高中英语说明文阅读

高中英语说明文阅读篇一：2014高考英语 阅读理解不同体裁阅读方法说明文

英语阅读理解不同体裁阅读方法说明文

说明文用平实的语言客观地解释或探讨各种问题，如机器的制造过程、自然或社会现象产生的原因、工程项目的规划或问题的解决方案等等，介绍自然科学、社会科学领域的最新成果，社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物等等。说明事物可采用多种方式：例如举例、分类法或类比、对比法，给事物下定义或分析事物产生的原因以及后果。举例说明文使用例子说明事物阐明观点；分解展开法着重于事物的区别、差异，分类展开法则强调事物的相似之处；类比说明事物如何相似，对比说明事物如何不同；因果说明文表明事物发生的原因及结果。除了用文字说明以外，说明文中常常使用数据、图片等资料。

无论采用什么说明方法，作者都是为了说明事物的本质特征、清晰地展现所说明的事物。因此，阅读说明文的关键是：抓住事物的特点，即抓住说明对象的本质特征。 下面具体看看两篇说明文。 （05 重庆卷 B 段）

Reading is very important to help you learn English. To learn as much as you can from reading, you need to read different kinds of

English. This book provides not only different kinds of English but also a good way to check your reading ability.There are four parts in the book:

Part 1 is Messages: In this part somebody wants to send information in writing to somebody else.

There is a test on timetables and a test on text messages.

Part 2 is People: In this part all the tests are about people. For example, there is an informal letter between friends. There is formal (正式的) English in biography (传记) . There is a job application as a model to help with your writing, as well as testing your reading. Part 3 is Places: In this part, too. Many different kinds of English are shown, some informal and some formal. There is the informal English of a holiday postcarD．There is also the formal English in a letter of complaint.

Part 4 is Things: You will find some descriptive writing in this part. There are descriptions of clothes and of a computer.

You can do these tests in any order you like, or you can do all the tests with a formal or informal text.

I enjoyed writing this book and I hope you enjoy using it. 解析：这篇文章使用浅显平实的语言详细介绍了这本书的4个部分的内容。说明的重点在书的内容，这本书的特征体现在它的内容。抓住了这一特点，也就读懂了这篇文章，再来做理解题，

就容易多了。看看相关的理解题：

59．We can find the introduction to a product in. A．Part 1 B．Part 2 C．Part 3 D．Part 4

60．Which of the following is most probably written in informal English?

A．A letter of complaint. B．A computer handbook. C．A letter to a frienD． D．A story of a president. 61．The passage is most probably written for.

A．test designers B．students C．test-takers D．teachers 62．What is the best title of the book?

A．Test Your Reading B．Help with Your Writing

C．Learn Different Kinds of English D．Practise English in Different Ways（参考答案：DCBA） （05 山东卷 E篇）

A device that stops drivers from falling asleep at the wheel is about to undergo testing at Department of Transport laboratories and could go on sale within 12 months.The system, called Driver Alert, aims to reduce deadly road accidents by 20%--40% that are caused by tiredness. Airline pilots can also use it to reduce the 30% of all pilot-error accidents that are related to fatigue.

Driver Alert is based on a computerized wristband．The device, worn by drivers or pilots, gives out a sound about every four

minutes during a car journey. After each sound the driver must respond by squeezing the steering wheel(方向盘). A sensor in the wristband detects this pressing action and measures the time between the sound and the drivers response.

Tiredness is directly related to a drivers response time. Usually, a watchful driver would take about 400 milliseconds to respond, but once that falls to more than 500 milliseconds, it suggests that the driver is getting sleepy.

In such cases the device gives out more regular and louder sounds, showing that the driver should open a window or stop for a rest. If the drivers response continues to slow down, the sounds become more frequent until a nonstop alarm warns that the driver must stop as soon as possible.

The device has been delivered to the departments laboratories for testing. If these tests, scheduled for six months time, are successful, the markets will bring the product to market within about a year. 解析：这篇文章说明Driver Alert这一驾驶员警报装置。抓住了它的工作原理、功能作用就抓住了它的本质特点。3.4.5自然段是理解的重点：开车时驾驶员腕带上的警报会每隔4分钟发出声音，驾驶员听到声音按压方向盘作出反应。传感器会探测到从听到声音到作出反应之间的时间差，如果这个时间差大于500毫秒，说明驾驶员疲劳打瞌睡。了解了这个装置的特点，就读懂了这篇文

章。看看理解题：

72．According to the text, Driver Alert _____. A．aims to reduce tiredness-related accidents B．has gone through testing at laboratories C．aims to prevent drivers from sleeping D．has been on sale for 12 months

73．How should a driver respond to the sounds from Driver Alert? A．By sounding a warning. B．By touching the wristband． C．By checking the driving time. D．By pressing the steering wheel. 74．We can learn from the text that the driver needs to stop for a break when his response time is _____.

A．about 400 millisecondsB．below 500 milliseconds C．over 500 milliseconds D．about 4 minutes

75．When the driver gets sleepy while driving, Driver Alert _____. A．moves more regularly B．stops working properly

C．opens the window for the driverD．sounds more frequently and loudly（参考答案：ADCD）

【实战演练练习十九】（05辽宁卷 D篇）

While income worry is a rather common problem of the aged, loneliness is another problem that aged parents may face. Of all the reasons that explain their loneliness, a large geographical distance

between parents and their children is the major one. This phenomenon（现象）is commonly known as Empty Nest Syndrome（空巢综合症）.

In order to seek better chances outside their countries, many young people have gone abroad, leaving their parents behind with no clear idea of when they will return home. Their parents spend countless lonely days and nights, taking care of themselves, in the hope that someday their children will come back to stay with them. The fact that most of these young people have gone to Europeanized or Americanized societies makes it unlikely that they will hold as tightly to the value of duty as they would have if they had not left their countries. Whatever the case, it has been noted that the values they hold do not necessarily match what they actually do. This geographical and cultural distance also prevents the grown-up children from providing response（回应）in time for their aged parents living by themselves.

The situation in which grown-up children live far away from their aged parents has been described as distant parent phenomenon, which is common both in developed countries and in developing countries. Our society has not yet been well prepared for Empty Nest Syndrome.

68．According to the passage, the loneliness of aged parents is

mainly caused by _________.

A．their earlier experience of feeling lonely

B．the unfavorable living conditions in their native countries C．the common worry about their income

D．the geographical distance between parents and children 69．Many young people have gone abroad, leaving their aged parents behind, to _________.

A．live in the countries with more money B．seek a better place for their aged parents C．continue their studies abroad

高中英语说明文阅读篇二：【十年高考】2006-2015年全国各地高考英语试题分类汇编：说明文阅读

2006-2015年全国各地10年高考英语试题分类汇编： 说明文阅读 Passage 5 (06·广东B卷)

The survey about childhood in the Third World shows that the struggle for survival

is long and hard. But in the rich world, children can from a different kind of povertytruly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disappears.

Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars. 63.What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?

A. Deciding on a proper sleep position B. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag C. Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly D. Finding a right time to go to sleep.

64.The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.

A. the y circle around on their bikes B. they use microcomputers without a stop C. they exercise in one place for a long time D. they watch a movie while pedaling

65.Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.

A. their senses stop working B. they have to stand up straight

C. they float out of their seats unexpectedly D. whether they are able to go back to the station

66.One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____. A. how much exercise they do on the station B. how they can remain healthy for long in space C. whether they can recover after returning home D. whether they are able to go back to the station 【解析】

试题分析：这是一篇说明文。本文通过举例说明了太空生活的奇妙：在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势；宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛；宇航员的大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。最后告诉我们美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心是宇航员回家后的修养期和如何在太空长久地保持健康。

63.A细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。

64. C细节理解题。根据第三段中“But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. „You can end up with

what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。故选C项。

65. D细节理解题。根据第四段中“Your inner ear thinks you’re failing. Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying-that’s why some people feel sick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。故选D项。

66.B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy„NASA is worried about two things :„ and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness„”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。故选B项。 【考点定位】说明文阅读

【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点，文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。考生应注意： 1.平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上提高科普英语的阅读能力。2.熟悉科普类文章的结构特点。科普类文章一般由标题（高考题中一般不给出标题）、导语、背景、主体和结尾五部分构成。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景交待一个事实的起因。主体则对导语概括的事实进行详细叙述，这部分是命题的重点，考生应该重点把握。结尾往往也

是中心思想的概括，并与导语相呼应，命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。3. 在进行推理判断时，考生一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为依据，同时所得出的结论还应符合基本的科普常识。

2.【2015·北京卷】C Life in the Clear

Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window. These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach. Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, “These animals live through their life alone. They never touch anything unless they’re eating it, or unless something is eating them.” And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see-through? It’s trickier than you might think.

The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light, bouncing it away from its original object look different from other objects around it, so you can see it easily. But a transparent object doesn’t absorb or scatter light, at least not very much, Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent object doesn’t look very

different from the surrounding air or water. You don’t see it ----you see the things behind it. To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light. Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb specific colors of light. But a transparent animal doesn’t have pigments, so its tissues won’t absorb light. According to Johnsen, avoiding absorption is actually easy. The real challenge is preventing light from scattering.

Animals are built of many different materials----skin, fat, and more----and light moves through each at a different speed. Every time light moves into a material with a new speed, it bends and scatters. Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue to scatter light, it is easier to be see—through. Others build a large, clear mass of non-living jelly-lie(果冻状的)material and spread themselves over it . Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge, because they have to make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does. They need to look uniform. But how they’re doing it is still unknown. One thing is clear for these larger animals, staying transparent is an active process. When they die, they turn a non-transparent milky white.

63. According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals_______. A. stay in groups B. can be easily damaged

C. appear only in deep oceanD. are beautiful creatures

64. The underlined word “dead” in Paragraph 3 means__________. A. silentlyB. gradually C. regularly D. completely

65. One way for an animal to become transparent is to ________. A. change the direction of light travel B. gather materials to scatter light. C. avoid the absorption of light D. grow bigger to stop light.

66. The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals________.

A. move more slowly in deep water B. stay see-through even after death C. produce more tissues for their survival D. take effective action to reduce light spreading 【解析】

试题分析：文章解释了生活在海洋的透明生物的特点，透明原理，以及形成机制。

63.B 细节理解题。文章第一段第三行：Mostof them are

extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch。得知B选项：透明动物是很容易受伤的。故选B。

64.D 词义猜测题。该词出现在文章第三段第三行。前文提到了：你能看到的物体一种是对光线进行了散射；而另外一种是对光线的吸收。既然吸收了，那在光的传播过程中就完全阻止了，因此这里dead是完全的意思。故选D。

65.C 推理判断题。根据第五段第一句To become transparent, an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering light。可知，想变透明就要避免散射或吸收光线，因此其中的一个方法是C选项，避免光线的吸收。故选C。

66.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句中的make all the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does可以推断出D为正确答案。其中slowdown对应reduce。故选D。

【考点定位】科技类说明文

【名师点睛】做科技类说明文时，考生应能：理解语篇主旨要义，理解文中具体信息，根据上下文提供的线索推测生词的词义，根据文中事实和线索作出简单的判断和推理。此次出现了新型科技类说明文。往年科技类说明文的阅读难点在于专业类词汇，但是今年的“新型耳机”在问题设置上难度不大，属于文章难但题目不难的题目。所以要理解好文章做好此题就不是难题。 3.【2015·江苏】B

In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.

Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher inSo-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.

Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled