。

危难中的意思表示,是指表意人处于困境或面临困境,为摆脱困境被迫迎合对方而作出的违背其真意的意思表示。危难中的意思表示的效力:表意人可撤销所作的意思表示。 4、意思表示的解释,是指阐明并确定当事人意思表示的真实含义。 三、法律行为的成立与生效

1、法律行为的成立可分为一般成立要件和特别成立要件。

(1)法律行为的一般成立要件是指任何法律行为的成立均须具备的条件。 法律行为的一般成立要件包括;行为主体;意思表示;标的

(2)法律行为成立的特别要件,是指一些特别的民事行为除具备一般成立条件外还须具备的条件。

2、法律行为的生效,是指法律行为发生法律效力。法律行为成立并不等于就发生效力,已成立的法律行为只有符合法律规定的条件时才能生效,不符合法律规定的法律行为不能发生效力。法律行为的生效条件也可分为一般生效要件和特别生效要件。

(1)法律行为的一般生效要件是指法律行为生效普遍具备的条件。法律行为一般生效要件包括:行为人具有相应的民事行为能力;意思表示真实;标的合法、可能、确定 (2)法律行为的特别生效要件,是指某些特别的民事行为除须具备一般生效要件外还须具备的生效要件。

四、附条件与附期限的法律行为

1、附条件的法律行为是指行为人设定一定的条件,以条件的成就与否决定法律行为效力的发生或消灭的行为。条件是当事人以将来客观上不确定的事实,作为决定法律行为效力的附款。条件成就,是指约定作为条件的客观事实出现;条件不成就,是指作为条件的客观事实未出现。

2、条件的种类:(1)停止条件又称延缓条件,是指关系法律行为效力发生的条件。附停止条件的法律行为成立后,当事人的权利义务已经确定,但不发生效力而是处于停止状态,待所附条件成就时发生效力。解除条件是指关系法律行为效力消灭的条件。附解除条件的法律行为成立后,当事人的权利义务发生效力,但于条件成就时,当事人间的权利义务终止。(2)积极条件又称为肯定条件,是指以某种客观事实的发生为内容的条件。消极条件又称否定条件,是指以某种客观事实的不发生为内容的条件。(3)随意条件是指可由当事人一方的意思决定其成否的条件。偶成条件是指条件的成就与否与当事人的意思无关,而取决于其他事实(自然界的事实或第三人的意思)。混合条件是指条

件的成否取决于当事人及第三人的意思。(4)真正条件是以客观上不确定的事实为内容的条件。非真正条件,又称假装条件或表见条件,是指徒具条件的外观,而不具有条件之实质的条件。非真正条件主要包括法定条件和不法条件。法定条件,是指以法律所规定的法律行为效力发生或消灭的条件,作为法律行为的条件。不法条件,即以违反强制性规定或有背公序良俗的事项为内容的条件。

3、附期限的法律行为,是指当事人以将来确定的客观事实作为决定法律行为效力的附款的民事法律行为。期限是将来肯定发生的客观事实。期限可分为生效期限和终止期限。 生效期限又称延缓期限,是指决定法律行为效力发生的期限。附生效期限的民事法律行为成立后在期限到来前当事人的权利义务不发生效力,于期限到来时才发生效力。附终止期限的民事法律行为在期限到来前有效,而于期限到来时效力终止附期限法律行为中的期限,根据具体时间的确定性可分为确定期限和不确定期限。确定期限是指作为期限的客观事实不仅确定发生而且发生的具体时间也是确定的。不确定期限是指作为期限的客观事实是确定发生的,但发生的具体时间不能确定。 五、法律行为的效力

1、法律行为的效力:(1)法律行为不具备成立要件,谈不上民事行为的效力问题。 (2)法律行为具备成立要件,且具备生效要件,则法律行为当然具有效力,法律无须特别规定。(3)法律行为具备成立要件,不具备生效要件时,民事行为的效力依据所欠缺生效要件的性质而予以区别对待。法律行为所欠缺的生效要件属于有关社会公益的,该法律行为无效。法律行为所欠缺的生效要件如仅关系当事人之间的利益,该法律行为有效,但可撤销。法律行为生效要件仅属于程序的欠缺,该民事行为效力待定。 2、无效法律行为,是指根本不具备法律行为的有效要件,自始就确定的当然不能发生法律效力的法律行为。

(1)无效法律行为的种类:无民事行为能力人实施的法律行为;民事行为能力人实施的依法不能实施的单方行为;一方以欺诈、胁迫手段所为的损害国家利益的法律行为;恶意串通,损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的法律行为;以合法形式掩盖非法目的的法律行为;损害社会公共利益的法律行为;违反法律、行规的强制性规定的法律行为

(2)无效法律行为的无效,是指不能发生当事人预期的法律效果,并非指不发生任何法律效果。无效法律行为主要发生以下效果:返还财产;赔偿损失;收缴财产 (3)法律行为的部分无效:原则上,无效法律行为,指法律行为全部无效。但是,为贯彻私法自治,如果排除欠缺法律行为之无效部分,该行为仍符合当事人之真实意思,法律行为的其余部分仍然有效。

3、可变更、可撤销的法律行为,是指意思表示有瑕疵的法律行为已经生效,但当事人可以请求人民或者仲裁机构予以变更或者撤销的法律行为。

(1)可变更、可撤销的法律行为的种类:因重大误解实施的法律行为;显失公平的法律行为;一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危,在对方违背真实意思的情况下所为的法律行为

(2)可撤销法律行为的撤销

撤销权是指在可变更、可撤销的法律行为中,当事人享有的以单方意思表示对已成立法

律行为予以变更或撤销的权利。撤销权的行使应向或仲裁机构提出。因重大误解的法律行为、显失公平的法律行为当事人双方都有撤撤销权。一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段或者乘人之危,使对方在违背真实意思的情形下所为的法律行为,只有受损害方享有撤销权。

有下列情形之一的,撤销权消灭:具有撤销权的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起1年内没有行使撤销权;具有撤销权的当事人知道撤销事由后明确表示或以自己的行为表示放弃撤销权。

撤销权行使的后果:撤销权人行使撤销权,请求变更法律行为的,经或者仲裁机构变更后,当事人依变更后的行为内容履行,变更后的法律行为是有效的法律行为。撤销权人行使撤销权,请求撤销法律行为,该法律行为经或仲裁机构撤销的,被撤销的法律行为溯及自行为成立时起无效,发生与无效法律行为相同的法律效果。

4、效力待定的法律行为,又称效力未定法律行为,是指于行为成立时其是有效或无效处于不确定状态,须待一定事实的发生与否才能确定其效力的法律行为。

(1)效力待定的法律行为的种类:民事行为能力人所为的双方法律行为;无权代理行为;无权处分行为

(2)第三人追认(行为能力人实施的双方行为):追认,是指追认权人使他人所为法律行为发生效力的单方行为。效力待定的法律行为,一经第三人追认,即溯及于成立之时,发生完全的效力。一经第三人拒绝追认,即溯及于成立之时,成为无效的法律行为。与民事行为能力的相对人可以催告法定代理人在一个月内予以追认。在法定代理人未追认前,相对人有撤销的权利。

(3)须本人追认的民事行为(无权代理行为):没有代理权、超越代理权和代理权终止以后的行为,未经过被代理人追认,对被代理人不发生效力,由行为人承担责任。有权决定代理行为是否发生效力的人,非第三人,而是民事行为当事人一方。本人追认的效果是产生本人和相对人的法律关系。第三人(法定代理人)的追认的效果是产生行为能力人和相对人的法律关系。

(4)无权处分行为,是无处分权人就他人的权利标的所为的处分行为。无权处分行为,是无权处分人以自己的名义所为的成分行为。无处分权的人处分他人财产,经权利人追认或者无处分权的人订立法律行为后取得处分权的,该法律行为有效。无权处分行为,经权利人追认的,溯及于成立之时发生效力。 无权处分行为,因处分人取得处分权,溯及于成立时发生效力。无权处分行为,权利人不追认且处分人事后也未取得处分权的,应溯及于行为成立时无效。

第九章 代理

一、代理,是指代理人于代理权限内,以被代理人名义实施法律行为,而对被代理人直接发生效力的行为。应由本人实施的法律行为、事实行为、违法行为不适用代理。 代理的分类:1、直接代理是指代理人于代理权限内,以本人名义为法律行为,直接对本人发生效力的制度。间接代理是指代理人以自己名义为本人计算而为法律行为,其法律效果首先对间接代理人发生,然后依间接代理人与本人的内部关系,而使其法律效果移转于本人的制度。2、委托代理、法定代理和指定代理3、一般代理又称为概括代理、全权代理、总括代理,是指代理权限及于一般事项的全部,其范围并无特别限定的代理。

特别代理是指代理权限仅限于一定范围或者某一事务的特定事项的代理。4、单独代理与共同代理5、积极代理又称呼主动代理,是指在代理行为中代理人为意思表示的代理。消极代理又称被动代理,是指在代理行为中代理人受领意思表示的代理。6、本代理是指直接由本人授权的代理,代理人是由被代理人直接选任的。复代理是指代理人转托他人而发生的代理,复代理人是由代理人选任的,而不是由被代理人选定的。

二、代理权是指代理人得以被代理人的名义进行民事活动,并由被代理人承受其行为后果的法律资格

1、代理权的授予是指授予代理人以代理权的法律现象。 2、委托代理中代理权的授予

(1)代理权授予的法律性质:代理权的授予,是一种有相对人的单独行为。代理权的授予既属于单独行为,所以行为能力人,未得法定代理人的允许的代理权授予行为无效。向行为能力人授予代理权,有效,不必取得其法定代理人的同意

(2)代理权授予的方式:授权委托书是代理人证明其有代理权的书面证据,也称代理证书。授权委托书应当载明代理人的姓名或名称、代理事项、权限和期间,并由委托人签名或者盖章。委托书授权不明的,代理人应当向第三人承担民事责任,代理人负连带责任。

(3)授权行为的性:代理权的授予,通常有其基本法律关系。但代理权的授予是于基本法律关系的。

代理权的授予与基本法律关系具有三种形态:仅有授权行为,而无基本法律关系;有基本法律关系的存在,而无代理权的授予;因基本法律关系而授予代理权。 (4)应当坚持授权行为的无因性

3、代理权的行使,是指代理人在代理权限内以被代理人的名义与第三人实施民事法律行为。代理人行使代理权,应遵循以下原则:在代理权限内积极行使代理权;亲自行使代理权;维护被代理人的利益;合法行使代理权

4、滥用代理权,是指代理人行使代理权违背代理的宗旨而实施有损被代理人利益的行为。滥用代理权的类型:(1)对己代理,是指代理人以被代理人的名义与自己实施民事法律行为。对己代理,除使被代理人纯获利益的外,一般应为无效。(2)双方代理,是指代理人同时代理双方实施同一民事法律行为。双方代理原则上应无效。(3)代理人与第三人恶意串通,是指代理人与第三人实施民事法律行为时,串通损害被代理人利益的行为。代理人与第三人以串通所为民事行为不发生代理的法律后果,因该行为的实施损害被代理人利益的,代理人和第三人向被代理人承担连带赔偿责任。

5、代理权的消灭又称代理的终止,是指代理人与被代理人之间的代理关系消灭。 (1)委托代理的终止原因:代理期间届满或代理任务的完成;被代理人取消委托或者代理人辞去委托;代理人死亡;代理人丧失民事行为能力;作为代理人或者被代理人的法人终止

(2)法定代理或指定代理的消灭原因:被代理人取得或者恢复民事行为能力;被代理人或者代理人死亡;代理人丧失民事行为能力;指定代理的人民或者指定单位取消指定;由其他原因引起的被代理人和代理人之间的监护关系的消灭

三、无权代理,是指行为人没有代理权而以本人的名义与第三人实施民事法律行为的现

象。无权代理的三种情形:一是行为人自始没有代理权;二是行为人有代理权但其所为的行为超越代理权;三是行为人原有代理权但代理权已经终止。

1、狭义无权代理是指行为人没有代理权,也没有足以使相对人相信其有代理权的客观事实,而以本人的名义与相对人实施民事法律行为所为的代理。 狭义无权代理的法律效果:无权代理行为的效力待定。

(1)本人的追认权:无权代理经本人追认,即转变为有权代理。

(2)善意相对人的撤销权:对于无权代理行为,相对人为善意的,即不知道行为人无代理权的,在本人未追认前有撤销权。相对人行使撤销权撤销无权代理行为的,该行为对相对人自始不发生效力。

(3)善意相对人的催告权:相对人可以催告本人在1个月内予以追认。本人在相对人催告后1个月内未作表示的,视为拒绝追认。

(4)无权代理人的责任:无权代理行为,本人不予追认的,应由无权代理人对相对人承担民事责任。如果相对人明知代理人无代理权而与之从事法律行为的,无权代理人可以不承担责任。无权代理人承担的责任不以故意过失为要件,属于无过失责任。 2、表见代理,又称表现代理,是指行为人无代理权而以本人的名义事实民事法律行为,但有足以使第三人相信行为人有代理权的事实和理由,善意第三人与行为人实施民事法律行为的,可发生与有权代理相同的法律后果。 表见代理的类型:

(1)逾越代理权限的表见代理; (2)代理权消灭后的表见代理;

(3)源于代理权授予表示的表见代理:允许他人以自己的名义营业;将印章交于他人保管;知他人表示为其代理人而不表示反对的表见代理

表见代理的效力:表见代理发生与有效代理相同的效力,该代理行为对被代理人发生效力,被代理人应当承受该代理行为所设定的权利义务。表见代理是否有效取决于相对人。

第十章 诉讼时效和期限

一、时效,是指一定的事实状态持续存在一定时间后即发生一定的法律效果的法律制度。 时效的种类:根据时效的前提和发生的效力,时效分为取得时效和消灭时效。取得时效,是指占有他人的财物的事实状态持续存在一定时间后占有人即取得该财物的所有权的时效。消灭时效,是指权利人不行使权利的事实状态持续存在一定的期间后即发生丧失该权利的时效。我国民法通则中未规定取得时效,仅规定了诉讼时效。我国法律所规定的诉讼时效相当于消灭时效。

二、诉讼时效,是指权利人于一定期间内不行使请求人民保护其权利的请求,就丧失请求人民保护其民事权利的法律制度。

1、我国诉讼时效的效力:诉讼时效完成后,权利人丧失请求保护其民事权利的胜诉权。因诉讼时效届满,债务人自愿履行的,不受诉讼时效。 2、诉讼时效的种类

(1)一般诉讼时效又称普遍诉讼时效,是指民法上统一规定的适用于法律没有另外特别规定的各种民事法律关系的诉讼时效。我国民法通则规定一般诉讼时效期间为2年。 (2)特别诉讼时效,是指由民法或者单行法特别规定的适用于法律特别规定的民事法

律关系的诉讼时效。下列诉讼时效期间为1年:身体受到伤害要求赔偿的;出售质量不合格的商品未声明的;延付或者拒付租金的;寄存财物被丢失或损毁的。

3、诉讼时效的起算:诉讼时效期间从知道或者应当知道权利被侵害时起计算。但是,从权利被侵害之日起超过二十年的,人民不予保护。

4、诉讼时效中止,是指在诉讼时效期间的最后六个月内,因发生法定事由使权利人不能行使请求权的,暂停计算时效期间,待中止事由消除后,再继续计算时效期间。诉讼时效中止的事由:(1)不可抗力;(2)不能行使请求权的其他原因

5、诉讼时效中断是指在诉讼时效进行中,因发生法定事由致使已经进行的诉讼时效期间全归无效,待中断时效的事由消除后,诉讼时效期间重新计算。诉讼时效中断的事由:(1)提起诉讼;(2)权利人提出要求;(3)义务人同意履行义务

6、诉讼时效的延长,是指在诉讼时效完成后,权利人向人民提出请求时,经查明权利人确有正当理由未能及时行使权利的,人民延长诉讼时效期间,仍保护权利人的权利。

三、期限,是指民事法律关系发生、变更和终止的时间。期限包括期日和期间。期日是指不可分的特定时间。期间是指从某一时刻到另一时刻所经过的一段时间。 1、期间的分类

(1)任意性期限和强行性期限:任意期限是指法律允许当事人自行约定的期限;强行性期限是指由法律直接规定的当事人不得自行决定的期限。

(2)连续期间和不连续期间:连续期间是指于期间开始计算后不因任何情形的出现而中断计算的期间;不连续期间是指于期间开始计算后只计算其中的某些时间或者可舍去计算某些时间的期间。

2、期限的确定和计算:民法所称的期间按照公历年、月、日、小时计算。规定按照小时计算期间的,从规定时开始计算。规定按照日、月、年计算期间的,开始的当天不算入,从下一天开始计算。期间的最后一天是星期日或者其他休假日的,以休假日的次日为期间的最后一天。期间的最后一天的截止时间为二十四点。有业务时间的,到停止业务活动的时间截止。民法上所称的“以上”、“以下”、“以内”、“届满”,包括本数;所称“不满”、“以外”不包括本数。

第十一章 人身权概述

一、人身权是民事主体基于其人格或身份而依法享有的,以其人格利益或身份利益为客体的民事权利。

二、人身权的法律特点:1、人身权具有固有性;2、人身权具有非财产性;3、人身权具有绝对性和支配性。任何人都负有不得侵犯他人人身权的义务。人身权的权利人有权支配其人格利益和身份利益,并排除他人的干涉和侵犯。 三、人身权的分类

1、人格权与身份权:人格权是指民事主体基于其法律人格享有的,以人格利益为客体,为维护其人格所必需的权利。身份权是指民事主体基于特定身份而依法享有的、以身份利益为客体的权利。

2、具体人格权与一般人格权:具体人格权是指民事主体依法享有的、以各种具体人格利益为客体的人格权。一般人格权是指民事主体依法享有的,以人格、人格尊严等

一般人格利益为客体的人格权。

3、物质性人格权与精神性人格权:物质性人格权是以物质性人格利益为客体的人格权,精神性人格权是以精神性人格利益为客体的人格权。

4、亲属法上的身份权与非亲属法上的身份权:亲属法上的身份权包括配偶权、亲权、亲属权。非亲属法上的身份权包括荣誉权、著作身份权等。

5、基本身份权与派生身份权:基本身份权是指基于自然人的基本身份地位而确立的身份权,包括配偶权、亲权、亲属权。派生身份权又称支分的身份权,是由基本身份所派生的各种具体权利。

6、自然人人身权与非自然人人身权:根据人身权的权利主体不同,人身权可分为自然人的人身权与非自然人的人身权。

第十二章 人格权

一、生命权,是自然人依法享有的以其生命利益为客体的人格权。 1、生命权的内容

(1)生命安全维护权:包括自卫权和请求权。自卫权是当权利人在发现自己的生命面对正在进行的危害或即将发生的危险时,有权依法采取相应的自卫措施,或者财权紧急措施防止危险的权利。请求权是指自然人生命遭到不法侵害时,其本人或其亲属有权请求司法机关追究加害人的法律责任的权利。

(2)生命利益支配权。是自然人对自己的生命予以处分即终结自己生命的权利。 2、侵害生命权的违法行为:作为和不作为 3、侵害生命权的民事救济:公力救济和私力救济

二、健康权是指自然人依法享有的,以其机体生理机能正常运作和功能完善发挥为内容的人格权。

1、健康权的内容:(1)健康维护权;(2)劳动能力保有、利用和发展权;(3)健康利益支配权

2、侵害健康权的违法行为包括作为和不作为

3、侵害健康权的民法救济:在侵权行为进行阶段,应责令行为人停止侵害;如果损害事实已经形成,应赔偿损失

三、身体权是自然人维护其身体完整并支配其肢体、器官和其他身体组织的人格权。 1、身体权的内容:(1)保持身体完整权;(2)身体支配权(献血、捐献器官) 2、侵害身体权的违法行为:非法搜查他人身体;非法侵扰他人身体;对身体组织的无疼痛破坏;不破坏身体组织的殴打;违反不作为义务而侵害他人身体 3、侵害身体的民事救济:停止侵害;返还原物;赔偿损害;赔礼道歉 四、姓名权和名称权

1、姓名权是自然人决定、使用和依照规定改变自己姓名的权利。 2、姓名权的内容:姓名决定权;姓名使用权;3、姓名变更权

3、侵害姓名权的行为:不使用他人的姓名的行为;干涉他人使用姓名权的行为;非法使用他人姓名的行为,包括盗用和假冒他人姓名。

4、名称权是自然人以外的民事主体依法享有的决定、使用、改变、转让自己的名称并排除他人干涉的一种人格权。名称权属于具有财产利益的人格权。名称权的内容包括:

名称设定权;名称使用权;名称变更权;名称转让权

五、肖像权是指自然人对其肖像所体现的精神利益和物质利益依法享有的排他支配权。 1、肖像权的内容:肖像制作权;肖像使用权;肖像维护权

2、侵害肖像权的行为;擅自制作他人肖像;擅自使用他人肖像;毁坏、歪曲、玷污他人肖像

3、肖像权侵权的抗辩事由:为维护社会公共利益而使用;为维护本人利益而使用;为时事新闻报道而使用;公众人物肖像的善意使用

六、名誉权是民事主体依法所享有的以其在社会生活中所获得的社会评价为客体的人格权。

1、名誉权的内容:名誉维护权;名誉利益支配权

2、侵害名誉权的行为:侮辱。是指故意以语言、文字等方式贬低他人人格、毁损他人名誉的行为。诽谤。是指行为人因故意或者过失散布虚假的事实,降低或者毁损他人名誉的行为。

3、名誉权侵权的抗辩事由:公民通过合法途径反映情况;各级人民代表在会议上的发言;单位依照职权对自己管理的干部、职工作出涉及个人品德的评价;履行法律或道德上的义务;正当的监督及文艺评论;事先同意的行为

七、隐私权是指自然人享有的个人生活秘密、私人行为自由和私有领域安宁不受非法干扰的一种人格权。

1、隐私权的内容:(1)个人信息保密权;(2)私人领域安宁权;(3)个人行为秘密权 2、隐私权的保护模式:隐私权的保护模式有直接保护模式和间接保护模式。直接保护模式,是指对于侵害他人隐私的行为,直接确认为侵害隐私权,由加害人向受害人承担侵权责任。间接保护模式,是指没有确认隐私权为人格权,对于涉及侵害隐私权的行为,分别纳入其他侵权行为范畴,寻求法律保护。

3、侵害隐私权的行为:刺探个人资讯;监视私人活动;侵扰私人领域;擅自披露他人隐私;非法利用他人隐私

八、信用权是指民事主体就其所具有的经济能力在社会上所获得的相应信赖与评价所享有的、以保有或维护这种信赖和评价为内容的人格权。 1、信用权的内容:信用保有权;信用维护权;信用利益支配权

2、信用权的保护模式:分为直接保护模式和间接保护模式。我国采取间接保护模式。 3、侵害信用权的违法行为包括贬损行为和误导行为。在特定情况下不作为也构成侵权。 4、侵害信用权的损害事实,是指由侵权行为的实施而导致关于权利主体的信用评价降低,或对其生计或前途造成其他不利益的实际损害。损害事实表现在:(1)关于权利主体经济能力的社会评价因侵权行为而降低(2)对于权利主体特殊经济能力公众减少甚至丧失原有的经济信赖

5、信用权侵权的抗辩事由:反映正当情况;新闻报道属实;权威消息来源

九、一般人格权是指权利主体基于法律人格而享有的,以人格、人格自由、人格平等、人格尊严等一般人格利益为客体的民事权利。

第十三章 身份权

一、配偶权:配偶权是基于合法婚姻关系而在夫妻双方之间发生的,以配偶身份利益为

客体并由夫妻平等专属享有的身份权。

1、配偶权的内容:(1)夫妻姓名权;(2)住所决定权;(3)同居义务;(4)贞操忠实义务;(5)日常事务代理权

2、侵害配偶权的行为是指以重婚、有配偶者与他人同居、实施家庭暴力、虐待遗弃等方式,致使配偶一方享有的配偶身份利益受到损害的行为。

3、侵害配偶权的救济:对夫妻双方而言,无过错一方可提起离婚之诉,并可在离婚时请求对方给予精神损害赔偿,但对他方过错表示“宥恕”的除外。对第三方而言,允许受害方向第三人提起停止妨害之诉,并有权要求损害赔偿。

二、亲权:父母基于其身份对未成年子女在人身和财产方面进行管教和保护的权利义务。 1、亲权的内容

(1)身上照护权:居住、住所指定权;惩戒权;子女交还请求权;子女身份行为及身上事项同意权和代理权;教育和抚养义务;赔偿义务

(2)财产照护权:财产行为代理权;管理权;使用收益权;处分权

2、亲权的行使:亲权的行使应当由父母的共同意思决定,并由父母作为子女的共同代理人。父母离异后,由父母一方行使亲权时,未取得亲权的一方有探望权。探望权又称交往权,指离婚后没有与未成年子女共同生活的父母一方,有看望未成年子女并与之保持直接联系和交往的权利。

3、亲权的丧失、中止和消灭:亲权的丧失是指亲权人因法定的原因而失去行使亲权的资格,主要包括亲权的剥夺和亲权的转移。亲权的中止是指亲权人因事实上的原因或者法律上的原因不能行使亲权时,依法宣告停止其亲权,当停止亲权的原因消灭时,恢复亲权。亲权的消灭是指亲权因一定的事实原因或者法定事由出现而不复存在。 4、侵害亲权的行为:

(1)欺诈性抚养。是指在婚姻关系存续期间及离婚后,妻明知其在婚姻关系存续期间所生子女为非婚生子女而称其为婚生,使其夫承担亲权中的抚养义务。

(2)拐卖他人子女。拐卖未成年人的行为既是犯罪行为,也是侵害未成年人的亲权的行为。

三、荣誉权:荣誉权是指民事主体对自己的荣誉享有利益并排除他人非法侵害的权利。 1、荣誉权的内容:荣誉获得权;荣誉保持权;荣誉支配权。

2、侵害荣誉权的行为:非法剥夺他人荣誉;非法侵占他人荣誉;严重抵损他人所获得的荣誉的行为

3、侵害荣誉权的救济方法:停止侵害;恢复荣誉;返还荣誉证明物品;赔偿损失;赔礼道歉

Civil Law and Personal Rights Chapter I Overview of the Civil Code First, the civil law

Form of civil law, compiled specifically refers to the system of civil legislation, the Civil Code.

Substantial adjustment of the Civil Code refers to the equality of all the main property and personal relations of the civil legal norms, which includes the Civil Code, other civil laws and regulations.

General Civil Law is Law, which regulate do not have equal power between the main character of the law.

Narrow part of the Civil Code refers only to private law, not including commercial law, not including labor law, family law.

General civil law is to regulate the relationship between the general civil law. Such as national civil code; of the \"Civil Law\"

In particular norms of civil law refers to specific aspects of the relationship between specific areas of civil law. Such as company law, insurance law.

Second, the object of Civil Law: Civil Law to adjust the principal of equality between citizens, between legal persons, citizens and property relations between corporate and personal relationships.

1, the property relations between equal entities: property relations, including transfer of ownership of property relations and property relations. Relationship between ownership of property from the possession, use, income, and disposal of property at social relations; property transfer between the transfer of property occurs because of social relations. 2, the personal relationship between equal entities: the personal relationship between Civil Law, including the relationship between personality and identity relations. Personal relationships are based on personal interests of the social relations. If based on the life, health, portrait, reputation, etc. to form personal relationships. Personal relationship is based on the identity of certain social relations arising. Such as based on marriage, custody, signed by the formation of personal relationships. Personal relations are not a direct economic interest in the content, with special properties.

Third, the relationship between the legislation of civil and commercial law

1, civil and commercial division, is in a country outside the designated Commercial Code, Civil Code, Civil Code and Commercial Code, the same as the basic code of private law, civil law and commercial law for the private sector on the juxtaposition of the two laws. 2, Minshangheyi, refers to a country outside the Civil Code is no longer compiled Commercial Code, Civil Code of unity by adjusting the property relations between equal entities. 1881 \"Swiss Debt Law\" is the first country to adopt legislation Minshangheyi model.

Fourth, the nature of civil law: 1, Civil Law for the private law; 2, Civil Rights Act as; 3, for the civil law and civil law; 4, for the substantive law of civil law; 5, Civil Code to any law; 6, civil domestic law; 7, Civil standardized code of conduct both for the referee

Fifth, the task of civil law: 1, protection of private rights of members of society; 2, to promote the development of socialist modernization

Sixth, the basic principles of Civil Law: Civil Law Civil Law is the basic spirit and guiding

ideology.

1, the principle of equality: (1) ability to equal civil rights of the subject; (2) the specific status of civil legal relations of equality; (3) equal to the principal civil rights and obligations of mutual consultation; (4) the legitimate interests of the civil subject equally protected by law; (5) equal to the principal burden of civil obligations and civil liability.

2, voluntariness, fairness, equal value, honesty and credit principle: the principle of voluntariness is \"autonomy\civil matters. The main principle of fairness embodied in the legal relationship of civil equality of opportunity, civil rights and obligations between the principal balance. The principle of equal value, is the equivalent should be implemented in the exchange transaction shall not be free to take the illegal transfer of property of others. Principle of good faith is subject to a civil activity of civil honest, trustworthy, good faith exercise of rights and obligations.

3, Public Order and Moral Principles: Public Order and Moral Principles from the front that is to ask the civil subject to a civil activity should respect social morality and public order, public interest; from the negative side that is to ask the civil subject to a civil activity shall not harm public interests or disrupt public order violation of public morality. Chapter II Origin and application of civil law

First, the civil law origin: the manifestation of the civil legal norms, namely, civil court judge, according to legal norms or norms of the source.

Civil sources include: 1, Constitution; 2, the civil law; 3, and regulations; 4, rules and regulations; 5, the Supreme Court's judicial interpretation; 6, the national policy; 7, the international treaties; 8, jurisprudence and legal; 9, habits Second, the effectiveness of civil law

The effectiveness of civil law that the scope of civil law, civil law refers to what time, what place, what people take effect.

1, the effect of civil law at the time refers to the scope of civil time is defined as the time the civil laws and regulations on the legal effect. Civil laws and regulations from the date of implementation of laws, since the abolition of the date of failure. In addition to the special provisions of law, civil law generally do not have retroactive effect.

2, the effectiveness of the Civil Code in space is the geographical scope of civil law, refers to the civil laws and regulations on how effective local civil relations occurred. In civil activities within the territory, the laws of.

3, the effectiveness of the civil law civil law for human application of norms of human, civil laws and regulations that apply to any person. Have Chinese nationality of natural persons, legal persons, for our laws. Areas in China, foreigners, stateless persons, for our laws.

Third, the law applicable rules: (1) lex specialis; (2) after the method was better than before the law; (3) the force method is better than any method; (4) provides exceptions to

the general exclusion; (5) specific better than the general terms of the provisions of Fourth, the interpretation of civil law: legal interpretation into the context interpretation and reasoning explained. Arts and interpretation of the literal interpretation, in accordance with the law is used in the words or meaning textual explanation. Logical explanation, is the reasoning set out by the true meaning of legal norms.

Logical explanations are: 1, extend to that, also known as the expansion of interpretation, is by law only to the language of textual interpretation, said not enough when the true meaning of the legislation, while the expansion of the textual meaning. 2, Restriction explained, also known as restrictive interpretation and narrow interpretation of the provisions in the law is too broad when the textual meaning, and its meaning to be reduced. 3, the opposite interpretation, also known as opposed to interpretation, that in accordance with the matters required by law to explain its negative meaning. Chapter civil legal relationship

First, the exercise of civil rights: 1, the parties for the realization of the right to implement a certain behavior, for the exercise of the right. 2, the exercise of the rights of way and legal way to have two kinds of facts. 3, exercised the right to free exercise of human rights in principle, but for the obligatory rights, the right to exercise their rights may not lazy. 4, the prohibition of abuse of rights

Second, the Civil Rights Protection: 1, broad protection of civil rights, including civil rights recognized in the narrow sense refers to the protection of civil rights from infringement or violation of civil rights restoration of the relief measures taken. 2, the protection of civil rights, including self-protection and state protection (private relief and public relief.) 3, the civil rights of self-protection, also known as private relief, is the right to themselves to take all legal means to protect their rights. Private relief, including self-defense and self-help behavior. Is defined as self-defense against unlawful infringement of the right to take measures to defend or avoid. Defense and emergency hedge genus. Self-help behavior, is the right person in violation of the rights or infringement of the protection of dangerous and sometimes too late to request the State to take the person or property of others, subjected to detention and other measures. 4, protection of civil rights in the country, also known as public protection, is a civil rights have been violated by the state organs to be protected through legal procedures.

Third, the civil obligation is that the main obligations of the civil rights of people within the limits should be for a certain act or acts is not necessarily legally binding. Classification of civil obligations: (1) the statutory obligations and contractual obligations; (2) positive and negative obligations obligations; (3) general obligation and the accompanying obligations; (4) non-exclusive exclusive obligations and duties

Fourth, civil liability is the breach of civil obligations and civil entities should bear the legal consequences. Civil Liability Category: (1) Liabilities do not perform civil liability and tort liability; (2) non-property, liability and responsibility of the property; (3), obligation,

responsibility and liability for the return; (4) Individual responsibility and mutual responsibility (5 ) fault liability, liability without fault liability and equity Chapter IV of natural persons

First, the natural person is born based on the laws of nature and people. Includes both natural persons who are born of natural conception, but also conceived through artificial insemination, etc. people.

Second, the natural capacity for civil rights, is the natural person entitled to civil rights and civil obligations of the burden of the ability or qualifications. Natural capacity for civil rights from birth to their death. The interests of natural protection of the personality after death: damage to the reputation of the deceased, not only harms the reputation of 死者近亲属; also damaged the reputation of the deceased.

Third, the natural capacity for civil conduct is a natural person to act in their own civil rights and the burden of obtaining the qualifications of civil obligations.

1, the types of natural capacity for civil conduct: (1) is the full civil capacity can act completely independent access through their own rights and obligations under the burden of eligibility. China's Civil Code provides: a natural person eighteen years of age or who is the full civil capacity. Over the age of sixteen eighteen years of age, with their labor income as the main source of income, as full capacity for civil conduct. (2), also known as limited capacity for civil conduct is not full civil capacity, is a natural person can be a number of independent civil activities, but not for all of the qualifications of civil activities. Minors over the age of ten is the limited capacity and can be with his age and intellect in civil activities; other civil activities by his legal representative agent, or the consent of his legal representative's consent. Can not recognize his own conduct mental patients is to limit the capacity for civil conduct and may engage in his mental health conditions of the civil activities; other civil activities by his legal representative agent, or obtain the consent of his legal representative . (3) no capacity for civil conduct is a natural person does not have to conduct its own right and the burden of obligations to obtain the qualification. Minors less than ten years of age is no capacity for civil conduct, by his legal representatives represented in civil activities. The spirit can not be patient for his own conduct is no capacity for civil conduct, by his legal representative in civil activities vigorously.

2, the situation of civil capacity of natural persons declared: mental patients interested person may apply to court for a declaration that the mental people person without civil capacity or with limited capacity for civil conduct. Is the people's court to be without civil capacity or with limited capacity for civil conduct, according to the recovery of the health of its, and upon his own application or interested party, the court may declare him to limited civil capacity or with full civil ability of people. Fourth, declared missing and declared dead

1, declared missing, is the application by the interested parties, the court declared missing

for a certain period of artificial missing. Citizen whose whereabouts are unknown for two years, an interested person may apply to the people's court for a declaration as missing. Missing during the war, missing the period from the date the end of the war. Missing person's property by his spouse, parents, adult children or other close relatives and friends hosted. Missing person's property custodian to manage the responsibilities of the property missing.

2, declared dead, is an application by the interested parties, the court declared missing for a certain period of natural persons for the death of the system. Declaration of natural death and death occurred the same consequences. However, there is capacity for civil conduct has been declared dead during the implementation of effective civil legal action. One of the following circumstances, interested parties may apply for declaration of death: (1) whereabouts unknown for 4 years; (2), missing due to an accident, from the date of the accident for 2 years. Missing during the war, missing time from the date the end of the war. Who has been declared dead reappears or that he is alive, or interested person upon his own application, the people's court shall revoke the declaration of his death. After the revocation of the legal effect of declaration of death: the inheritance of property, obtaining property by natural persons in accordance with inheritance laws or organization shall return the original or adequate compensation. In marriage, if their spouse has not remarried, husband and wife since the date of revocation of declaration of death of the self-recovery; remarry if their spouse or remarried after divorce and the death of spouse, marital relationship can not be self-healing. In the parent-child relationship, the relationship between parents and children automatically restored.

Fifth, monitoring, is not civil behavior and limited civil capacity of the guardian of minors and the mentally ill set up to monitor and protect minors and the legal rights of mental patients in the system.

1, the guardian of minors to establish: (1) the minor's parents are legal guardians of minors, (2) a near relative of a minor as a guardian, close relatives of minors, including grandparents, maternal grandparents; brother , sister. (3) the minor's other relatives and friends as a guardian. (4) by the Organization to serve as guardian.

2, the guardian of the mentally ill set up: (1) a near relative of the mentally ill as a guardian. The order of close relatives, spouses; parents; adult children; other close relatives. (2) other relatives and friends as guardian; (3) act as guardian of the units

3, the guardian of the guardianship duties: protect the personal guardian; management of ward's property; management and education to be guardian; agency activities or civil guardianship proceedings

4, the guardian of the change is in the custody of guardians could not afford the time, at its request by the unit or replace the others as the guardian of the people's court.

5, the guardian of the removal means for non-performance of his guardianship of the guardian, the person concerned or the relevant units to apply, the court revoke the

eligibility of the guardian, be designated guardian.

6, the guardianship terminated, that is, the elimination of guardianship. Guardianship of minors, since the adult ward, the guardianship terminated. Care of mental patients, from the mental health ward was declared fully restored to full capacity for civil conduct, the guardianship terminated.

Sixth, the residence of natural persons: Civil principal residence is the main base for civil activities and central location. Ownership is a natural place to live. A man can have multiple homes, but only one domicile. Citizens to his residence where the residence is residence, place of residence and domicile are often inconsistent, habitual residence as a residence. The so-called habitual residence, domicile is the citizens to leave more than 1 year of continuous residence upon the place, but other than hospital treatment; citizens moved its domicile to move out before another place, no place of residence, and still domicile of the original residence.

Seven natural ID: ID is to prove the identity of natural persons of legal documents. Natural persons shall be engaged in many civil activities to prove their identity card. Chapter V Legal

First, the corporation is a civil rights and civil capacity, shall enjoy independent civil rights and assume civil obligations. Legal conditions: 1, established by law; 2, the necessary property and funds; 3, has its own name, organization and premises; 4, ability to independently bear civil liability Second, the types of legal persons

1, the doctrinal legal categories: (1) a legal person under public law as a public corporation established; by private law as a private corporation set up by people. (2) juridical association for human tissue, its establishment is based on the person. Foundation is a collection of the property, its establishment is based on the property. (3) the general public refers to the social interests, that is, no specific interests of the majority, and the general non-economic interests. For-profit corporation engaged in the active conduct of operations and the distribution of benefits from the composition of the corporate members. (4) has its own national corporate citizenship is a legal person; do not have their own nationality is a foreign body corporate.

2, the legislative body segments: (1) refers to the profit-making enterprises as legal persons for the purpose of independent commodity production and business activities in corporate. According to the nature of the means of production, civil law into the enterprise legal person business corporation owned, collectively owned enterprise legal person, corporate joint ventures, cooperative enterprises and foreign legal persons, and foreign legal persons. Corporate enterprise legal person can be divided into legal and non-corporate entity. Corporate body is divided into limited liability companies and limited. Limited liability company, except by special legal provisions, the criteria adopted to establish the principles of Marxism; Inc. doctrine established principles of administrative

licensing. (2) The legal authority is state law to engage in management activities, and requires the exercise of powers enjoyed civil rights and civil capacity of the State organs. The establishment of the principle of authority is to take legal doctrine license. (3) legal institutions are engaged in non-profit social public welfare undertakings and institutions with legal personality. Legal institutions, according to its registered or not, the establishment of the principles of Marxism to franchise or license doctrine. (4) social organizations including social groups and foundations corporate legal categories. Social groups, is a natural person voluntarily, members of the common will to achieve, in accordance with its articles of association activities non-profit social organization. Foundation, is the domestic and foreign social organizations and other voluntary organizations and individuals to manage the funds donated by private nonprofit organizations. The establishment of the principles of corporate social organizations and legal institutions the same. Third, the civil legal capacity

1, the legal capacity for civil rights is a legal person can have his own name civil rights and civil obligations of the burden of the qualifications and capabilities. Capacity for civil rights began in corporate legal person is established, and finally termination of corporate 2, the legal capacity for civil conduct, is to obtain corporate behavior through their own civil rights and obligations of the burden of civil status. The civil legal capacity and legal capacity for civil rights while producing at the same time abolished. The civil legal capacity and legal capacity of the civil rights of consistency in scope. Legal capacity for civil conduct is the legal representative or other person through to implementation. Legal persons or other organizations, the legal representative, person in charge of a contract beyond the authority, in addition to the relative who knows or should know of the outside of its ultra vires, the representative act shall be effective.

3, the corporation's civil liability, legal malpractice, also known as capacity, is the legal name of its own ability to bear civil liability for its wrongful acts or qualification. Civil liability of legal persons and legal capacity for civil rights, civil capacity while producing at the same time eliminated. Civil Liability of legal persons is a body of its property, the ability to bear civil liability. Fourth, legal authorities

1, is the legal authority under the law, statute or regulation shall apply to legal persons not established to produce a specific mandate to be able to be in the name of internal management of corporate legal affairs and external representation for civil legal activities of the collective or individual. There is a body corporate bodies to maintain the conditions of their personality.

2, the legal authority of the Constitution: In general, the legal authority by the right authorities, enforcement agencies and oversight bodies composition. Corporate legal authority for the shareholders, directors or board of directors, supervisors or board of

supervisors (state-owned enterprises with no shareholders.) Non-corporate enterprise legal person, the director (manager) is a legal person to the authorities. State organs, institutions heads of corporate responsibility to implement, is the legal head of the organ. Legal authority for community groups and Council members of the General Assembly; Foundation legal authority for the Council.

3, the legal representative or legal means in accordance with the articles of association law, corporate functions and powers on behalf of the person in charge.

4, the relationship between authorities and the legal relationship is not representative of agency relationship: legal authorities and legal persons are part of the relationship with all of one dollar, and an agent and being an agent is binary oppositions. Legal authority, which means that legal meaning, as a means; in the agency relationship, the principal agent of the meaning and the meaning of the two means. The behavior of legal authorities, that is, the behavior of corporate; in agency relationship, the agent behavior is the behavior of agents, instead of being an agent of the act. Fifth, corporate establishment, modification and termination

1, the legal establishment is legal to obtain civil rights and civil capacity of the legal fact, the equivalent of natural birth.

2, the legal establishment of the program: the establishment and registration of legal persons subject to the establishment of the two procedures.

(1) shall be set up: the establishment of corporate legal entity is established, it has the qualification of civil rights carried out continuously for a variety of acts, it is a legal person established in the front stage.

The establishment of China's current method of taking legal principles: legal authority to adopt licensing the establishment of doctrine. Legal institutions and corporate social groups, it shall be legal registration, are chartered doctrine; legally required to apply for legal registration, to establish the principle of administrative licensing. China's enterprises into corporate companies and non-corporate legal entity. Corporate body is divided into limited liability companies and limited. Limited liability company, except by special legal provisions, the criteria adopted to establish the principles of Marxism; Inc. doctrine established principles of administrative licensing. China's non-established companies to take legal doctrine for the administrative license.

Corporation established by: the command set, that is the way the Government to establish legal order; initiated the establishment of that legal person is established by the promoters to subscribe for the required one-time set up corporate funds; public offering, that is, funds set up by the corporate sponsors as part of the subscription, and the remaining public offer funds to set up a legal entity; contributions established by legal or natural person donor funds required for the establishment of legal entity.

(2) subject to registration: In China, the establishment of legal persons, in principle, must go through registration. Enterprise legal person registration of the industrial and

commercial administrative organs. Legal institutions to the establishment management authority for registration. Corporate social groups to the civil affairs department for registration.

3, the legal change, refers to the duration of legal persons, organizations and the division, merger and in the event purpose, business scope changes.

(1) The legal separation is defined by a body divided into two or more legal. Including the new division and derived separate. New division, the dissolution of the former legal person, which split into two or more of the new entity. Derived separation, the former corporate existence, but in the separation of the new entity.

(2) corporate mergers are two or more legal into a new legal person. Including the merger and the new consolidation. A corporate merger is integrated into an existing legal persons to participate in the corporate consolidation continue to exist in a legal and absorption of other legal persons that have been eliminated. New combination of two or more legal means into a new legal entity, the legal elimination of the original, the new corporate generation.

(3) changes in legal form of organization: such as limited liability company in compliance with the statutory conditions, can be changed into a limited company.

(4) The legal changes to other important matters related to corporate activities is the purpose and scope of business issues change. Enterprise legal change in name, residence, business premises, legal representative, economic nature, scope, mode of operation, registered capital, operating period, and the addition or withdrawal of branches, all belong to legal changes.

4, the termination of legal persons, also known as the elimination of legal person, means any body of civil rights and civil capacity of the termination of the civil Qualification eliminated. Enterprise legal termination of the following reasons: according to the law to be revoked; dissolved; law is declared bankrupt; other reasons.

5, the legal settlement, means any body corporate's property upon termination of clean up, end their participation in the legal relationship. Termination of liquidation is a necessary legal procedures.

(1) legal settlement types: corporate bankruptcy after the termination of liquidation into liquidation and non-bankruptcy liquidation. Liquidation bankruptcy law is in accordance with the liquidation procedures of the liquidation. Non-bankruptcy liquidation under bankruptcy law is non-clearing procedures.

(2) The clearing organization, also known as the liquidator, is responsible for the liquidation of the organization or individual. Liquidation of the duties: taking existing services; collect debts and obligations; the transfer of surplus property.

(3) Legal nature of the liquidation period: a legal person terminates, it shall be liquidated and stop settlement activities outside. Liquidation, and liquidation of legal persons have the same legal personality before, but the civil rights and civil acts restricted by the

purpose of liquidation.

(4) liquidation, the legal responsibility to complete the liquidation. Liquidation, the liquidator shall apply to the registration authority and publicly announce the cancellation of registration. Complete cancellation of registration and notice, a legal person will come to destroy.

Chapter VI unincorporated organization

First, unincorporated organization, also known as unincorporated body, is without legal person status, but the name of their own civil activities of the organization. The type of illegal organization: 1, for-profit organizations and non-profit legal person or unincorporated association; 2, to be registered without the illegal registration of human tissue and human tissue illegally Second, the partnership

1, the concept of partnership: general partnership by two or more components to achieve a certain purpose of the Commonwealth does not have legal personality. Narrow sense refers to two or more partners for common business purposes, in accordance with the mutual agreement of the do not have the legal personality of the composition of the for-profit consortium.

2, the partner's use of partnership property investment and management: a partner in the partnership property, including the duration of funding and partnership on behalf of a partner benefits to be derived. Partner of partnership property as joint owners. Partner of the partnership have a common property management and use rights.

3, the executor of the partnership affairs: managing partner of the partnership affairs executor of human affairs.

(1) The executor of the partnership affairs, there are three cases: all the partners together for the executor of the partnership affairs; part of the partner is an executor of the partnership affairs; partner executor the person responsible for the partnership affairs (2) the rights of holders partnership affairs: managing partner firms advance for the necessary expenses, requests for partner organizations have the right to reimbursement; due to the implementation of partnership affairs is not attributable to its own damage, partner organizations have the right to compensation requests; implementation the partnership affairs, partner organizations have requested the right to pay remuneration. (3) The executor of the obligations of the partnership affairs: the duty of care; faithfully the obligations of handling partnership affairs; non-compete obligations.

4, the partnership affairs, is the objection to the partnership agreement or decision of all partners, partners to execute the transaction, the partners of the other partners of the partnership affairs in the implementation of different views.

5, the implementation of the revocation of the partnership affairs is entrusted to execute the partnership affairs by the partnership agreement is not a partner or all partners of the partnership affairs implementation of the resolution, the other partners decide to revoke

the delegation.

6, the distribution of partnership income and loss sharing: a partner of the partnership's profit or loss allocation ratio, according to the partnership agreement; the partnership agreement, the ratio is not agreed by the partners the average distribution and sharing; partnership agreement may not stipulate to all profits are distributed to some partners to bear all or part of the loss of a partner 7, a partner relationship with third party

(1) the protection of bona fide third party: a partnership on a partner and managing partner of Corporate Affairs and representative of the rights of limited partnership, not against innocent bona fide third person.

(2) a partnership debt settlement: a partnership debt is defined as the duration of a partnership to operate a partnership activities on behalf of the burden of debt. Partner in the partnership property, the debt should be borne; partnership property is insufficient to take part, each partner jointly and severally liable. Partner's personal debt, the partners settled the personal property, personal property is insufficient to pay the debts, creditors have a right to request a partner in the partnership income should be divided up for settlement.

8, the occupation referred to a partnership in the third person during the existence of partner organizations to join and obtain the qualification of partner behavior.

The conditions of human occupation occupation: (1) all partners consent; (2) shall enter into a written agreement

The effect of occupation: the occupation after occupation, who made partner status. Occupation of people in debt occupied jointly and severally liable.

9, refers to withdrawal from a partner during the existence of the partner organizations to exit partnership, elimination of the behavior of a partner eligibility.

(1) Statutory withdraws from the course, withdraw from the partnership, also known, is directly based on the provisions of the law withdraws from the partnership. The following conditions, the partner withdraws legal: a partner died or declared dead; partner is adjudged to be without civil capacity; partner insolvent; partner is to court for enforcement of all in the partnership business share of property.

(2) removing mandatory withdrawal from withdrawal from known, is there some cases a partner, other partners may decide that the partner withdraws. Partner of the following circumstances, to force withdrawal from: failure to fulfill funding obligations; for intentional or gross negligence caused loss to the partnership business; managing partner of improper conduct business affairs; the partnership agreement of any other reason. (3) a statement withdrawing partner, also known as free withdraws, is a partner, but in accordance with terms of agreement or a statement to the other partner withdraws from the partnership. The following circumstances, you can withdraw from the partnership declaration: cause for withdrawal from the partnership agreement occur; by all the

partners agree to the withdrawal; occurred partner difficult to continue to participate in the partnership takes place; other serious violations of partner agreement obligations. Withdrawal from the effect of: (1) withdrawing the loss of a partner qualifications; (2) the withdrawing partner or his heirs the right to request refund of withdrawing in the partnership share of property. ; (3) withdrawal from withdrawing should occur before the debts of the partnership, and other partners jointly and severally liable; (4) withdrawing withdraws, if only one partner in a partnership, the partnership terminated.

10, dissolution of partnership, also known as the termination of a partnership, is due to the emergence of legal reasons or all the partners of the partnership agreement to eliminate. (1) the reasons for dissolution of the partnership: the partnership agreement's term of operation expires, the partners are unwilling to continue to operate; reasons for dissolution of the partnership agreement occur; all the partners decided to dissolve; partner will have the side a quorum; partnership agreement The partnership aims have been achieved or not achieved; partnership is to revoke the business license; a legal and administrative regulations of the other reasons for dissolution of the partnership

(2) the legal consequences of dissolution of the partnership: a partnership should be liquidated, the general partner by all partners as the liquidator of the company into liquidation. After the liquidation, cancellation of registration shall be in accordance with law. Third, other unincorporated organization

1, sole proprietorship is a natural investment, an investment property are personal, individual property investors with its unlimited liability for corporate debt business entity. One of the following circumstances, individual proprietorship enterprise is dissolved: investors decided to dissolve; investor died or declared dead, with no successor or successors renounced his inheritance; is to revoke the business license; legal and administrative regulations of the other cases. Dissolution of individual proprietorship enterprises should be liquidated. The debt of individual proprietorship enterprises shall be in accordance with the following order: wages and social insurance costs; taxes owed; other debts. Insufficient to pay off part of the property owned enterprises, investors should be settled in their personal property.

2, individual businesses is the extent permitted by law, shall be registered and approved to engage in business operations of natural persons or families. Individuals, private business, property, personal commitment by the responsible operator; families in business operations, property, family property assume responsibility; Although an individual business, but to invest in the family or their family members gain access to the main go to property of the family property assume the responsibility.

1, the individual peasant household is defined as the extent permitted by law, in accordance with the provisions of the contract in the commodity business of the rural economic organizations. To individual business, personal commitment by the operators the responsibility of property; families business, property, family property assume

responsibility; Although an individual business, but to invest in the family or their income is mainly owned by family members to enjoy, family property bear property responsibility. Chapter VII of the object of civil rights

First, the object of civil rights, also known as the subject of civil rights, civil rights is the object pointed to, that the interests of the civil rights of carrier. Civil rights object type: object; securities; behavior; intellectual achievements; rights; personal interests. Second, the material, is present in the human body than can be dominated by a civil or actual control and can meet their social needs of material.

1, personal property is able to move without impairing its value or use of the material. Real estate is not moving or moving will damage the use or value of the property. Real estate refers to land and the main floor fixtures.

2, the flow of material is permitted by law, according to legal procedures between civil subjects free flow of material. Res, its circulation is to provide a degree of legal restrictions or prohibit the free flow of the material. Our res are: exclusive state property, such as mineral deposits; non-exclusive state property, including land, forests, mountains, grasslands, wastelands, beaches and other natural water resources; military weapons, ammunition, drugs, narcotic drugs etc.; gold; heritage; yellow pornographic books, and images.

3, in two separate objects, the main effects from the main complex; a subordinate position, play a supporting role, or with materials from the property. From the material must have the conditions: (1) the purpose of use from a permanent material. (2) belong to the same thing with one main thing. (3) from the object to be independent. (4) shall be treated as transactions from the material.

4, the original refers to the income-generating material, the ground raw fruits born of income. Natural fruits and fruits into the legal fruits. Yiwu natural fruits is born of the natural properties of the proceeds. By law the legal relationship between the yield is born fruits.

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