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大学英语四六级应试技巧系列讲座

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大学英语四六级考试应试技巧系列讲座 词语用法和语法结构(VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE) 第一讲 四级考试词汇与语法的命题特点、规律 一、 命题特点

词汇与语法结构共30小题,每小题0.5分,答题时间为20分钟。其中,结构题占60%,共18题。词汇题占40%,共12题。《大纲》规定,大学本科生在两年的英语基础课学习中应该掌握英语的基本语法知识,其中包括词法(名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词等的用法)。句法(时态、语气、语序、从句等)的正确使用。\"词汇与语法\"句是针对上述内容而设计的。 根据历次国家曝光题统计,“词汇与语法”部分的命题内容包括以下几个方面:

项目内容 频率 比例(%) 名、代、形、动、副等 10.0 3.3 介、冠、连词等 2.8 9 动词短语搭配 4.4 14.6 非谓语动词 3.2 10.6 虚拟语气 1.8 6 时态、语态 1.6 5 主谓一致 0.4 1 各类从句 1.8 6 特定结构与句型 2.8 9 省略与倒装 0.5 2

二、 出题规律 1 词汇的测试重点 1)近义词和近形词

a. 近义词:指意义相近,考生容易混淆的词。着重考查考生对词义的确切理解。

b. 近形词:指虽然词义不同但是在词的拼

写、读音等词形方面有一定的相似之处。这类试题着重考查考生对词汇记忆的准确与熟练程度。

2)动词短语

这一类考题包括及物动词和副词,及物动词和介词构成的短语。它既考查考生对这些短语的构成和意义的掌握,而且考查它们的用法。 3)介词短语

这类考题在考查考生对介词意义的掌握的同时,考查考生对不同介词与其宾语的固定搭配及用法的掌握情况。例如:介词带名词、动名词、从句、疑问句及不定式等各形式的宾语;介词短语做定语、表语、状语、宾语补足语等等。 4)习惯搭配

这类试题考查名词、形容词、动词、介词的各种其他固定用法,包括一些习语与成语的构成及意义,在测试中占有相当大的比例。 2 语法的测试重点 1) 谓语动词

主要测试英语中的各种时态、语态以及主谓一致等。

2) 虚拟语气

主要测试各种虚拟语气的用法,其中关键是主句的时态和与之相应的条件状语从句中的时态。

3) 连词的用法

主要测试不同类型连词的用法及其引导的各种状语从句

4) 非谓语动词

主要测试动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、和过去分词各自的用法。其中重点是测试非谓语动词的时态和语态。 5) 各种从句

主要测试定语从句和名词性从句 6) It 句型

主要测试\"It\"的不同用法,重点测试“It”作为形式主语、形式宾语、和用于强调结构的用法。 第二讲 四级考试词汇与语法题的解题技巧

在解答词汇和语法结构题时,可用以下几种方法: 1. 看准就选的直接选择法

\"词汇与结构\"考试的题型由题句和四个备选答案组成。在四个答案中,只有一个是正确的,

其余三个都是干扰项。考生在答题时,首先应当运用直接选择法,也就是在做题时找出题句中与备选答案相关的词,利用语法规则--一般为固定搭配或习惯用法,直接选出答案。一旦看准,就不必再往下看,这样既能节省时间,又能提高正确率。

例:1994年1月四级第45题:

The police set a________ to catch the thieves.

a. plan b. device c. trap d. trick 本句意思为:“警察设了一个陷阱来抓小偷。”“设圈套”的一般表达“set a trap”,是一个习惯搭配。

例:1994年1月四级第62题:

Medical research has shown that the widespread

use

of

cigarettes

contributes________the increase of cancers. a. towards b. for c. with d. to

本句涉及固定词组 contribute to, 意为“有助于”“促成”,填入空格中,题句语义连贯。 例:1999年6月四级第51题

Tony is very disappointed________the results of the exam。

A) for B) toward C) on D) with

本题考查词组的搭配,be disappointed with 意思是“对„„失望”,大部分考生对此词组都很熟悉。

2. 逐个排除法

在答题时,如果不能从四个备选答案中根据词组的固定搭配或习惯用法直接选出答案的话,就应该从题的句子结构和上下文意思两方面加以考虑,通过对语义、语法、逻辑的分析,或通过词汇、语法、辨析来逐个排除,确定三项都有错误,以便推论不知意思的项为正确答案。 例:1999年月四级第50题

Being a pop star can be quite a hard life,________with a lot of travelling heavy schedules.

A) as to B) in relation to C) owing to D) with regard to

选项C) owing to 的意思是“由于”。符合

题意“由于时间很紧„„”。选项A) as to 意思是“至于,关于”。选项B) in relation to 意思是“关于,涉及,与„„相比”。 而选项D) with regard to 意思是“关于”。 A)、B) 、D)三个选项在意思上都不符合题意。

例:1995年6月四级第48题

While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television________the newspaper completely. A) replaced B) have replaced C) replace D) will replace

本句的意思是“虽然人们可以从电视了解最新消息,但电视不大可能完全取代报纸”。句中unlikely表示说话人认为某事将来不大可能发生,或者认为不大可能成为事实,因此应当用陈述语气将来时。选项A) replaced 为一般过去时,从全句意思来看,显然不合适。应予以排除。选项B)have replace 违反了主谓语一致的原则,应予以排除。选项C) replace与单数主语television在数上不一致,也违反了主谓语一致原则,应予以排除。因此,本题答案为D) will replace。 再如:

Alone in a deserted house,he was so busy with

his

research

work

that

he

felt________lonely.

A) nothing but B) anything but C) all but D) everything but

nothing but(除„„只有),all but(几乎),everything but不是惯用短语,若填入,意思就成了“除了孤独外,什么都感到了”。这样,在逻辑上就不通了。因此A,C,D均与文意不符,故排除。只有anything but(除„„以外任何事;根本不„„)符合文意,所以答案是B。

3. 按动词的适当形式选择

在英语的各类词性中,动词是变化最多、应用最广的词类。考生除了熟练掌握谓语动词的时态、语态,以及非谓语动词在句中的不同作用之外,在答题时,首先要根据题句中的时间状语来判断谓语动词的时态;其次,按照语法规则(包括习惯搭配)选择出动词的适当形式,同时,还应考虑到题句中时态的前后呼应和题句本身的意义。

例:1990年1月四级第57题

The manager promised to keep

me________of how out business was going on. 淆某些词形相近但词意或词性完全不同的词,例如:effect和affect,adopt和adapt等。此外,英语和汉语分属两种不同的语系,词语的涵义往 A) to be informed B) on informing 往很难完全对等。受汉语词义干扰也是学生学习

C) informed D) informing

全句意思是:“经理答应让我不断了解我们的业务进展情况”。“keep+名词+分词”表示“让„„(保持)”。由于inform 是及物动词,me是它的动作对象,所以要用过去分词informed。答案是选项C) informed。keep on是一个短语动词,表示“继续做”,keep和on之间不能插入宾语,所以选项B) on informing不对。我们可以说keep on doing sth.,但不能说keep sb. on doing sth.。如果keep后面用现在分词,则keep的宾语是分词动作的主题,这与本题不符,所以D) 选项也不正确。 4. 概率确定法

考生做选择题时,在备选答案中遇到生词是难免的,这时候,不能一见到生词就不知所措,而是应该认真推敲认识的词,同时利用概率论的知识,比较准确地选择答案。如果能够认识四个备选答案中的一个、两个、或三个,可以做出以上的考虑;如果四个都不认识,这是虽用不上任何接题技巧,但也要利用构词知识根据上下文猜一个答案,这样至少会有25%答对的可能性。总之,一定要答题,不能空着。此外,需要强调的是,考生在答题时,对判断不准的答案,不能太犹豫不决,而应该当机立断做出选择。

以上几种答题方法,只是基本的常用方法。在答题时要全面考虑问题,不要顾此失彼。 第三讲 名词

首先让我们先看看考生中普遍存在的问题。从历次试卷的分析中可以看出,考生在词汇方面存在着以下的共同问题:

1. 语意问题,包括多义词、同义词、近义词、反义词等。英语中不少单词是多义词,有的学生只知道某个单词的某种意思,却不知道它的其它含义和在特定上下文中的引申含义,这在很大程度上影响了考生对题目的理解,也影响了考生答题的正确率。还有,有的考生不能准确辨别一些同义词的差异,不了解这些同义词适用的特定语境和场合,造成误选错选。另外,考生还常常混

中的困难因素之一。

2. 搭配问题,包括名词与形容词的搭配;动词与名称的搭配;动词、名词或形容词与介词的搭配;动词与副词的搭配等。这些搭配很复杂,有的依据语法搭配,有的根据习惯用法搭配,千变万化。这往往是产生词汇和语法错误的主要原因。 名词

考查的重点是近义词、反义词辨析、一词多义用法、名词与介词的搭配,形近词辨析以及辨别名词的单复数等内容。其中名词与介词的搭配,形近词辨析以及辨别名词的单复数等内容,我们将在以后的相关篇章中做详细讲解。

1. 近义词

这类题的的四个选项为意义相近的四个名词,要求考生从中选出符合题意的词。 例:1997年6月四级第40题

The newspaper didn't mention the

________ of the damage caused by the fire. A) range B) level C) extent D) quantity

从4个选项看,空格中应该填入一个表示“程度”的词,所以答案是C) extent。the extent of the damage的意思是“损失的程度”。选项A) range的意思是“范围、幅度”,指“可以达到或探测到的最大范围”(the maximum area in which it can reach things or detect things),所以range用在这里不合适。选项B) level表示“水准、程度”,指一个量表或序列中的位置(a position in a scale or rank),所以level用在本句中也不妥。选项D) quantity的意思是“数量”,但damage是不可数名词,没有数量之分。因此这三项都是错误的。 例:1999年6月四级第63题

My father seemed to be in no _____ to look at my school report.

A) mood B) emotion C) attitude D) feeling

选项A) mood意思是:“情绪”,与介词in

搭配,be in no mood to do意为“没有心情作某事”,符合题意。选项B) emotion意为“情感,感情”;C) attitude意为“态度”;D) feeling意为“感触,感觉”。全句的意思为:“看来我的父亲没有情绪看我的成绩单”。

2. 形近词

例:1999年6月四级第59题

Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful ______ in the market.

A) barrels B) batteries C) baskets D) bargains

答案是D) bargains(廉价品,便宜货)。其它选项A) barrels(桶),B) batteries(电池),C) baskets(篮子)都不符合题意。 3. 名词的用法

四级中常考的是名词的单、复数,数词+名词作定语,及名词的所有格 例:1995年6月四级第56题

I walked too much yesterday and ________ are sill aching now.

A) my leg's muscles B) my muscles of leg

C) my leg muscles D) my muscles of the leg 结合选项可知,全句意思是:“我们昨天走得太多了,现在我的腿部肌肉还在痛”。“腿部肌肉”在英语中的表达法是leg muscles。“手臂肌肉”为arm muscles。所以选项C) my leg muscles是答案。对于其他三个选项,首先,名词所有格大多数用于表示有生命东西的名词,如:my uncle's pet。或用于表示时间和距离的名词,如:today's paper,two miles' distance。一般不能用于无生命名词,而且my leg's muscles中leg用的是单数,而句中意思是两腿都痛。所以A不对。B) my muscles of leg。同样,这里用的是单数leg,而且没有冠词,也不对。另外,如用介词of表示所属关系,其表达方式应为:the muscles of my legs,所以D) my muscles of the leg不正确。

例:1998年6月四级第56题

Americans eat _________ as they actually need every day.

A) twice as much protein B) twice

protein as much

C) twice protein as much D) protein as twice much

结合选项,本句的大意是:“美洲人所食用的蛋白质是他们实际需要的两倍”。表达倍数的方法是:„times as „ as „,在两个as只见可用many(修饰可数名词),much(修饰不可数名词)和其它相应的词。所以答案是A) twice as much protein。 练习测试:

1. I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into .... when judging my examinatoin. A. regard B. counting C. account D. observation

2. When they heard the ______for help that rang through the burning building, the firemen

rushed into it. A. emergency B. fight C. noise D. appeal

3. Most housewives keep a needle and _______handy in case of meeding clothes. A route B. thread C. cord D. string

4. Your whole account of these incidents doesn't make______. A. idea B. sense C. meaning D. significance

5. There are certain__________ when you must interrupt people who are in the middle of

doing something. A. occasions B. situations

C. conditions D. environments

6. How can you avoid mistakes when you are 特征和用途--名词,即:当一个名词有几个前置修饰语时,表示最基本特征的词往往离所修饰的名词最近。

in such a ______? A. speed B. dash C. haste D. hurry

7. I have to get ________about the subject before I write the paper. A. a few more informations B. a few more information C. a little more information D. a little more informations

8.When he was director of the company, his first _________ was to bring about better working conditions. A. accumulation B achievement C. defeat D. job

题号 标准答案 1 C 2 D 3 B 4 B 5 A 6 D 7 C 8 B 第四讲 形容词

形容词和副词是英语语法中的重要组成部分,词汇用法测试中的重要内容之一就是:形容词和副词的误用;形容词和副词用于修饰时的词序;某些在词义上容易混淆的形容词和副词;有关形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法;由形容词和副词和其它词所组成的固定结构等。 下面我们就谈谈这些问题: 1. 语序

形容词做定语的一般词序为:

限定词-性质-形状-颜色-来源-材料--基本

例:a beautiful blue dress,短语中blue是dress的基本特征,所以最靠近修饰的名词dress。

例:1995年6月四级第57题

Radio, television and press _________ of conveying news as information.

A) are the most three common means B) are the most three common means

C) are the three most common means D) are three the most common means

答案是C)。全句的意思:“无线电、电视和报纸是传播新闻和消息的3种最常见的手段”。因为Most修饰形容词common,构成形容词最高级。所以,most一定要放在所修饰的形容词common的前面,所以选项A)错误。数字通常要放在形容词前面,所以B)错误。另外,冠词一般要放在最前面,因此D)不对。 2. 词义辨析

形容词词义辨析以及形容词与名词的搭配是历年四级的考点之一。

1) 同义形容词、近义形容词辨析 例:1991年6月四级第44题

There were some ________ flowers on the table.

A) artificial B) unnatural C) false D) unreal

本题的4个选项都是形容词,在一定的情况下都可以译作“假的”,但其含义各有侧重。描述花时,说明桌子上的花不是天然生长的,而是“人工的,人造的”,应当用A) artificial表示“假花”。其他三个选项的意思分别是:B) unnatural强调某物是“不自然的”,C) false强调的是某物带有欺骗性的假象,D) unreal是real的反义词,强调某物“不是真实的”,而是“虚假的”。 例:1999年1月四级第69题

Our new house is very ________ for me as I can get to the office in five minutes. A) adaptable B) comfortable C) convenient D) available

本句的意思是:“我的家对我来说很______,

因为我可以在五分钟之内到办公室”。该空格要求填入一个表示“方便”之类意思的形容词。答案是C) convenient(方便的)。选项A) adaptable(可适应的),B) comfortable (舒适的,舒服的),D) available(可得到的)均不符题意。 例:1996年1月四级第35题

They took ________ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.

A) fruitful B) beneficial C) valid D) effective

全句的意思是:“他们采取了________措施防止有毒气体泄露”。effective“有效地,生效的”意指“能起作用的,能产生预期效果的”。valid“有法律效力的,法律上有效的”。fruitful意为“多产的,富有成效的”,beneficial意为“有益的,有利的”。所以答案是D。

例:1998年6月四级第42题

The shy girl felt ________ and

uncomfortable when she could not answer her teacher's questions. A) amazed B) awkward C) curious D) amused

本题为近义形容词辨析。句中的uncomfortable暗示了选项B)是正确的。Awkward的意思是尴尬的。其它三个选项意思分别为:A) amazed 惊奇的,C) curious好奇的,D) amused好玩的,有趣的。

例:1999年6月四级第44题

Although they plant trees in this area every year, the tops of some hills are still ______. A) bare B) vacant C) blank D) hollow

尽管四个选项都有\"空\"的意思,但它们的意思格不相同。本句句意为:“尽管他们每年都在这个地区钟树,但是山顶仍然是_______”。答案是A) bare(赤裸的,裸露的)。选项B) vacant (空闲地,空虚的),C) blank(空白的,空虚的),D) hollow(空洞的)都不合题意。 例:1996年1月四级第48题

I'm not sure whether I can gain any profit from the investment, so I can't make a(n) _______ promise to help you.

A) exact B) defined C) definite D) sure

本句的意思是:“我不能肯定这项投资能否获利,因此我不能做出 许诺帮助你”。空格中应该是表示“明确”意思的词,因此C) definite(明确的、确切的)是答案,意思相当于unlikely to be changed。另外三个选项的意思分别是A) exact,exact意为“确切的、精确的”,相当于correct in every detail;B) defined(规定的);D) sure(可靠的)。 4. 形近形容词辨析

例:1996年1月四级第43题

It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _____ knowledge.

A) extensive B) expansive C) intensive D) expensive

本句的意思是:“一个称职的教师必须行为端正,知识________”。空格中应该时表示“丰富、渊博”意思的形容词,因此答案是表示“广阔的、广泛的”意思的A) extensive。选项B) expansive

的意思是“扩大的、膨胀的”。 C) intensive的意思是“加强的、集中的”。 D) expensive的意思是“昂贵的”。 5. 易混形容词辨析

例:1995年6月四级第65题

In Britain, the best season of the year is probably _____ spring.

A) later B) last C) latter D) late

从所给的四个选项看,空格中应当填写的是表示“晚”这一意思的形容词,答案应为选项D)

late。全句意思是:“暮春也许是英国一年中的最佳季节”。形容词late作“晚的”讲,意指happening,coming or developing after the usual or proper time。later作形容词时,表示“下一半的”之意,常与former连用,所以A) 不正确。latter的意思是“后面的、后者的”。last 有“上一个”的意思,last spring也就是“上一个春天”。而这句话讲的是一般情况,所以D)也不对。

6. 形容词与名词的搭配 例:1993年6月四级第60题

In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly _____. Despite the wonderful acting and

well-developed plot the ____ movie could not A) gaps B) intervals C) length hold our attention.

D) distance

全句意思是:“考生们学习高级课程必须每个一个月参加一次考核学习情况的测试”。空格中应该是表示“间隔”这一意思的词,因此答案是选项B) intervals。at intervals表示“每隔„„时间(或距离)”这里是每隔一个月(monthly)。英语中at length表示“详尽地”。而distance与gap在寓意上虽与interval有共同之处,但不能和at monthly构成短语,因而都是错误的。 例:1997年1月四级第23题

Students or teachers can participate in excursions to lovely beaches around the island at regular _____.

A) gaps B) rate C) length D) intervals

答案是D) intervals,B) rate表示“速度、比率”,at a/the rate of意为“以„„速度”。rate,length,gap均不可与regular搭配。(其它解析参照上题。) 7. 形容词most的用法

例:1996年1月四级第39题

It is reported that _____ adopted children want to know who their natural parents are.

A) the most B) most of C) most D) the most of

全句意思是:“据报道,大多数被收养的孩子都先要知道他们的生身父母是谁”。空格中要求填入作为形容词的most,因此答案是C) most。有约51%考生误选了B) most of。但是,most of后面应当接表示限定范围的名词或代词。一些考生误选了D) the most of。在most of之前一半不用定冠词the,只有在make the most of(充分利用,极为重视)等个别短语中most之前采用定冠词the。还有少数考生误选了A) the most。The most是much或many的最高形式,后面一般不跟名词,用在本句中显然不合适。

8. 数词+名词构成复合形容词,其构成方法及用法见下例:

例:1996年1月四级第31题

A) three-hours B) three-hour C) three-hours' D) three-hour's

本题考核数词+名词作定语的用法。全句的意思是:“尽管这部长达3个小时的电影演技高超,情节环环相扣,但却未能吸引我们的注意力”。按构词规则,“数词+名词”构成的复合词中的名词要用单数,即three-hour。此外,这种复合词是形容词,不能加's。所以答案是B) three-hour。 9. 比较和倍数的表达 例:1998年6月四级第56题

Americans eat ________ as they actually need every day.

A) twice as much protein B) twice protein as much

C) twice protein as much D) protein as twice much

结合选项,本句的大意是:“美洲人所食用的蛋白质是他们实际需要的两倍”。表达倍数的方法是:„times as „ as „,在两个as只见可用many(修饰可数名词),much(修饰不可数名词)和其它相应的词。所以答案是A)。 练习测试:

1. This _________ girl is Mary's cousin. A. pretty little Swedish B. Swedish little pretty C. Swedish pretty little

D. little pretty Swedish

2. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and

girls respond to __________ situations. A. similar

B. alike

C. same

D. likely

3 His action is always ________ his words. A. consistent with B. responsible for C. related to D. responded to

4. You should find a more _______ manager than the one you currently have. A. effective B. respective C. efficient D.sufficient

5. It has been pointed out that in 6000BC the fastest transportation_______to man over long

A. abailable B. useful C. reasonable D. visible

6. While both plans were perfectly sensible, only one seemed __________ in China's

particular situation. A. useful B. feasible C. available D. desirable

题号 标准答案 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 C 5 A 6 B 第五讲 副词

1. 副词的一般词序为:

频度副词--被修饰动词--程度副词--方式副词--地点副词--时间副词

例:You always study very hard here this

term.(你这个学期总是在这里非常用功地学习。) 例:1991年6月四级第60题

I couldn't find _______, and so I took this one.

A) a large enough coat B) an enough large coat

C) a large coat enough D) a coat enough large

enough在句中修饰形容词或副词时,一般位于被修饰词之后,因此答案是A) a large enough coat。选项B) an enough large coat,是汉语词序。选项C) a large coat enough中把large和enough割裂开,显然不对。而选项D) a coat enough large中把enough放在large之前,又把enough large放在被修饰的名词coat之后,更不对。

注意:如果有助动词,则频度副词在动词和助动词之间,如果有两个助动词,则频度副词位于两个助动词之间。 2. 词义辨析 1) 近义副词辨析

例:1998年6月四级第69题

These goods are ________ for export, though a few of them may be sold on the home market.

A) essentially B) completely C) necessarily D) remarkably

本题考查副词词义辨析。四个选项的意思分别是 A) essentially 基本地,本质地; B) completely完整地,彻底地;C) necessarily必要地,必须地;D) remarkably异常地,非凡地,显著的。根据句意:\"这些商品基本上是出口,尽管其中一部分也在国内商场销售。\"所以答案是A。

例:1999年1月四级第70题

Our journey was slow because the train stopped ________ at different villages. A) unceasingly B) gradually C) continuously D) continually

本题主要要求对C) continuously 和D) continually进行辨析。两次都作“连续不断地”解释,但continually隐含着中间有停顿。全句

的意思是:“我们的旅行很慢,因为火车时不时地在不同的村庄停”。答案是D。 2.近副词的辨析

例:1990年1月四级第54题

The rain was heavy and _____ the land was flooded.

词C) either。有些考生误选了B) so,so作副词时,可引出倒装结构,但只能用于肯定句,且用于避免重复前述内容。还有些考生误选了D) both,both不是副词,意思也与句意完全不和。 b) however的用法

例:1996年6月四级第46题 A) consequently B) continuously I've already told you that I'm going to

C) constantly D) consistently

句中前面一个分句the rain was heavy表示原因,后面的分句the land was flooded表示结果。为了进一步突出这种因果关系,需要增加一个表示“因而、所以”的词,全句意思:“雨下的很大,因此田地被淹没了”。答案是A) consequently,consequently相当于so,therefore,as a result的意思,即汉语的“因而、所以、结果”,表示上文所述内容产生的结果。其他三个选项的意思分别是:B) continuously(连续不断地), C) constantly(不断地),D) consistently(一贯地)。这几个词与consequently在形式上相似,而且都是副词,但在意思和用法上却大相径庭,都不是表示由于某种原因产生的结果。

3. 副词与动词的搭配 例:1995年1月四级第56题

I used to smoke _______ but I gave it up three years ago.

A) seriously B) heavily C) badly D) severely

“抽烟厉害”和“雨下的很大”一样,都应用副词heavily修饰。所以答案是B) heavily。 4. 考试中常见的副词、副词词组及其用法 a) neither,nor的用法 例:1993年6月四级第33题

The organization had broken no rules, but _____ had it acted responsibly. A) neither B) so C) either D) both

题句是由两个分句构成的并列复合句,用表示转折意思的连接词but相连,全句的意思是:“该组织虽没有违反规定,但也不够负责”。空格中应填入表示否定意义的副词。本题答案是A) neither,neither引出的句子主语要置于动词或助动词之后。有些考生误选了只用于否定句的副

buy it, _________.

A) however much it costs B) however does it costs much

C) how much does it cost D) no matter how it costs

结合选项,全句的意思是:“我已经告诉过你,无论花多少钱,我都要买它”。 however = no matter how,是副词,也可以修饰形容词。“多少”是how much。所以答案是A) however much it costs。

c) more than的习惯用法:两词连起来用时表示“非常”、“不仅仅”;两词分开用时表示“与其„„不如”。

例:You mean much to me. You are more than a friend of mine.(你对我很重要。你不仅仅是我的朋友。)

It is more a measure of desperation than as one calculated to achieve victory.(与其推测为\"争取胜利\",不如说它是孤注一掷。) 例:1991年6月四级第50题

I like watching TV ______ to the cinema. A) more than to go B)than going C) more than going D) rather than to go 显然,本句是比较对“看电视”和“去电影院”这两件事喜欢的程度。答案是C) more than going。选项A) more than to go与前半句的watching不一致。选项B) than going中只引出了比较对象的than,而没有比较级more,所以说是错误的。D) rather than to go中的rather than

是个习惯用于,后者后接动词原型表示“宁愿„„而不„„”。后者连接两个相同的结构,表示\"是„„而不是„„\"。

例:1995年6月四级第78题

Many of them were _______ inventors than scientists.

A) less B) more C) more D)

worse

本题测试对more A than B这一固定结构的理解和运用。more 和than两词分开用时表示“与其„„不如”。本句表达的意思是:“与其说是科学家,不如说是发明家”,所以答案是C) more 。 D) less than的习惯用法表示“很不„„”。 例:The general manager is extremely busy recently, and he is obviously less than pleased to have visitors.(总经理最近非常繁忙,很显然他不高兴有来访者。) E) hardly more than

例:1997年1月四级第36题(同1995年1月四级第49题)

The little man was _____ one metre fifty high.

A) almost more than B) hardly more than

C) nearly more than D) as much as 本句讲的是一个人身材的矮小.。句中little的意思是small in size。在4个选项中,只有hardly more than从否定角度表示小个子的身高,因此答案是B) hardly more than(不足)。选项C) nearly more than的意思是“几乎超过”,是从肯定角度来谈论身高的。选项D) as much as的意思是“多达”,不能用来表达身高。选项A) almost more than和C)一样,都是“几乎超过”的意思。

F) no more than的习惯用法:合用时表示“只不过、至多、仅仅、就是”;分开用时表示“和„„一样、正如„„一样”。

例:He always looks down upon others, but he himself is no more than nobody.(他总是瞧不起别人,但其实他自己只不过是个庸人而已。)

G) no less than的习惯用法:合用时表示“至少、多达”;分开用时表示“和„„一样、正如„„一样”(= no more„„than)。

例:The output of this year will be no less than 18 million tons.(今年的产量将多达一千八百万吨。)

5. 作时间状语的副词 1) ago,past,ahead,before 例:1995年6月四级第90题

Even those who had little or no training in science might no have made their inventions if a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years ______.

A) ago B) past C) ahead D) before

本题要求选用的副词是用来修饰一个过去完成式的谓语动词,即表示过去某个时间以前发生的动作,所以答案是D) before。因为谓语动词had been laid是过去完成式,不是一般过去式。而ago通常只与一般过去式连用,表示从现在角度看过去的某个时间,所以选项A) ago不正确。past用来表示时间时,通常不作副词,而只作形容词、名词或介词, 所以B)也不对。ahead用作时间状语时,通常用来表示将来的时间in the years ahead(在未来的岁月里),也可用来表示“在„„前面”,如ahead of time/schedule(提前),所以C)也不正确。

2) ever,yet,as,thus 例:1993年6月四级第47题

The ability to store knowledge makes computers different from every other machine ________ invented.

A) ever B) thus C) yet D) as 全句的意思:“由于具有存储知识的能力,计算机有别于至今所发明的任何其他机器”。空格中应填入ever,与invented一起修饰名词machine。所以,答案是A。其它,as作为副词,一般用来修饰形容词或副词,表示一种比较,不能修饰动词;副词yet一般用于否定句或疑问句中,当yet作as far(到目前为止)解时,它只能和相容词或副词的最高级连用。误选thus的考生可能是把thus和thus far(到目前为止)混淆了。 6. 有些程度副词可以修饰形容词或副词的比较级

例如:much, far, still, yet, even, a lot, a little, a great deal, a good deal, 5 years, 20 percent等。有些表示“„„得多”,有些表示“稍微„„、„„一点”。这是它们的普通用法,含义是在比较级的基础上更多些或更少些,这里不再举例。其习惯用法正是由“更多”、“更少”的意思进一步引申,形成量变到质变的含义:“更不用说”。

例:He knows nothing of literature, even less of classical philosophy.(他对文学一无所知,更不用说古典哲学了。)

It is difficult to understand his books, much more than his lectures.(理解他的著作都很难,更不用说理解他的讲演了。) 练习测试:

1. I should say Henry is not ________ much a writer as a reporter. A. that B. so C. this D. that

2. I won't pay $20 for the coat; it's not worth ________. A. all that much B. that much all C. that all much D. much all that

3. He had _______ on the subject. A. a rather strong opinion B. rather strong opinion C. rather the strong opinion D. the rather strong opinion

4. He knows little of mathematics, and __________ of chemistry. A. even more B. still less C. no less D. still more

5. After having gone _________ far, Tom did not want to turn back. A. enough B. much C. such D. that

6. There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, ________ they can limit

how much water you drink. A. much more than B. no more than

C. no less than D. any more than

7. The heart is __________ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. A. not so B. not much C. much more D. no more

8. Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often ___________ or better than an

actual performance. A. as good as B. as good C. good D. good as

9. They didn't find __________ to prepare for the worst conditions they might meet. A. worth their while B. it worthwhile C. it worth D. it worthy

10. I shall have a companion in the house after all these _________ years. A. alone B. lonely C. isolating D. separate

题号 标准答案 1 B 2 A 3 A 4 B 5 D 6 D 7 D 8 A 9 B 10 B 第六讲 代词(一)

代词分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词等。其中重点是:

1. 物主代词:本类代词又分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。这两类代词用法的最大区别是:形容词性物主代词具有形容词性质和作用,用于修饰名词;名词性物主代词具有名词性质和作用,本身就可以做主语、表语或宾语。换句话说,形容词性物主代词后面必须加名词,而名词性物主代词后面不得加名词。

例:I don't like my own bicycle, I like his.(我不喜欢我自己的自行车,我喜欢他的。) These are not his belongings, they are mine.(这些不是他的财物,是我的。) 2. 关系代词:who,whose,whom,which,that,as,等。 1) which的用法

例:1993年6月四级第59题

Helen was much kinder to her younger child than she was to the others,_______, of course, made the others jealous.

A) with B) that C) what D) which

which可以引导非限定性定语从句,代表前面整个句子的内容,并且在从句中做主语。因此,答案是D。再比如:He didn't mean harm, which I realized. 他没有恶意,这点我意识到了。which在这里代表前面整个句子内容,在从句中做宾语。其它三个选项的关系代词都不能指代整个主句,所以都不是答案。 例:1998年6月四级第70题

The course normally attracts 20 students per year, _________ up to half will be from overseas.

A) in which B) for whom C) with which D) of whom

本题属于非限定性定语从句。句意指人,可先排除A,C两项。把该句非结成两个独立的句子:The course normally attract 20 students per year; up to half of them will be from overseas. 可以看出,half后应接of them, 所以答案D。

2) that的用法

可取代指人的who, whom和指物的which,分别在句中做主语和宾语。但在以下情况中只能用that,不用which, who等。

a) 在all, much, only, anything, everything, nothing, something之后 例:1990年1月四级第46题

All ______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.

A) what is needed B) for our needs C) the thing needed D) that is needed 全句意思:“(全部)所需要的只是持续不断地供应基本的生活必需品”。All在句中作主语,常常后接that引出定于从句,表示“(全部)„„只是„„”。所以答案是D。 b) 先行部分有序数词

The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. (我读的第一本英文小说是狄更斯的《双城记》。)

c) 先行部分有形容词最高级

例:He is the most deligent student that I have ever known.(他是我认识的学生中最勤奋的。)

d) 先行部分为time, moment, day, way等 例:1999年1月四级第57题

\"You are very selfish. It's high time you _____ that you are not the most important person in the world.\" Edgar said to his boss angrily.

a. realized b. have realized c. realize d. should realize

这句话的意思是:“你真自私,你早该清醒了,你并不是世界上最重要的人物”埃德加愤怒地对老板说。答案是A。 e) 以it引起的强调句

例:1989年1月四级第42题

________ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point. A) During the 1960's B) It was in the 1960's

C) That it was in the 1960's D) It was the 1960's

本题是一个强调句,四个选项中只有B) It was in the 1960's能与之构成完整的强调句型,用以强调事情发生的时间in the 1960's,it 在句中作形式主语。所以答案是B)。 f) 避免重复时

例:Who is the man that is sitting by her side?(坐在她身边的那个人是谁?)

例:1989年1月四级第79题(完形填空) However, what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system quite different from _____ at home.

A) those B) which C) what D) that

从本题的句子结构来看,应填入一个替代名词system的代词。所以答案是D) that。虽然those也可代替名词,但替代的是复数名词。本句被替代的是system是单数名词,因此要用that。

注意:在以下情况中不能用that: g) 在非限制性定语从句中

例:She has two brothers, who are both doctors. (她有两个兄弟,他们都是医生。) h) 在介词后(但如果介词移到其它位置上,还是可以用that)

例:I am going to visit the old man from whom I once learned English.(我要去拜访一位曾经教过我英语的老人。) 3) as的用法

as用做关系代词时,类似who, which,常和such, same连用,并在固定句型中出现。 例:He was an Englishman, as I knew from his accent.(他是个英国人,这是我从他的口音中得知的。)

My hometown is no longer the same as it was.(我的家乡和过去不一样了。) 例:1997年1月四级第37题

As ____ announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.

A) being B) is C) to be D) been

全句的意思是:“据今天的报纸宣布,上海出口商品博览会星期日也照常开放”。As可以引出

一个从句,承接前面主句的内容或引出后续主句的内容。在本句中,as其主语作用。因此,答案是B) is。is和announced一起构成从句的谓语。而being announced,been announced,或to be announced不能在句中起谓语作用。 例:1997年6月四级第51题

Studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought, ______ a good family life, friendship and work satisfaction

A) as for B) in view of C) in case of D) such as

空格前的意思是:“研究表明,最能增强人们幸福感的东西不是用金钱能买到的”。空格后的意思:“愉快的家庭生活、友谊和工作的满足感”。从上下文看,下文的内容是上文中最主要东西的列举。所以,答案是D) such as,意为“例如、诸如、象„„那样”。其它选项的意思是A) as for\"至于、就„„而言\";B) in view of “鉴于,考虑到”;C) in case of“万一”。 练习测试:

1. You can't expect a baby to take care of ___________. A. him B. herself C. himself D. itself

2. My teacher thinks that I am more intelligent than _________ in class. A. the other students B. other students C. the students D. another students

3. The man over there is ___________ our principal.

A. no other than B. no one than C. no other but D. none other than

4. That is the nicest thing __________ has happened to me for a long time. A. which

B. that C. whose D. what

5. The roads both lead to town. You may take ____________. A. either B. neither C. each D. some

6. He has learned English and German. Now he is going to learn _________ language. A. others B. other C. some D. another 7.

The

district

____________

the

experiment was carried out was the area watered by the

Tennessee River in the U. S. A. A. where B. that C. which D. of which

8. It is because she is too inexperienced __________ she does not know how to deal with the situation. A. so B. that C. so that D. therefore

题号 标准答案 1 D 2 A 3 D 4 B 5 A 6 D 7 A 8 B 第七讲 代词(二)

3. 不定代词:在这里,我们只谈论几个重

要的不定代词用法。

1) any,all, every, each都可以译成“每个人,人人,大家”,both的意思是“两者都”,但它们的具体异同点为:

A) all强调整体,every强调每个人,each强调每个人各自。

例:1990年1月四级第46题

All ______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.

A) what is needed B) for our needs C) the thing needed D) that is needed

All在句中作主语,表示“全部„„”,后接that引出定语从句。答案是D。

B) all和every都适用于三者及三者以上的情况,前面都可以加否定词(如:not, nearly, by no means等)。而each可指包括两者在内的情况(即,要指两者中每个人的话,只能用each)。all和each都可以加of加名词,但every后面不能接of。

例:1993年6月四级第68题

The residents, _________ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. A) all their homes B) all whose homes C) all of whose homes D) all of their homes 全句意思是:“那些房屋全部被洪水毁坏的居民得到了红十字会的救济”。两格逗号之间显然是一个定语从句,修饰the residents。选项B和C中都有关系代词whose,可以起连接作用。但是,我们可以说all of whose homes,而不能说all whose homes。所以本题的答案是C) all。选项A和D中都没有连接定语从句的关系代词,因此不对。

C) any表示“任一的、任何的” 例:1997年6月四级第31题

The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at _____ chemist's.

A) each B) some C) certain D) any 全句意思是:“这种药到处有售,你可以在任何一家药房买到这种药”。所以答案是D) ,其他三个选项的意思分别是:each 强调单个的,指“每个的”;some “某些,某个”; certain “确定的”。

2.other, another,any other,the other的

用法:

A) other表示“另外”,而another表示“另外一个”,等于an other。两者都可以做主语、定语和宾语。another只表示单数泛指的意思,而other有复数形式;特指时在其前加定冠词;前面可加任何限定词以及数量词。

B) other用于两者(或双方)的情况下,another用于三者情况下。

例:He has more concern for others than for himself.(他关心他人比关心自己更重) 例:1989年1月四级第44题

No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to _______. A) the other B) any other C) another D) other

全句的意思是:“由于双方都不肯向另一方让步,会谈没有达成协议”。空格中要填入的词表达的是两方中间的另一方,因此答案是A) the other。其他三个选项中:another 作为代词,只能指代同一类人或同一种事物中的任何一个。any other 表示一个之外的其它任何一个,而不是两个之中的另一个。other作为代词,其单数形式必须语the,any,some,no等连用。 例:1991年6月四级第41题

We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let's have _____ one this month. A) another B) more C) the other D) other 表示“再聚会一次”可用have another party,所以选项A) another是答案。句中用one代替了party,一面重复。少数考生选了more。more也可表示“再„„”的意思,但要用在数词后面。

3. none,neither的用法 例:1989年1月四级第49题

I have two boys but _______ of them likes sweets.

A) both B) neither C) either D) none 本题是由两个分句组成的并列复合句。连接词but在句中起连接两分句的作用,表示意思的转折。结合选项看,后一分句应含否定的意思。全句的意思是:“我有两个男孩,可是他们都不喜欢糖果”。因此四个选项中,只有B) neither 和D) none有可能是答案。而none用在谈到三个或三个以上的人或物时,在谈到两个人或物时通常用

neither。所以答案是B) neither。 4. anything, nothing, something 例:1999年1月四级第66题

Frankly speaking, I'd rather you _____ anything about it for the time being. A) didn't do B) haven't done C) don't do D) have done

全句的意思是:\"坦率地说,关于这事我宁愿你目前什么都不要做\"。句中的anything表示\"任何事\"的意思。答案是A。

1) nothing but(通常指物)与none but(通常指人):只不过,只有

例:Don't worry about that too much. It is nothing but a quiz.(不要太焦虑,这只不过是

一次小测验。)

例:1997年6月四级第46题

When he arrived, he found ________ the aged and the sick at home.

A) none but B) none other than C) nothing but D) no other than

本句的意思是:“他到家时,发现家里„„老人和病人。”从全句意思来看,应填入表示“只有”之类意思的词,A) none but和C) nothing but都可以表示“除了„以外,没有”或“只有”,有可能是答案。其中,A) none but多指人,C) nothing but通常接表示物的名词,所以排除C) nothing but。而B) none other than,和D) no other than这两个选项都表示“不是别的,正是„„”,和本题的句意不符。

2) anything but:并不,根本不

例:He was anything but a fool.(他根本不是个傻瓜。)

5. much和many作代词的用法 例:1997年1月四级第51题

As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had _______ to ask my boss.

A) many B) most C) more D) much 全句意思:“当时我才开始熟悉这项工作,所以我有许多问题要请教我的上司”。表达“许多东西”或“许多事情”要用much,所以答案是D) 。many,作代词时,常指“许多人”或指代上下文中的可数名词。选项 B) most是最高级,用在本题显然不合适。另外,本题提供的上下文没有比较的意

思,所以选项C不是答案。

6. few,a few和little,a little都可修饰名词,也可直接用作名词。

1) 当名词用时,few和a few为可数名词,而little和a little为不可数名词。

2) few后接可数名词,little后接不可数名词。 3) few 和little都是否定意思,与no意义相近,表示“几乎没有,没有,极少(少得近乎没有)”的意思。

4) a few 和a little都是肯定意思,表示“有一些”。

例:1995年6月四级第88题

Even those who had _______ or no training in science might not have made their inventions if a groundwork had not been laid by scientists years before.

A) little B) much C) some D) any 本题要求选用的是与no意义相近的不定代词,所以答案是A) little。 练习测试:

1. __________ patience and _________ words of advice help more than medicine, sometimes. A. Little, few B. A few, a little C. Some, some D. A little, a few

2. Evidence came up _________ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young

as 6 months old. A. what B. that C. whose D. which

3. Alone in the deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt ________ lonely.

A. nothing but B. anything but C. all but

D. everything but

4. A good writer is _________ who can express the common-place in an uncommon way. A. that B. one C. this D. which

5. One of the serious problems facing us is _________ of how to get more water for man to use. A. that B. it C. which D. what

6. To be or not to be, ___________ is the question. A. what B. that C. which D. it

7. This is a picture of Bryan, one of ___________ friends and me. A. mine B. their C. his D. that

8. My mother is interested in _____ I have told her. A. that B. all that C. all which D. all what

题号 标准答案 1 D 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 A 6 B 7 C 8 B 第八讲 介词

常用的介词可以分为4类:简单介词(即基本介词,如about, in, on, with等)、合成介词(如into, out of , without等)、成语介词(如according to, apart from, for the sake of等)和分词介词(如concerning, including, 例:1996年1月四级第30题

Cancer is second only ______ heart disease as a cause of death.

A) of B) to C) with D) from Second在句中作形容词,表示\"次于„„的\"时,要后接介词to,构成词组be second (only)respecting等)。

在大学英语四、六级考试的“词汇用法”这部分中,经常考察考生对介词词意及介词与名词、形容词、动词、短语动词等等内容的掌握程度,因为“介词用法”可以说是我们在英语学习过程中遇到的最千变万化的一个内容,有时候某个介词、动词,甚至是一个冠词的不同都可以使整个短语的意思发生改变。因此在记忆时格外困难,很容易使人将其固定搭配或意思弄混淆。 1. 名词+介词

例:1997年1月四级第29题

It is useful to be able to predict the extent which a price change will affect supply and demand.

A) from B) with C) to D) for 本题考核介词和名词的搭配用法。空格后是一个定语从句,修饰主语中的名词extent。空格重要求填入一个介词,与extent组成短语,修饰谓语动词affect,表示程度。全句意思是:“能预测物价变动对供求的影响程度,会是很有用的”。extent前要用介词to。 From, with, 以及for 都不能与extent连用表示程度, 所以答案是C。 2. 形容词 + 介词

例:1997年6月四级第59题

By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular ________ children as Coca-Cola. A) for B) in C) to D) with

本题考核形容词popular的介词搭配。全句的意思是:“到了1929年,米老鼠和可口可乐一样,受到孩子们的欢迎。”形容词popular后面可接介词with或among,意思是“广受欢迎的”。因此,答案是D) with。介词in在这类句子中可表示“受欢迎的范围”,但不能用in somebody。to有时可以表示\"对于„„来说\",但不能与形容词popular搭配。介词for一般表示事物发生的原因,与全句意思不符合。

to sth or sb。答案是B。 3. 动词+介词

例:1997年6月四级第52题

He will agree to do what you require ___________ him.

A) of C) to B) from D) for 本题主要考核动词require与介词搭配的用法。require something of somebody表示“要求某人做某事”。因此答案是A)。require后面不能接介词to。require后面接介词from可以表示\"向某人要某物\",不能表示\"要求某人做某事\"。require后面接介词for时表示\"为了\"或\"供„„之用\",也不能表示\"要求某人做某事\"。因此都是错误的。

4. 介词 + 名词

例:1999年6月四级第65题

I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on

答案是D) on。on the point of doing 是固定词组,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他”。

例:1995年6月四级第53题

The survival of civilization as we know is ______ threat.

A) within B) under C) towards D) upon 全句意思是:“当今人类文明的生存正在受到威胁”。在4个选项中,只有B) under表示“在„„情况下”或“遭到”。is under threat相当于is experiencing threat。所以答案是B) under。within的意思是“在„„里面、在„„以内”。towards的意思是“向、对”。upon可以表示“在„„后立即”,但是不能与threat搭配表示“遭到”之意。

例:1997年1月四级第30题

Finding a job in such a big company has always been _____ his wildest dreams.

A) under B) over C) above D) beyond 全句意思:“能在这么大的公司找到一份工作一直是他不敢想象的事”。空格中的介词要与his wildest dreams构成介词短语作句子的标语。答案是D) beyond,意为“超出”,相当于outside the range or limits of someone or something。其它的三个介词都不能和dreams搭配表示“超出”之意。

5. (not„) until的用法 例:1997年1月四级第52题

_______ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.

A) Before B) Until C) From D) Since 从4个选项来看,只有until可以用于副词recently之前。所以答案是B) 。全句的意思是:“英国大多数做母亲的人直到最近才外出从事有偿劳动”。主句谓语若含有否定意义,until表示“直到„„才”。如果用since,句子的谓语应当用完成式态have not taken;如果用before,句子是表示在最近之前没有外出工作,至于何时外出工作,可以是最近,也可以是将来某个时候;如果用from,全句意思完全相反,谓语时态也不能用过去时,所以只能选B)。 6. 复合介词

例:1997年6月四级第34题

Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to ____ the color of his skin.

A) with the exception of B) in the light of C) by virtue of D) regardless of

本句意思是:“这个国家里的每一个人,_____他是什么肤色,都有权住在他想住的地方”。空格中应填入“不管、无论”之意的复合介词。可见,答案是D)。其它选项的意思分别是:A) with the exception of(除了„„之外),B) because of(由于,鉴于),C) by virtue of(借助、由于)都不适合本句。

7. 四级考试中常考的短语介词 例:1999年1月四级第63题

My father seemed to be in no ______ to look at my school report.

A) mood B) emotion C) attitude D)

feeling

本题测试短语介词的搭配用法。 本句的大意是:“我的父亲看上去没有情绪看我的成绩单”。be in (no) mood to do sth.为固定搭配,意思是“有(没有)做„„的心境”。 例:1991年6月四级第46题

Will all those _______ the proposal raise their hands?

A) in relation to B) in excess of C) in contrast to D) in favor of 本句的意思是:“______这项题意的,请举手”。空各处应填入一个表示“支持,赞同”之类的词。答案是D) in favor of。选项A) in relation to意思是:“有关,关于”,B) in excess of意思是:“超过”,C) in contrast to的意思是:“与„„相比”,都不合题意。

例:1997年1月四级第48题

________ one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.

A) On B) By C) At D) Of

答案是C) At。介词短语at one time的意思是“曾经、一度”。其它的选项都不能与one time构成短语。 练习测试:

1. Go ahead with your plans. We'll stand ________ you through thick and thin. A. behind B. to C. with

. by

2. The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed reports made ___________. A. on the spot B. on the site C. on the location D. on the ground

3. The horse will be a first rate sprinter if its trainer breaks it __________ properly. A. in B. through

C. up D. down

4. You would be shocked if the inside of your bedroom were suddenly changed to look _________ the inside of a restaurant. A. for B. in C. at D. like

5. Many of the original idea ___________ television originate from the late 19th and early

20th century. A. behind B. after C. back D. past

6. I have given up trying to convince him; there is no point ________ with him. A. by arguing B. for arguing C. with arguing D. in arguing

7. We should take our disputes before the committee and abide ____________ its decisions. A. to B. for C. by D. with

8. If any man here does not agree with me, he should ___________ his own plan for improving the living conditions of these people. A. put on B. put out C. put in D. put forward

9. The interesting lecture was _________ \"Exploring for Oil ________ the Sea\". A. about, in B. about, under C. on, under

D. on, in

10. We were pleased to see that, besides our own villagers, the audience was made up of a fair number of people ___________. A. from villages around B. around villages

C. out of around villages D. off villages

题号 标准答案 1 D 2 A 3 A 4 D 5 A 6 D 7 C 8 D 9 C 10 A 第九讲 系动词与实意动词(一)

动词的搭配是历年四级考生的重点,占14.4%之多,因此,考生在学习动词时,要特别注意动词的搭配,包括动词与介词,动词与副词,动词与名词的搭配。在判断谓语动词的用法时,至少有4个方面应该考虑:

1. 它与主语的搭配关系(包括意思和结构是否恰当);

2. 是否要与特定的介词或副词搭配; 3. 是否要带宾语(或表语);即:应是及物动词、不及物动词或连系动词; 4. 从全句意思考虑是否恰当 系动词

系动词部分主要注意:其后要求接形容词,而不是副词做表语。这里要特别注意某些动词既可以做系动词,又可以做实意动词的用法。遇到这种情况,只能先根据其意思判断清楚到底是前者还是后者,然后再对后面的词性和词义做出正确判断和选择。以taste一词为例:

The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.(这种新研制的软饮料尝起来挺独特的。注意:在这句话里,taste做系动词,不

能使用进行时,后面接形容词。)

The chef is tasting the fish carefully.(厨师长正在品尝这道鱼。注意:在这句话中,taste做实意动词,可以使用进行时,并且后面接副词做状语。) 实意动词

实意动词部分主要注意:及物动词后面必须加宾语;不及物动词可单独使用(即不加宾语),但如果要加宾语,则必须先加一个与其固定搭配的介词。在“词汇用法”这一部分中,大家的重点是记忆不及物动词与介词的固定搭配。 1. 不及物动词与介词的搭配 例:1999年6月四级第61题

The committee is totally opposed _____ any changes being made in the plans A) of B) on C) to D) against be opposed to 意思是“反对„„”,符合本题。全句的意思是:“委员会完全反对对计划进行任何的改变”。

例:1997年6月四级第60题

Because Edgar was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he _______ his opinion. A) struck at B) stroke for C) stuck to D) stood for

本句的意思是:“因为艾德加深信这一事实正确,他„„他的意见。”显然,空格处需要填入表示“坚持”意思的词,所以答案是C) stuck to。stuck to的原形stick to表示“坚持、信守”。其它三个选项在此形上与stick to相似,但意思相去甚远。struck at意思是“攻击、抨击”;strove for意思是“争取、力求”;stood for意思是“主张、支持”或“代表、意味着”:都与原句要表达的意思不符合。

2. 及物动词的搭配 例:1989年1月四级第55题

They are considering _______ before the prices go up.

A) of buying the house B) buying the house C) with buying the house D) to buy the house 全句的意思是:“他们正在考虑趁房价未涨时把房子买下来”。动词consider后可接名词或动名词,后接动词不定式时通常要带how,where,who之类的疑问词,不能和介词with连用,所以答案

是B)。

3. 同义词、近义词及近义词组: 例:1997年1月四级第46题

Some old people don't like pop songs because they can't ______ so much noise.

A) resist B) sustain C) tolerate D) undergo

本句的意思是:“有些年纪大的人因为不能 吵闹声而不喜欢通俗歌曲”。空格中应该时表示“容忍、忍受”意思的词,因此答案是C) tolerate(容忍、忍受)。其他三个选项的意思分别是:A) resist“抵抗、反抗”,B)sustain“供养、维持”,D) undergo“经历、遭受”。 例:1999年6月四级第44题

The price of beer _____ from 50 cents to $4 per liter during the summer season. A) ranged B) differed C) altered D) separated

本句句意为:“夏天,啤酒的价格由50美分到4美元________”。空格中应填入一个表示“在„„范围内”之类意思的词。Range 和from„to搭配具有此意。所以选A)。其它三项词意分别为:B) differed(不同),C) altered(改

变),D) separated(分离)。 例:1997年6月四级第41题

The soldier was _________ of running away when the enemy attacked.

A) scolded ) charged C) accused D) punished

本句的意思是:“这个士兵因在敌人进攻时逃跑而受到„„”。空格中应填入表示受到“惩罚、控告”等意思的词,并且,这个词还要能够接介词of,所以答案是C) accused。虽然charge也可以表示“指控”,但其固定介词搭配应该是with。punish的意思是“惩罚”,从其词义上看,放在句子里也未尝不可,但其后的介词应该是for。scolded表示“责骂、训斥”,从意思上看与那个士兵所犯错误的程度不符,即使勉强用于本题,介词搭配也不是of,而是for,表示“因为„„而受到责骂”。

例:1999年1月四级第43题

Generous public funding of basic science would ______ considerable benefits for the

country's health, wealth and security. A) lead to B) result from C) lie in D) settle down

四个选项的意思分别是:A) lead to(导致),B) result from(是由„„引起的),C) lie in(在于), D) settle down(定居)。从空格前后两部分的关系判断,应该是因果关系,前半部分是原因,后半部分是结果,所以答案是A) lead to 练习测试:

1. Children who are over-protected by their parents may become ______. A. hurt B. damaged C. spoiled D. harmed

2. The engine _________ smoke abd steam. A. gives up B. gives in C. gives away D. gives off

3. Teachers __________their students to be usefull to society in the future. A. hope B demand C. desire D. expect

4.Don't __________ this news to the public until we give you the go-ahead. A. release B. relieve C. relate D. retain

5. This test _____________ a number of multiple choice questions. A. composes of B. composes in C. consists of D. consists in

题号 标准答案 1 C 2 D 3 D 4 A 5 C 第十讲 系动词与实意动词(二)

4. 形近动词辨析

例:1997年6月四级第38题

The old couple decided to ____________ a boy and a girl though they had three of their own.

A) adapt B) bring C) receive D) adopt

本句的意思是:“这对老夫妇自己已经有了3个孩子,但还是决定„„一个男孩和一个女孩。”空格中显然应填入一个表示“收养”意思的词。所以答案是D) adopt。选项A) Adapt和adopt形状相似,但意思截然不同。前者表示“(使)适应”,后者表示“收养”。其它两个选项也都没有“收养”的意思,都不可能是正确答案。 例:1997年6月四级第36题

I hate people who _________ the end of a film that you haven't seen before.

A) reveal B) rewrite C) revise D) reverse 在4个选项中,reveal的意思是make people aware of something(让人知道某事),常译为“泄露、揭露”,在本题中可译为“讲出来”,填入句中全句的意思完整。所以答案是A)。选项B) rewrite(改写)和C) revise(修改)。虽然可以与the end of a film搭配,但本题显然不是说对修改或改写电影结局的人感到讨厌,因为本题指已经摄制完成并公演的电影。所以都是错误的。选项D) reverse的意思是“颠倒”,虽然词形与reveal相近,但与本题意思出入太大,也不可能是答案。

例:1998年6月四级第63题(六级) It's a pleasure for him to _______ his energy and even his wife to research work. A) dedicate B) dictate C) decorate D) direct

答案是A。dedicate oneself (sth.) to sth.意为“将(自己,时间,精力等)奉献给(崇高的事业或目的)”。全句的意思是:将自己的力量

甚至使自己的妻子奉献给研究事业,对他而言是个乐趣。其它选项的意思是:dictate“口授,指使”;C) decorate“装饰,装修”;D) direct“指向,指导”。

5. 易混词及词组辨析 例:1995年6月四级第69题

A completely new situation will _______ when the examination system comes into existence.

A) arise B) rise C) raise D) arouse 本句的意思是:新的考试制度实行以后,就会_____一种崭新的情况。空格中应填入一个表示“出现”之类的词,因此答案是A。选项B) rise和arise的词形和读音相近,而且又都是不及物动词,但是两者词意不同,arise做“出现、发生”解,相当于happen,appear。rise则是一个多义词,在不同的上下文中,可译作“升起、上升、起立、上涨”等。题句谈论的是a completely new situation(一种崭新的情况),与之连用的只能是arise,而不是rise。选项C) raise和D)arouse,都是及物动词,raise是个多义词,最常见的意义有“举起、引起”等;arouse则意为“引起、唤醒”。 6. 短语动词的用法

例:1996年1月四级第46题

A love marriage, however, does not necessarily _____ much sharing of interests and responsibilities. A) take over B) result in C) hold on D) keep to

本句空格前的意思是:“然而,恋爱结婚未必_____”,该空格后的意思是“共同分享利益,共同承担义务”。结合选项看,空格中应该是表示“导致”之一的词,因此答案是B) result in。全句的意思是:“恋爱结婚的结果未必就能保证双方共同分享利益,共同承担义务”。其他三个选项的意思分别是:A) take over “接管、接收”;C) hold on“紧握,等一会儿”;D) keep to“遵守,坚持”。 例:1996年1月四级第50题

The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally ____ because of the bad weather.

A) set off B) broken off C) worn off D) called off

本句的意思是:“原定于上星期五举行的运动会,由于天气不好,最终_____”。空格中应该是表示“取消”意思的词。因此答案是D) called off(取消)。其他三个选项:A) set off(出发,启程);B) broken off(中止,中断)。C) worn off是不及物动词,意为“逐渐减少、逐渐消失”,相当于cause something to disappear or be removed gradually。 练习测试:

1. The plate glass must be capable of __________very high temperature. A. sustaining B. maintaining C. retaining D. obtaining

2. In the 18th century you had to keep on sharping the point of your feather pen and ________it in a jar of ink when you are writing. A. dripping B. slipping C. tapping D.dipping

3. They tried to __________ him from drinking too much. A. limit B. restrain

C. guarantee D. restrict

4. It was not until one hundred thousand years after the big bang that photons were _________from matter. A. set apart B. set off C. set free D. set out

5. Many trees __________ their leaves in autumn because of the weather getting cold. A. drop B. fall

C. discard

D.shed

题号 标准答案 1 A 2 D 3 B 4 C 5 D 第十一讲 系动词与实意动词(三)

7. 同一动词搭配不同的介词或副词,组成意义不同、用法不同的动词词组,这类动词词组的词义辨析,也是历年考点之一,最常见的是:make,take,count,go,cut,get,have等等。 1) 动词make的搭配 例:1999年1月四级第64题

When he realized the police had spotted him, the man ___ the exit as quickly as possible. A) made off B) made for C) made out D) made up

本句句意:“当意识到警察盯上他事,他立即______出口处”。该空格处应填入“朝„„走去”之类意思的词。选项B) made for有“走向”的意思,所以答案是B。选项A) made off(离开,逃走),C) made out(理解,了解,辨认出),D)都不合题意。

2) 动词take的搭配 例:1991年6月四级第54题

Important people don't often have much free time as their work________ their time. A) takes away B) takes over C) takes up D) takes in

本句的意思式:“大人物不是经常都有很多自由支配的时间,因为他们的工作________了他们的全部时间”。该空格中应是表示“占去,占用”这类意思的词,因此答案是C) takes up(占去)。take away意为“拿走”,take over意为“接管,接收”。

例:1997年1月四级第27题

The new appointment of our president ________ from the very beginning of next semester.

A) takes effect B) takes part

C) takes place D) takes turns

本句空格前是:“我们校长的新任期”,空格后是“从下学期一开始”。从4个选项看,答案是表示“生效、起作用”的A) takes effect。B) takes part意为“参加”;C) takes place表示“发生、举行”;D) takes turns表示“轮流、依次”。 3) 动词go的搭配用法 例:1995年6月四级第61题

Then the speaker _____ the various factors leading to the present economic crisis. A) went after B) went for C) went into D) went on

本句的意思:“接下来演讲人____了导致目前经济危机的各种因素”。空格中应该是表示“谈论”这一意思的词。4个选项都是“go+介词”构成的短语动词。其中选项C) went into的意思是“谈论、叙述”,是本题的答案。其他选项的意思分别为:A) went after(追求、设法得到); D) went on(进行);

B) went for(袭击)。 4) 动词cut的搭配用法 例:1989年1月四级第70题

When the whole area was ______by the flood, the government sent food there by helicopter. A) cut away B) cut down C) cut up D) cut off

本句的意思是:“当整个地区被洪水 时,政府派直升机讲食品运送到那里”。从所给的4个选项看,空格中应该是表示“隔绝、受阻”之意的词。因此答案是D)。A) cut away“匆匆跑掉;逃走”B) cut down“砍倒、削减”;以及C) cut up“切碎”。

5) 动词count的搭配用法 例:1996年1月四级第32题

The manager needs an assistant that he can _____ to take care of problems in his absence. A) count on B) count in C) count up D) count out

从句子前后内容及所给4个选项看,空格中应填入表示“依靠”的动词。所以答案是A) count on,意为“依靠、指望”,相当于depend on,expect。其它选项意思分别是:B) count in“把„„计算在内”;C) count up“把„„加起来”;D) count

out“不把„„算在内”。 6) 动词have的搭配用法 have sb do sth:要某人做某事

have+名词+动词过去分词:使„„被„„ have+名词+动词现在分词:表示分词的动作正在进行。

例:1989年1月四级第53题

My sister's professor had her _____ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee. A) rewritten B) to rewrite C) rewrite D) rewriting

have sb do sth意思是persuade or order sb to do sth(要某人做某事)。全句的意思是:“我妹妹的教授让她把论文改写了多次后,才同意她把论文提交委员会”。因此答案是C) rewrite。少数考生选了B) to rewrite。但是因为动词have不能用带to的不定式作宾语补足语,所以不对。 7) 动词give的搭配用法 例:1990年1月四级第56题

The engine ______ smoke and steam.

A) gives up B) gives in C) gives away D) gives off

这是一个简单的“主语+谓语+宾语”结构的句子。主语是the engine(发动机),smoke and steam(烟和蒸汽)是宾语。词题中的四个选项give off,give up,give in,giveaway是一组由“动词give+副词”构成的短语动词,他们的意义不相同。答案是D) gives off(释放、放出)。其它选项的意思分别是:A) gives up(向上排放);B) gives in(让步、屈服);C) gives away(赠送、泄露)。

8) 动词turn的搭配用法 例:1993年1月四级第56题

The French pianist who had been praised very highly _______ to be a great disappointment.

A) turned up B) turned in C) turned out D) turned down

从所给的四个选项看,空格中应填入选项C) turned out。turn out有几个不同的意思,其中之一是“结果是,(最后)证明是”。全句意思是:“那个曾经受到很高评价的法国钢琴家结果却使

人们大为失望”。其它选项的意思是;A) turned up出现,开大(收音机等);B) turned in 交还;D) turned down拧小(收音机音量,水龙头等),拒绝。turn out 与turn up是不及物动词短语,而turn in与turn down为及物动词短语。 9) 动词break的搭配用法 例:1995年6月四级第59题

When a fire ________ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were completely destroyed. A) broke off B) broke out

C) broke down D) broke up

本句的意思是:“当伦敦国家展览馆 大火时,至少10幅珍贵的画被完全烧毁”。空格中应该是表示“发生”这意意思的词。题中的4个选型都是“break+副词”构成的短语动词。答案是B) broke out,意思谓“爆发,突然发生”。其它选项的意思是:A) broke off“停止,中断”;C) broke down“毁坏,失灵”;D) broke up“散,中止”。 练习测试:

1. The latest information _________ me in the belief that he is to blame. A. confirms B. confines C. confesses D. conflicts

2. If you happen to _________ my lost novel while you are searching for your book, please let me know at once by telephone. A. come out B. come to C. come up D. come across

3. Many Europeans _________ the continent of Africa in the 19th century. A. exploded B. expanded C. exposed D. explored

4. He has promised to ________ the matter that matters.

A. look on B. look out C. look into

D.look in

5. Many people enjoy ___________ their friends at Christmas time. A. calling off B. calling on C. calling for D. calling up

6. The noise of the plane died________ in the distance. A. away B. off C. out D. down

7. Penny __________ sobbing at last, and dried her eyeswith her handkerchief. A. leave alone B. leave behind C. leave off D. leave out

8. He studied hard at school when he was young, which _________ to his success in later life.

A. distributed B. contributed C. attributed D. districted

题号 标准答案 1 A 2 D 3 D 4 C 5 B 6 A 7 C 8 B 第十二讲 情态动词

1. 形式: 情态动词 + 动词原形do; 情态动词 + 动词完成进行时have been doing;

情态动词 + 动词完成时have done 2. 特点:

1) 不管哪一种形式,情态动词的词义都在句中起作用。

2) 情态动词的过去时、现在时没有太大的时间性区别,只是情态动词的过去时用得相对较多,语气比现在时更客气、委婉、缓和。

例:I was wondering if you would like to have dinner with me tonight.(我想请问您今晚是否愿意与我共进晚餐。这样的表达方法要比\"I want to know if you will have dinner with me tonight.\"这样的句子礼貌、委婉得多,更容易让对方接受。)

3) 都表示在一定时间(现在或过去)对发生和出现的事情进行推测、猜测、判断等。 a) 对现在的事情进行把握较大的判断时 肯定判断一般用must加动词原形,此时,must不再表示“必须”,而是表示“肯定”。 否定判断时一般用can't加动词原形,此时,can不再表示“能够”,而是表示“肯定不„„、肯定没有„„”。

例:He can't be in his own dorm. He must be in Xiao Wang's dorm. Listen! That's he's singing.(他现在肯定不在他自己的宿舍,他肯定在小王的宿舍呢。听,那是他(在小王的宿舍里)唱歌。)

b) 对过去的事情进行把握较大的判断时 肯定判断一般用must加动词的完成时形式(must have done),同样,must不再表示\"必须\",而是表示\"肯定\"。

例:1989年1月四级第41题

Mary's score on the test is the highest in her class; she ____ have studied very hard. A) may B) should C) must D) ought to 全句的意思是“玛丽考试成绩全班第一,她学习 很刻苦”。空格后的动词用的是完成式,表示已经发生的动作。结合选项可知,空格中要填入一个情态动词,表示说话人对玛丽考试能取得好

成绩的原因的推测。因此答案是C) must(肯定、一定)。

否定判断时一般用can't加动词的完成时形式(can't have done),同样,can不再表示“能够”,而是表示“肯定不„„、肯定没有„„”。 例:1996年1月四级第23题

You _____ her in here office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks. A) needn't have seen B) must have seen C) might have seen D) can't have seen 我们可以推断出全句的意思是:“上星期五你不可能在她办公室见到她,她去外地已经两个星期了”。根据全句意思判断,本题答案是D) can't have seen。情态动词can用于这一意思时,只能用于否定句或疑问句。 例:1996年6月四级第31题

The room is in terrible mess; it _________ cleaned.

A) can't have been B) shouldn't have been C) mustn't have been D) wouldn't have been 句子前半部分“房间乱极了”是前提,后半部分应该是对这种情况做出一种猜测性判断。答案是A,表示“不可能打扫国”是正确答案。选项C) mustn't have been的否定形式应为can't have been。选项B) shouldn't have been意为“不应该打扫过,而实际上已经打扫过了”,跟句意不符。

c) 对现在的事情进行把握较小的判断 肯定一般用may加动词原形,此时,may不再表示“可以”,而是表示“可能”。 否定判断时一般用may not加动词原形。 She may not be annoyed because she is very patient.(她可能不会烦躁,因为她很有耐心。) d) 对现在的事情进行把握更小的判断 肯定判断一般用might加动词原形; 否定判断时一般用might not加动词原形。 She might not be annoyed because she usually is very patient.(她可能不会烦躁,因为她通常很有耐心。)

e) 对过去的事情进行把握较小的判断时一般用may加动词的完成时形式(may have done),同样,may不再表示“可以”,而是表示“可能”。

对过去事情进行把握较小的否定判断时一般用加动词的完成时形式(may not have done)。 例:He may have gone back home, because he didn't say he would take part in her birthday party.(他可能已经回家了,因为他并没有说会参加她的生日聚会。)

f) 对过去的事情进行把握更小的判断 肯定判断一般用might加动词的完成时形式(might have done);

例:She was thankful that she'd had her baby in hospital; otherwise, she thought, the baby _____.

A) died B) had died C) might have died D) might die 答案是C。

否定判断时一般用might not加动词的完成时形式(might not have done)。

g) 用needn't have done来表示“没有必要(做已经做了的事)”

例:1991年6月四级第53题

You ______ all those calculations! We have a computer to do that sort of thing. A) needn't have done B) shouldn't have done

C) must not have done D) cannot have done

后面一句是说:“这类计算我们由计算机来做”。按后面一句的意思来推测,前面是讲:“你已经做了全部计算,这是没有必要的”。Needn't 后面接动词完成式正是表示这种意思, 所以答案是A。

3. would的用法: 1) 用于提出提议或邀请

例:Would you like to change a seat? It's warmer here.(您要不要换一下座位?这里暖和些。)

Would you prefer a hardback edition?(您要不要买一本精装本?)

2) 用于提出客气的要求或请求:

例:I would like you to fetch that document for me now.(我想请你现在就帮我把那份文件取来。)

I would like to know more about your plan.

(我想更多地了解一下你的计划。)

3) would you mind + doing句型通常用于表示请求对方做一件有一定麻烦的事情,语气一般都非常客气。注意回答时通常是肯定的,以表示愿意做所要求的事情。

例:Would you mind filling in this form?(请您填一下这张表。)

Would you mind repeating what you just said?(请把刚才的话重复一遍好吗?) 4) 用于委婉地表示自己的意见:

例:I would think the journey will take something like two weeks.(依我看,这次旅程大约需要两个星期。)

I would look at the problem a little differently.(我对这个问题的看法略有不同。) 5) 用于表示过去经常性的行为或动作: 例:The retired captain would sit hours on end watching ships sailing past.(退休的船长经常坐在海边观望过往的行船,一坐就是几个小时。)

He would go to bed strictly at 9, and on Sundays would not have lunch anywhere except in that restaurant.(他总是严格地9点上床睡觉。星期日总在那家饭店吃午饭。) 4. should的用法: 1) 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此

时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈:

例:You should be here with clean hands.(你应该把手洗干净了再来吃饭。) 例:1989年1月四级第45题

With all this work on hand, he _______ to the cinema last night.

A) mustn't B) oughtn't to go C) wouldn't go D) shouldn't have gone 全句的意思是:“他手头又这么多工作,昨夜不该看电影”。本句表达的是昨天已经发生但去不该发生的事情,所以应该用情态动词should的否定式,后接动词的完成式。因而答案是D) shouldn't have gone。 2) 用于提出意见劝导别人:

例:It would be better if the three of you should work as a team.(最好你们三个人能组

成一个小组工作。)

To keep your work, you should prove yourself a resourceful investigator.(你若要保住工作,就该证明自己是个足智多谋的调查员。)

3) 委婉地对别人提出建议或劝告通常用I should / shouldn't „„if I were you句型: 例:I should hand in a typewritten paper if I were you.(要是我,就交用打字机打出来的论文。)

I shouldn't worry at all if I were you.(要是我才不着急呢。)

4) 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一:

例:We should arrive by supper time.(我们在晚饭前就能到了。)

She should be here any moment.(她随时都可能来。)

5) 在以in case或 if引导的从句中,常用should表达一定程度的可能性。

例:I will get some beer ready in case Uncle John should come.(我得准备些啤酒,约翰叔叔可能会来。)

If you should happen to see Mary, give her this package.(如果你碰到玛丽,请把这个包裹交给她。)

6) 用于表示一种惊讶的语气,should的这一用法也是考试中常常出现的考点之一: 例:It is unthinkable that a strong character like Nancy should find a weak-willed man acceptable.(象南希这样很有主见的女子竟然觉得一个意志软弱的男子也可以接受,真让人不可想象。)

I was shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.(她竟然对你说这种话,真让我吃惊。) 练习测试:

1. Mary _________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now. A. has received

B. ought to have received

C. couldn't have received D. should have received

2. From tears in Nedra's eyes we can deduce that something sad _________. A. must have occurred B. would have occurred C. might be occurring D. should occur

3. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done that by hand, ________ all practical value by the time they were finished.

A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost

4. My pain _______ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: \"Are you feeling all right?\" A. must be B. had been C. must have been D. had to be

5. You ________ all these parcels yourself. The shop would have delivered them if you had asked a shop assistant. A. didn't need to carry B. needn't have carried C. needn't carry D. didn't need carry

6. The streets are all wet. It _________ during the night. A. must be raining B. must have been rained C. must be rained D. must have rained

7. I should like __________ the result earlier. A. to tell B. having told C. to have told D. to have been told

8. He can't plead ignorance as his excuse; he ________ what was happening in his own department. A. would know B. should have known C. had known D. has known

9. Since she is angry, we __________ her alone.

A. had better leaving B. must leave C. can leave

D. might as well leave

10. Come what ________ , we're not going to make any concession to his unreasonable demands. A. must B. should C. can D. may

题号 标准答案 1 C 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 B 6 D 7 D 8 B 9 D 10 D 语法结构综述 语法结构

在大学英语四六级考试中,虽然题目千变万化,但是万变不离其宗,只要仔细分析,就会发现这些题目其实基本上都是时态、语态、条件句和虚拟语气、非谓语动词、倒装句、简单句和复合句(连接手段)的各种变化形式。其中,前四

项是每一个考生必须掌握的四大语法点。下面我们按照重要性顺序谈一谈这些语法。 第十三讲 时态(一)

时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此,当我们说时态结构的时候,指的是相应时态下的动词形式。 英语时态分为16种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。在这里,我们重点讲解一下最常见的11种时态的用法和注意事项。 1. 一般现在时 1) 用法:

A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。 例:1989年1月四级第52题

If it ______ too much trouble, I'd love a cup of tea.

A) isn't B) wasn't C) weren't D) hadn't been

本句是日常生活中常用的口语。I'd是I would的缩写,表示一种委婉语气。全句的意思是:“要是不太麻烦的话,我想要一杯茶”。答案是A)。很多考生误选了C) weren't。if it weren't是虚拟语气现在时,表示与现在事实相反的情况。本句说话人认为要一杯茶并不是很麻烦的事,只是说的委婉一些,因此不应该用虚拟语气。选项B) wasn't 或D) hadn't been都和主句发生的时间不符,所以是错误的。 B) 习惯用语

例:1997年1月四级第49题

_________ it or not, his discovery had created a stir in scientific circles. A) Believe B) Believing C) To believe D) Believed

口语中常说believe it or not,意思是:“信不信由你”,“我说的是真的”。believe it or not是一个固定说法,相当一个插入语,短语中的believe没有词形变化。因此答案是A) Believe。 C) 经常性、习惯性动作。

例:He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。)

D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般现在时,则无法保持主句、从句时态一致。

例:1997年6月四级考试第50题

Once environmental damage __________, it takes many years for the system to recover. A) has done B) is to do C) does D) is done

本句的意思是:“环境一旦遭到破坏,需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为及物动词有“引起,产生”的含义,do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象,谓语应当用被动语态。所以本题答案是D) is done。其它选项都是主动语态,所以都是错误的。 E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 )可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。

例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. (下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。) How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟?)

F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事情。 例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成这份报告的时候,我就已经等了将近3个小时了。)

) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 )可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。

例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.(下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。) How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟?)

F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事情。 例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成这份报告的时候,我就已经等了将近3个小时

了。)

例:1994年1月四级第60题

Government cannot operate effectively _____ it is free from such interference. A) so long as B) so that C) unless D) because

这是一个条件状语从句,全句的意思是:\"政府无法有效地运作,除非它不受这种干扰\"。答案是C。

2. 现在进行时(be doing) 的用法

例:1996年1月四级第21题

The fifth generation computers, with artificial

intelligence,

_______

and

perfected now.

A) developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed

题中develop 和perfect是并列的两各位与动词,动词perfect只能做及物动词用,因此在本句中应为被动语态,与之并列作谓语的动词develop也应是被动语态。此外,句中时间状语now表示谓语应是现在正在进行的动作。由此可见,答案是C) are being developed。全句的意思是:\"具有人工智能的第五代计算机目前正在开发和完善之中\"。

3. 现在完成时(have done)

1) 用法:

A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。 例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.

A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell

答案是C) haven't sold。

B) 表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点,或for加一段时间,或by加一个现在时间。

例:1997年1月四级第40题

Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge C) have been challenged

B) may be challenged D) are challenging 全句的意思是:“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天,所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态,不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态,但意思与全句内容不合,所以不对。

C) 表示发生在过去,但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。

例:John has broken his left leg.(约翰摔断了左腿。) 2) 注意事项

A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于:现在完成时强调动作的动态,或受动态的影响,是动态的结果,对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。

例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实,他现在已经不在那家医院了。) He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作,一直工作到现在,现在仍在那家医

院工作。

) B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时,有动态和延续性的特点,所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。 例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(过去分词做表语表示状态,可以延续) My sister has married. Don't disturb her.(终端动词)

C) 在\"this is the first/ second/ third„„ time that„„\"句型里要求用完成时。

例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。)

D) 句型\"It is/ has been„„since\"所使用的两种时态都正确。

例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。) 练习测试:

1. You will hardly believed it, but this is the third time tonight someone _________ me. A. telephoned B. has telephoned C. telephones D. should telephone

E) 在\"no sooner than\"、\"hardly/ scarcely „„when\"、\"before\"、\"prior to\"等句型中,主句要求完成时。

例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我从未见过那位教授。) 4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)

1) 用法:表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间,延续或重复地出现至今,或将继续延续至将来。

例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前为止,我们一直在处理那个项目,已经花了一个多月时间了。) 2) 注意事项:与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时更强调:在从过去到现在的时间里,动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。 例:1997年6月四级第45题

It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.

A) had leaked B) is leaking C) leaked D) has been leaking 从本题上下文看,这两个句子的意思是:“看来,这个管道漏油已有一段时间了,我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前,并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此,空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时,因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time,表示谓语动作延续,谓语不能用现在进行时,必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时,所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。

2. We _________ to start our own business, but we never had enough money. A. have hoped B. had hoped C. would hope D. should hope

3. The company ___________ a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. A. promised B. is promising C. is promised D. has been promising

4. You love your only son and indulge him so much that you _________ him harm. A. are doing B. have done C. will have done D. are going to do

5. The car __________ at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about ten o'clock tonight. A. would go B. went

C. will be going D. goes

6. We __________ our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. just had C. have just had D. had just had

7. We have done things we ought not to have done and__________ undone things we ought to have done. A. leaving

B. will leave C. left D. leave

8. By the end of this month, we surely __________ a satisfactory solution to the problem.

A. have found B. will have found C. will be finding D. are finding

9. I haven't met him for ages, but his mother _________ him sometimes. A. had still seen B. still sees C. has still seen D. still saw

10. He said it was important that every member _________ his subscription by the end of

the month. A. send B. sent C. sends D. had sent

题号 标准答案 1 B 2 B 3 D 4 A 5 C 6 D 7 C 8 B 9 B 10 A 第十四讲 时态(二) 5. 一般过去时

1) 用法:

A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。

例:1991年6月四级第43题

I decided to go to the library as soon as I _______.

A) finish what I did B) finished what I did C) would finish what I was doing D) finished what I was doing

结合四个选项来看,全句的意思是:“我决定一做完手头的工作就去图书馆”。本题首先要判断的是as soon as(一„„就)引出的时间状语从句中谓语动词的时态。从句中的动作“做完手头的工作”是预计将要发生的动作,而去句的谓语动词用的是过去时(decided)。在这种场合,从句中通常用一般过去时,而不用过去将来时。所以选项A和C不可能是答案。句子指的是“完成正在做的工作”,do要用进行式。因此选项D才是答案。

B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型,本身表示的就是过去时。 例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。)

He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。) C) 有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。

例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?) Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?) 2) 注意事项:

A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。 B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。

Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示\"过去常常或过去曾经\",要求加动词原形;后者表示\"习惯于\",要求加名词或动名词。

6. 过去完成时(had done)

1) 用法:表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的:表示\"过去的过去的动作或状态\"。 例:1997年1月四级第21题

Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.

A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard 全句的意思是:“到那时为止,他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出,谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成,因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中:A) didn't hear,因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态,所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing,现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作,与题意不符。C) hasn't heard,现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻,不能表示现在时间。

2) 注意事项:“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来,而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。

例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(刚才有人在我们的房间里,因为我们打开前门进来时,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。)

分析:虽然时间状语是just now,似乎应该使用一般过去时,但是“在房间里”这个状态是在\"开门\"和\"注意\"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的,所以应该用过去完成时。 练习测试:

1. Our team ________ every match so far this year, but we still have three more games to

play.

A. was winning B. has won C. had won D. wins

2. The dog is still wet. It ________ out of the rain.

A. only just comes B. has just only come C. only just come D. has only just come

3. Today the public ________ about the way nature is being ruined. A. is concerning B. has been concerning C. is being concerned D. is becoming concerned

4. I _________ to Mexico last year, Dad wouldn't let me. A. was to have gone B. went C. was gone D. were to go

5. Mr. Jones ________ a city bus for over twenty-five years before retirement. A. is driving B. drove C. has driven D. drives

6. Look at these dark clouds, __________. A. it's going to rain B. it'll rain C. it's raining D. it is to rain

7. He ________ all his friends as a result of his foolish behavior. A. has lost B. loses C. is losing D. was losing

8. The doctor can't see you. He ________ on a patient at once. A. will be operating

B. is operating C. operates D. will operate

9. The situation is rather serious. Everybody is talking about it. Mary is walking up and down

yet her husband still ________ his mind in peace.

A. is possessing B. possesses

C. has been possessing D. will possess

10. The door ________ into a large room which can hold fifty people. A. is opened B. opens C. has opened D. is opening

题号 标准答案 1 B 2 D 3 D 4 A 5 B 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 B 10 B 第十五讲 时态(三)

7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)

1) 用法:表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。

例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。)

I thought he would not attend that evening party.(我认为他不会去参加那个晚会。) 2) 注意事项:由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的,所以其注意事项可以参考过去

时和将来时的相关注意事项。 8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)

1) 用法:

A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。

例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。) B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时,则另一个句子常用过去进行时。

例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前门时我正在洗头发。) 2) 注意事项:其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时。 9. 一般将来时

1) 用法:

A) 基本结构是will / shall do。

例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品,作为给她的生日礼物。) 例:1993年6月四级第47题

Turn on the television or open magazine and you ______ advertisements showing happy, balanced families.

A) are often seeing B) often see C) will often see D) have often seen 本题连接词and前面的分句表示一种条件,and后面的分句表示一种结果。全句的意思是:“你一打开电视机或翻开杂志,常常会看到显示幸福、和睦家庭的各种广告”。在这种用法中,and前面部分通常是祈使句,and后面的句子用将来时,表示“会”。所以,答案是选项C) will often see。 B) 有些动词,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般进行时,并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用,可以表示将来时。

例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我妈妈下周将来看我,并会呆到5月。)

C) 表示“打算去„„,要„„”时,可用be

going to do。

例:This is just what I am going to say.(这正是我想说的。)

D) 表示“即将、正要”时,可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。

例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(别担心,我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。)

E) \"be to do\"的5种用法:

a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。

例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你准会在实验室见到她。)

b) 该做或不该做的事情(语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一种命令、规劝性语气。

例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子们,你们必须 上床睡觉,不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。)

c) 能或不能发生的事情(接近can, may) 例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢?)

d) 不可避免将要发生的事情,后来将要发生的事情。

例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. A. will be attended B. will be attended to C. is attended D. is attended to will be attended to关键的一点是:attend表示“处理,解决”时是不及物动词,必须与to连用。另外,从上下文看,事情显然尚未解决,所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。 e) 用于条件从句“如果„„想,设想”(接近if „„want to,或if „„should)

例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.

A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been

答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。”

F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。

例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教练想要放弃这场比赛了,因为对方已经射进了7个球。)

例:1999年6月四级第65题

I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on

答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。” 2) 注意事项:

在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词(immediately, the moment, directly)等引导的状语从句,一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时,可用完成时。 例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回来的时候,他的身体已经好多了。) 10. 将来进行时(will be doing)

1) 用法:强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。

例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(别担心,你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。)

例:This time tomorrow you ________ there doing some more exercises.

A) will sit B) will be sitting C) sit D) shall sit

答案是B)。因为this time tomorrow是个很具体的将来时间。

2) 注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可参考\"一般将来时\"和\"现在进行时\"的有关注意事项。

11. 将来完成时(will have done)

1) 用法:表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态,或是发生在某个将来时间,但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关,变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。 例:1997年1月四级第22题

The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.

A) must have lasted B) will have lasted

C) would last D) has lasted 本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是:“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻,因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A),因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测,而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended,所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性,但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时,表示到现在为止已经完成的动作,不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以也不正确。 例:1996年1月四级第39题

It is reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ______ by about 10%.

A) will have risen B) has risen C) will be rising D) has been rising

根据by the end of this month可知,答案为A) will have risen。全句意思是“据报道,到本月底该厂的水泥产量可提高到大约10%”。 2) 注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。

练习测试:

1. He won't be able to come on Friday because he _________ his exams. A. will sit B. was sitting for C. will be sitting for D. would sit for

2. I was feeling tired because I _________ hard all day.

A. had been working B. was working C. worked D. had worked

3. Unless we _________ immediately, the play will certainly _______ by the time we get there.

A. left, begin B. leave, have begun C. leave, begin D. left, have begun

4. I am not sure whether he _________ the meeting or not, as he has not been here lately. A. attend B. attends C. will attend D. attended

5. Whenever I _________ these days, I always carry my raincoat. A. shall go out B. am going out C. would go out D. go out

6. He doesn't possess a bicycle, this one he used ________ to Peter. A. is belonged to B. belonged C. belongs D. is belonging

7. All foreign residents __________ to the nearest police station by July 20. A. will report B. report

C. shall have reported D. have reported

8. He stopped her in the doorway just as she 式如下(用于不同时态的用法和注意事项请参照\"语法结构\"中的相关内容):

1) 一般现在时:am/ is/ are done _________ to go away. A. was about

B. was on the point of C. was going D. was

9. The government __________ to approve the use of widespread surveillance when the Justice Department took objections. A. is going B. had been C. was about D. is coming

10. James has just arrived, but I didn't know he ____________ until yesterday. A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. comes

题号 标准答案 1 C 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6 C 7 C 8 A 9 C 10 B 第十六讲 被动语态

语态也是动词的一种形式,表示主语(动作的发出者或动作的承受者)和谓语之间的关系。语态分两种形式:主动语态和被动语态。上文已就主动语态的各种时态进行了分析和练习,现在我们把重点放在被动语态上。

1. 构成:主语 + be动词 + 动词过去分词 (+ by + 动作执行者)。应用到各时态和句型里的形

例:1997年6月四级考试第50题

Once environmental damage __________, it takes many years for the system to recover. A) has done B) is to do C) does D) is done

本句的意思是:“环境一旦遭到破坏,需要多年时间才能恢复过来。”do作为及物动词有“引起,产生”的含义,do damage的意思是“造成破坏”。主语damage是及物动词do的动作对象,谓语应当用被动语态。所以本题答案是D) is done。其它选项都是主动语态,都是错误的。 2) 现在进行时:am/ is/ are being done 例:1996年1月四级第21题

The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, _______ and perfected now.

A) developed B) have developed C) are being developed D) will have been developed

题中develop 和perfect是并列关系,动词perfect只能做及物动词用,因此在本句中应为被动语态,作谓语的动词develop也应是被动语态。此外,句中时间状语now表示谓语应是现在正在进行的动作。由此可见,答案是C) are being developed。全句意思:“具有人工智能的第五代计算机目前正在开发和完善之中”。 3) 现在完成时:have/ has been done 例:1997年1月四级第40题

Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge C) have been challenged B) may be challenged D) are challenging

本题主要考核谓语动词的时态和语态,全句的意思是:“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。challenge是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天,所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been

challenged。选项A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态,不可能是答案。选项B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态,但意思与全句内容不合。

4) 现在完成进行时:have/ has been being done

Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere. (你去哪儿了?我们一直在找你。)

5) 一般将来时:will be done

例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. A. will be attended B. will be attended to

C. is attended D. is attended to 答案是B. will be attended to。关键的一点是:attend表示“处理,解决”时是不及物动词,必须与to连用。另外,从上下文看,事情显然尚未解决,所以应该用将来时的被动语态。 6) 将来进行时:will be being done 例:This piece of music will be being played at the same time tomorrow, and you can't even get it right!(明天的这个时候就在演奏这首曲子了,而你居然还弹不对!)

7) 将来完成时:will have been done 例:I hope that everything I have told you __________ by the next lessen.

A. have been forgotten B. will have been forgotten

C. won't have been forgotten D. haven't been forgotten

答案是C. won't have been forgotten。因为表示“到„„为止”的by后面接一个将来时间 the next lessen,要求用将来完成时;I have told you是everything的定语从句,也就是“everything被忘记”,而不是“you忘记什么事情”,所以应该用被动语态。最后,根据全句的意思:“我希望到下节课时,你们不会已经忘了我给你们讲授的所有知识。”,本句应该用否定句。

8) 将来完成进行时:will have been being done

例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。)

9) 一般过去时:was/ were done

例:The window panes were broken.(窗玻璃都被打破了。)

10) 过去进行时:was/ were being done 例:While you were in London that year, the London Bridge ___________.

A. was being repaired B. had been being repaired

C. would be repaired D. was repaired 答案是A. was being repaired。因为时间状语从句表示的是一个具体的过去时间,所以用过去进行时的被动语态。

11) 过去完成时:had been done

例:I was shocked to hear that your house ___________ into.

A. was broken B. broke C. had been broken D had been broken

答案是D had been broken。首先break这个动作发生在was shocked之前,即过去的过去。应该用过去完成时的被动语态。

12) 过去完成进行时:had been being done 例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。)(此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。)

13) 过去将来时:would be done

例:The government promised that a new solution would be worked out within a week.(政府承诺说一周之内就会提 出新的解决方案。)

14) 过去将来进行时:would be being done 例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间,所以最好用将来进行时。)

15) 过去将来完成时:would have been done 例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.(我坚信到那年年底为止,那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。)

16) 过去将来完成进行时:would have been being done

例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. (他们说到第二个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。) 17) 含有情态动词的被动语态:主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词 例:1997年6月第49题

As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ________. A) ought to be said B) must say C) have to be said D) need to say 本题主要考核句子结构。全句的意思是:“作为老师,我们关心的应该是学生说了什么,而不是我们自认为学生应该说什么。”what we think和what is said一样,都是介词with后面的由what引导的名词性从句。在前一个从句中,what是主语,is said是动词的被动语态做谓语;在后面从句中,what也是主语,谓语同样也要用被动语态(注意we think是插入成分,不是谓语,去掉we think的话不影响原句的正确性),这样,with后面的这两个宾语才能前后呼应。另外,根据句子前后的逻辑意思,我们应该选择答案A) ought to be said。虽然选项C) have to be said也是被动语态,但当what做主语时,谓语动词要用单数has,而不是have。而且,have to be said(不得不说)的意思和全句不合,不可能是本题的答案。B) must say 和D) need to say这两个选项的动词都是主动语态,因此,都不是本题的答案。

18) 不定式的被动语态:to be done

例:The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.(确定超过接待能力的预定时必须考虑预定了房间却来不了的客人。)

2. 用法:

1) 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁的情况下:

例:1989年1月四级第58题

A dream of the Red Chamber is said _________ into dozens of languages in the last decade. A) to have been translated B) to be translated

C) to translate D) to have translated

全句的意思是:“据说《红楼梦》在过去10年中已经被翻译成数十种语言”。动词不定式to translate这一动作发生在谓语动作之前,而且该动作的客体是本句的主语,所以应当用完成时的被动式。答案是A。

2) 句子的强调重点是动作的承受者而非动作的发出者时:

例:Your work will be examined by a group of experts soon.(你的工作即将受到一组专家的检查。)

3) 句子结构上的需要: 例:1995年1月四级第55题

It is not unusual for workers in that region _________.

A) to be paid more than a month later B) to be paid later than more a month C) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a month

it 在句中作形式主语。而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是:“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”。 3. 注意事项:

1) 不是所有的主动句都可以变换成被动句,更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动句。虽然语法原则上允许主动和被动句的互相转换,但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺或不地道的英语句子。因此,在某些题目里,这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的依据。

例:At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van.

The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm. 在这段文章里,a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van这句被动句强调出读到文章的人最关心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital这句话则说明了孩子被送到医院的事实,至于是由谁(某个过路人?或肇事司机?)送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm这句被动句无须说出treat这个动作的发出者,因为在医院,伤病员自然由医务人员处理,无须罗嗦。这样,这段文章就重点突出,条理清楚了。 2) 被动语态的谓语动词可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词。谓语是不及物动词时,其后的介词与其形成不可分割的整体,也就是我们所谓的被动语态中的短语动词。注意:切勿遗漏短语动词的介词!

例:The sick boy must be attended to immediately.(这个生病的男孩必须被立即医治。)

The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived.(消防队员赶来以前,大火就被扑灭了。) 3) 主动结构中,若谓语动词是可以接双宾语的动词,则变成相应的被动语态时,一般将间接(第一个)宾语作为主语。 练习测试:

1. All the machines _______ by the end of the following week.

A. will be repaired B. were repaired

C. will have been repaired D. would be repaired

2. They would tell how the African __________ on a ship to an American port. A. was brought

B. could have been brought C. had been brought D. was to be brought

3. A computer _______ what to do. A. is told B. can tell C. must be told

D. tells

4. There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chief

attention ________ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit. A. is given B. gives

C. should be given D. must be given

5. The fashion show is so fascinating that he ____________ in admiration. A. loses B. is losing C. is lost D. has been losing

6. After the race __________ , the celebration began. A. had been won B. is won C. will be won D. has been won

7. The composition _________ any more. A. need not to be corrected B. doesn't need to be corrected C. doesn't need be corrected D. need not correct

8. The machine starts the second the button ___________. A. will be pressed B. was pressed C. presses D. is pressed

9. As far as I know, this _________ a satisfactory solution. A. is hardly considered B. has been considering C. is considering D. is hardly considering

10. You shouldn't do damage to this grassland. It's not your personal belongings. It

________ the state government.

A. is belonged to B. belonged to C. belongs to D. is belonging to

题号 标准答案 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 C 5 C 6 A 7 B 8 D 9 A 10 C 第十七讲 虚拟语气(一) 虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用

虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目几乎是四、六级必考的内容,也是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。

1. 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。

1) If places ______ a like, there would be little need for geographers.

A. being B. are C. be D. were 如果各个地方都一样,就不需要地理学家了。(答案是D)

2) If I _____ the meaning of the word, I wouldn't have to look it up.

A. know B. knew C. known D. knowing 如果我知道这个词的意义,就不必查词典了。(答案是B)

2. 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had+过去分词,主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。

例:1995年6月四级第46题

We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _____ him,

A) would have telephoned B) must have telephoned

C) would telephone D) had telephoned 本题是与过去时相反的虚拟句,从句中用过去完成式,主句中用would have done。本句相当于if we had known his telephone number,we would have telephoned him。答案是A) would have telephoned。

3. 虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +动词原形。 例:1996年1月四级第44题

Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ______ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.

A. has to get B. had got C. were to get D. could have got

本句的意思是:“琼不想马上就工作,她认为要是找了工作,就不能经常探访她的朋友了”。 这说明,琼目前没有工作。句中假设的情况在近期内并不会存在。该条件句应当用表示将来情况的虚拟语气。 条件从句的谓语用should或were to引出。 因此C. were to get 是本题答案。选项A. has to get是陈述语气的现在时,不能用于虚拟条件句中。选项B. had got是虚拟语气的过去时,不能表示将来时间。选项D. could have got不能用于虚拟语气的条件从句中。 4. 省略if 采用倒装语序的条件句。

有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去,而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构。(这种结构在口语中很少使用)。 例:1997年6月四级第42题:

Had he worked harder, he _____ the exams. A. must have got through B. would have got through

C. would get through D. could get

through

本题前半句是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句,后半句是表示与过去事实相反的主句。相当于:If he had worked harder, he would have got through the exams.本题的答案是B. would have got through。选项A. must have got through(肯定通过)表示一种对过去事情的主观推测,不是与过去事情相反的情况。另外,must不能用在虚拟条件句中。选项C. would get through(就会通过)是虚拟语气现在时的一种表示方法,表示与现在事实相反。选项D. could get through(可能通过),could也可以用于非真实条件句里,表示与事实相反的情况,但这里,它只表示与现在事实或将来可能的事实相反。 5. 有时虚拟条件句并没来if 从句表示出来,而是用介词短语、上下文或其它方式来表示。 例:1995年6月四级第46题

We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we __________ him.

A. would have telephoned B. would telephone

C. must have telephoned D. had telephoned

结合选项可知, 全句的意思是:“我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们会打电话给他”。本句中otherwise 引出的是一种与过去事实相反的假设条件, 即实际上没有打电话,因此应选A. would have telephoned。全句相当于:If we had known his telephone number, we would have telephoned him. 选项B. must have telephoned中“must + 完成式”表示“必定„„”。选项C. would telephone 的意思是“会打电话”。 因为本题是讲过去发生的情况, 实际上没有打电话,所以不能用would telephone。选项D. had telephoned表示“已经打过电话”,但本题的意思是“没有打过电话”, 所以 D 不是答案。 练习测试:

1. He left orders that nothing _________ until the police arrived. A. was touched B. had been touched C. should be touched

D. were touched

2. If only I ___________ differently, he might still be alive now. A. had behaved B. behaved C. have behaved D. behave

3. Whatever __________ the results of that policy, I support it on principle. A. is B. are C. may be D. be

4. I wish I __________ to the movie with you last night. A. went B. could go C. go

D. could have gone 5.

Without

his

permission,

there

___________ no such opportunity offered. A. would be B. was C. will be D. are

6. But that he saw it, he ______________ it. A. couldn't have believed B. didn't believe C. could not believe D. can't believe 7.

Jean

Wagner's

most

enduring

contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his

insistence that it _________ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed C. be analyzed

D. should have been analyzed

8. _________ no friction between the surface of the road and our feet, we could not walk at all.

A. If there was B. Were there C. Was there D. There had 9.

Suppose

the

knife

_________

accidentally, would the doctor get his fee from the person he is treating? A. slipped B. is slipping C. had slipped D. would slip

10. The article suggests that when a person __________ under unusual stress he ___________ especially careful to have a well balanced diet. A. were, be B. is, should be C. was, will be D. be, be

11. Had Paul received 6 more votes in the last election, he _____________ our chairman now.

A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be

题号 标准答案 1 C 2 A 3 C 4 D 5 A 6 A 7 C 8 B 9 A 10 B 11 B 第十八讲 虚拟语气(二) 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用

(一) 在表示愿望的动词wish后的宾语从句中,需用虚拟语气。(wish后的that 常省略) 1.表示现在或将来的愿望,从句用过去式。 例:1995年6月四级第45题

I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.

A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept

动词wish后面接从句,表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即用过去式(表示现在发生的动作)或过去完成式(表示过去发生的动作)。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案。

2.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如:

I wished I hadn't spent so much money. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。 (二) 在具有愿望、请求、建议、命令等主观意愿的动词(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide „) 后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。 例:1996年1月四级第28题

It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.

A. were not played B. not be played C. not to play D. did not play 全句意思是:“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机”。句中的谓语动词request(请求)所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气,即动词原形或“should+动词原形”。本句的主语从句中,主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体,谓语应当用被动语态。所以,答案是C) not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气,所以A)不正确。选项B) not to play是动词带to的不定式,不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not play也是动词play的过去时形式,同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且,它是主动语态形式,而本题要用被动语态。 (三)would rather , would sooner也用来

表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。 练习测试:

1. He suggested ______ to tomorrow's exhibition together. A. us to go B. we went C. we shall go D. we go

2. I don't think those people are really English. If they were, they _____ speak with French accents. A. don't B. will not C. mustn't D. wouldn't

3. _____ today, would we be able to get there by Tuesday? A. Were we leaving B. If we leave C. Would we leave D. Were we to leave

4. If he ______ drunk, he wouldn't have lost control of the car. A. wasn't B. weren't C. hasn't been D. hadn't been

5. I would have gone to the concert, if I _____ time. A. had had B. have had C. had

D. would have had

6. _______ I known it, I would have told you. A. Have B. If C. Had D. Having

7. ______ your help, I would not have

succeeded. A. Because B. Because of C. But D. But for

8. The house master was strict. He requested that we ______ television on week nights.

A. not watch B. must not to watch C. not be watching D. have not watched

9. _______ to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem. A. If he is B. Were he C. Had he D. Be he

10. I can't speak Japanese, but I do wish I ______. A. can B. could C. had D. spoke

题号 标准答案 1 D 2 D 3 D 4 D 5 A 6 C 7 D 8 A 9 B 10 B 第十九讲 虚拟语气(三) --虚拟语气的其它应用

虚拟语气在表语从句和同位语从句中的应用

在表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词(suggestion, proposal, requirement, demand,

desire, advice, order, insistence„) 作主语时,其后的表语从句或同位语从句中,需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。注意这种句型中的虚拟语气形式不受主句动词时态的影响。

例:1998年6月四级第68题

We are all for your proposal that discussion _____.

a. be put off b. was put off c. should put off d. is to put off

全句意思是:我们都赞成你的建议,把讨论推迟。答案是A。

虚拟语气在定语从句中的应用

在It's (high) time 之后的定语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式。 例:1995年6月四级第43题

It's already 5 o'clock now. Don't you think it's about time _____ ?

A. we are going home B. if she leaves C. we went home D. if she had left 现在已经十六点钟了,难道你不认为该回家了吗?(答案是C)

虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用

一、虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用(谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同)

(一) 表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑,谓语动词用过去式。例如:

① He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.

他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。 ② He acts as if he were / was a TV expert. 他做起事来好象是个电视专家。

(二) 表示过去想象中的动作或情况,谓语动词用过去完成式。 例:1992年四级试题

The tree looked as if it ______ for a long time.

A. hasn't watered B. didn't water C. hadn't bee watered D. wasn't watered 那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了。(答案是c)

二、 在lest 引导的状语从句中,谓语动词多

用虚拟语气,(should )+ 动词原形。例如: 例:1998年1月四级第38题

The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____ himself.

a. injure b. injured c. had injure d. would injure

这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房,以免伤了他自己。(答案是a)

三、 在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式。 例:1993年6月四级第70题

Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I ____ your advice.

A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followed

if only 引出感叹句,意思是“要是„„多好”,表示说话人的一种愿望,希望发生(事实上不可能发生)与过去事实相反的情况。本句的全句意思是:“看我现在的处境多糟糕!要是我听从你的劝告多好”。事实上,句中的“我”没有听从劝告,所以处境很糟糕。 题中空格处应当用虚拟语气,答案是B。 练习测试:

1. I'd rather you ______ anything about it for the time being. A. say B. didn't say C. don't say D. not say

2. He makes a note of the assignment lest he ______ it. A. forgets B. forget C. will forget D. will not forget

3. The man showed us his ID card. Without that, we _______ stopped him from getting in. A. would have B. would C. had D. have

4. Henry talks to his dog as if it _____ him.

A. understands B. understood C. understand D. would understand

5. There was a suggestion by the teachers that the meeting ______ postponed for a week. 3 4 5 6 7 A B D B A A. had been B. would be C. was D. should be

6. The manager would rather that his wife ______ work in the same office as he does. A. does not B. did not C. would not D. will not

7. The teacher insisted that we all ______ back by two o'clock. A. be B. to be C. would be D. shall be

8. I didn't go to the football match, but I do wish I _____ there. A. went B. was C. were D. had been

9. It is high time we ______ some action. A. did take B. take C. took D. have taken

10. I second his motion that we __________ a special board to examine the problem. A. shall set up B. set up C. would set up D. sets up

题号 标准答案 1 B 2 B 8 D 9 C 10 B 第二十讲 非谓语动词 (一)

概述

在大学英语四六级考试的词汇和语法部分中,年年必考的一项语法就是非谓语动词(Non-finite Verb)。

非谓语动词分为三类:不定式(infinitive)、动名词(gerund)和分词(participle)。其特点是:

1. 不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分,但就是不能单独做谓语,这也是它们被称为\"非谓语动词\"的原因。

2. 它们具有各种形态:原形、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。

3. 不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。但不管起什么作用,它们都具有动词的功能,但无语法上的动词性质,这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。 4. 分词起形容词和副词作用,可做表语、定语、状语和复合结构中的复合宾语,但不能做主语和宾语。它也不受主语人称和数的限制。 不定式 1.结构

不定式的主动态是to do,其否定式是not to do,被动态是to be done,进行态是to be doing,完成态是to have done。 例:1996年6月四级第24题

Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______ to the nation. A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left

结合选项来看,全句的意思:“78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家\"。收藏品是\"被留给国家”,因此需要一个被动式做

宾语,所以答案是D) is to be left。 2.不定式做主语

例:1995年1月四级第55题

It is not unusual for workers in that region _________.

A) to be paid more than a month later B) to be paid later than more a month C) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a month

it 在句中作形式主语。 而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的逻辑主语。结合选项全句的意思是:“那个地方的工人一个多月后才得到工资是常有的事”,答案是A)。 3. 不定式做补足语的用法

不定式做补足语时,如果和主语是主谓关系,就用不定式的主动式,如果是动宾关系,就用被动式;如果动作时间和谓语动词同时发生,就用不定式的一般式。如果动作时间发生在谓语动作之前,就用不定式的完成式。 1) 不定式做主语补足语 例:1996年6月四级第37题

The ancient Egyptians are supposed _________ rockets to the moon. A) to send B) to be sending

C) to have sent D) to have been sending 在本句中,send 为短暂性动词,不能用进行时态。所以B和D两项错。A和C的区别在于不定式的时态,句首表示时间概念的ancient表明不定式动作在句子谓语动作之前,不定式要用完成式, 因而答案是C)。

2) 不定式做宾语补足语

有些动词和短语可用不定式做宾语补足语,构成句型:主语+谓语动词+宾语+不定式。

这样的动词有:advice, allow, announce, ask, assist, authorize, bear, beg, bribe, cause, command, compel, condemn, deserve, direct, drive, enable, encourage, entitle, entreat, exhort, forbid, force, get, hate, help, implore, induce, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, pray, prefer, press, prompt, pronounce, recommend, remind, report,

request, require, summon, teach, tell, tempt, urge, want, warn, wish。

这样的短语有:call on(请求), care for(关心), count on(依靠,指望), depend on(依赖、依靠), keep on at(困扰,追问), long for(渴望), make out(分辨), vote for(选举), prevail on(说服), rely on(信赖), wait for(等待)。

还有一些动词和词组用不定式做宾语补足语时不带to,但在被动形式时,其宾语补足语不定式必须带to。这样的动词和词组有:feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, observe, overhear, see, watch, listen to, look at。 例:1998年1月四级第44题

They are going to have the serviceman __________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

A) install B) to install C) to be installed D) installed

全句的意思是:“他们准备让服务人员明天在办公室里装一台电扇”。这里是\"have sb. do sth.\"的句型,是主动语态,因此,have 后接不带to的不定式做宾与补足语,所以答案是A) install。

8. 不定式做宾语

大部分动词可加不定式做宾语。一些动词,特别是系动词,如appear, chance, come, fail, get, happen, manage, prove, seem, tend, turn out等,后面接不定式,形式上是宾语,实际是一种复合结构句型,除人、物做主语外,还可用it做主语,所跟to be可省略。 例:1997年1月四级第25题

There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _________ trouble.

A) making B) to make C) to have made D) having made

全句的意思是:“服务台那里有一个人,看上去很气愤,我想他是存心要找麻烦。”动词mean在本句中的意思是“打算”,相当于intend to do something,后面只能接动词不定式做宾语。所以答案是B) to make。动词mean后面接名词和动名词时,意思是“表示„„的意思、意味着”,

所以选项A 和 D错误。另外不定式的完成式表示该动作应在谓语动作之前发生,这和本句的意思不符合,所以选项C也不正确。 例:1997年1月四级第42题

I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem __________ all the time. A) to get worse C) to have got worse B) to be getting worse D) getting worse 动词seem后应接不定式做宾语;词组all the time的意思是“始终、一直”,相当于continuously,因此句中相应的动词一般要用进行式。全句的意思是“我宁愿看书也不愿意看电视,电视节目好象越来越差了。”可见,答案是B) to be getting worse。 9. 不定式做定语

不定式做定语时,与中心词之间在逻辑上有多种关系,其中可能是互相修饰关系。也就是:不定式修饰中心词;不定式短语末的介词与中心词组成介词短语,修饰不定式。这些动词不定式可能是及物的(带宾语),也可能是不及物的,要特别注意不要漏掉不定式短语末的介词。很多名词后可接不定式做定语,如ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive(动力), effort, force, inclination, intention, method, motive, movement, need, opportunity, pressure, reason, right(权力), struggle, tendency, wish, anything, anyone, everything, everyone, nothing, no one, something, some one等。 这类名词通常表示抽象概念,后面用动词不定式做定语,表示该名词的具体内容。在这种结构中,不能用分词形式。还要注意,如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式后要加介词,因为此时不定式与其修饰的名词实质上有动宾关系。

例:1994年1月第63题

Could you find someone________?

A) for me to play tennis with B) for me to play tennis C) play tennis with D) playing tennis

请你找个人来和我打网球。答案是A。 做定语的不定式也可能解释中心词的内容。请看

下例:

例:1997年6月四级第47题

The pressure________causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.

A) to compete C) to be competed B) competing D) having competed

结合选项看,全句的意思是:“竞争的压力使美国人精力充沛,但也使他们的精神始终处于紧张状态。”名词pressure后应加不定式做定语,说明\"pressure\"的内容。因此本题答案是A) to compete。选项B) competing是现在分词;D) having competed现在分词的完成式,都不符合语法规定。选项C) to be competed中的Compete是不及物动词,不能用被动语态,所以这三个选项都不正确。

介词+关系代词+不定式可以做定语用,这种用法是一种正式的表达法。我们看下面这个例子: 例:1995年6月四级第50题

You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _____ to suspend your tent.

A) there B) them C) which D) where 全句的意思是:“你将需要两棵相距约10英尺的树来挂你的帐篷”。

本句中只有which是关系代词,因此答案是C。 10. 不定式做状语

例:1995年1月四级第48题

________ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree. A) To become B) Become C) One becomes D) On becoming

答案是A) To become。 11. 介词后的不定式

介词后接不定式只见于少数场合:but后面通常接带to的不定式,包括do nothing but,can not but,can not help but,have no choice but等等。

例:1996年1月四级第24题

That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but ____ the police.

A) called in B) calling in C) call in D) to call in

在本句中have no choice but要后接带to的

不定式,意思是“只能„„别无选择”。全句意思:“那件事事关重大,我别无选择,只好请警察来”。答案是D) to call in。 练习测试:

1. It isn't cold enough for there _________ a forest tonight, so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely. A. would be B. being C. Was D. To be

2. Without facts, we can't form a worthwhile opinion, for we need to have factual knowledge _______ our thinking. A. which to be based on B. upon which to base C. which to base upon D. To which to be based on

3. What prompted _______ such a drastic step?

A. you taking B. you to take C. your taking D. you taking

4. They ________ in Chicago, but now they live in New York. A. would live B. used to live C. were used to live D. uesd to living

5. The Vikings are believed ________ America.

A. to hve discovered B. to discover C. in discovering

D. to have been discovered

6. Mary was seriously ill, so we arranged _________ by the best doctors. A. for her to be examined B. for her to examine C. her to be examined

D. her examined

题号 标准答案 1 D 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 A 6 A 第二十一讲 非谓语动词(二)

动名词

1. 动名词,顾名思义,具有双重作用:它既有动词的作用(后面可加自己的宾语),又有名词的作用(可以做句子的主语、宾语等)。 2. 动名词做宾语

1) 有些动词只能接动名词做宾语,而不能接不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必多练多用多读多说,尽量培养语感,这比单纯死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。

这些动词是:acknowledge, advice, admit, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, allow, bear, can't help, cease, commence, complete, confess, delay, deny, discourage, detest, dread, endure, enjoy, envy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, figure, finish, imagine, involve, justify, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, quit, recall, repent, require, resent, resume, risk, save等等。 例:1995年6月四级第42题

Mark often attempts to escape _______ whenever he breaks traffic regulations. A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fined 动词escape后接动名词,不能接不定式,所以先排除了B和C。全句的意思是:“每当马克违反交通规则式,他常常企图逃避罚款”。fine是及物动词,在这里要用被动语态;而且,句子讲的是经常性动作,应当用一般时态,因此,答案是D。

例:1998年6月四级第49题(同1997年12月四级第37题)

People appreciate with him because he has

a good sense of humor. deserve, need, require, want

A) to work B) to have worked C) working 这几个词的共同特点是:它们后面既可加不定式,

D) having working

全句的意思是:因为他很有幽默感,所以大家喜欢和他一起工作。根据句意,动名词动作与句子谓语动作并无时间上的先后,必须用动名词一般时态。答案是C。

2) 凡是动词+介词、名词+介词或形容词+介词形成的词组,都要求接动名词做宾语,因为所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。 例:1998年6月四级第46题 He gives people the impression ____________ all his life abroad.

A) of having spend B) to have spent C) of being spent D) to spent 全句的意思是“他给人的印象是他的一生都在国外度过”。这是名词+介词+动名词(短语)的形式。答案是A。 也就是说,“名词+ of +动名词”结构表示特指的、具体的、单一的、所属的机会或习惯,而名词接不定式形式只表示有某种机会或习惯,指客观现实。

3) 满足句型“it is +名词或形容词+动名词”和句型“动词+ it +形容词或名词+动名词”的形容词和名词有:good, no good, nuisance, no use, senseless, use, useless, waste, worthwhile。 例:Do you think it worthwhile investing a large sum of money in this project?(你认为向该项目大量投资值得吗?)

4) 有些动词后既可加不定式,也可加动名词,但用法不同,意义也不同。注意remember, forget, stop, regret, go on, afford, attempt, try, 等单词的用法。

例如: afford (a) can (not) afford / be (not) able to afford + to do:经受得/不起,负担得/不起。后面一般加表示时间、金钱方面的内容。 例:We can't afford to buy this house because we won't make the ends meet.(我们买不起这房子,因为我们将入不敷出。)

(b) afford + doing:提供

例:The bill is a measure necessary to afford protecting labor.(这条法案是提供劳工保护的必要措施。)

也可加动名词,意义相同。但是,表示被动时,动名词依然使用主动形式,不定式则变成被动形式。其中,这几个词后面加动名词的格式是常考项目之一。

例:1997年6月四级第48题

Your hair wants _________. You'd better have it done tomorrow.

A) cut B) to cut C) cutting D) being cut

本题的want等于need,是一种口语习惯用法,后面接动名词主动形式表被动。此时,动名词和主语之间是动宾关系。本句的意思是:“你的头发该理了,最好明天就去理。”因此,本题答案是C) cutting。选项A) 的cut是过去分词,可以用在want后面,但只能做宾语补足语。选项B) to cut是动词不定式的主动形式,与want连用时表示谓语动词主体的一种愿望,放在本句中显然意思不通。头发怎么会有什么愿望呢? D) being cut与语法规定不相符,因为使用动名词时要求用主动形式。所以这三个选项都不是正确答案。 注意

bear的用法与这几个词类似,但表示被动时,它后面加动名词时的形式与上述几个词不同。 例:She can't bear being looked down upon by others.(她无法容忍被人瞧不起。) She can't bear to be looked down upon by others.(她无法容忍被人瞧不起。)

She can't bear looking down upon others.(她无法容忍瞧不起别人(的行为)。) 此时,例句一被动形式中的动名词要用being looked down,以免与例句三的主动表示相混淆。 dislike, dread, hate, like, love, prefer 这些词加动名词时,表示喜欢或讨厌一般性、习惯性或发生过的某事、某物;加不定式时,表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一次的、打算做的某事、某物。

prefer的用法稍微复杂一点,它后面加不定式还是加动名词通常是由它的固定结构或习惯用法决定的。常见的结构是:would prefer + to do(更想做某事); prefer doing A to doing B

(比起做B来说,更喜欢做A。特别注意:这里的比较使用的不是than,而是to)。 forget, neglect, regret, remember

这几个词的共同特点是:它们后面加不定式时,表示记得、忘记、遗憾、忽略要做或应该做的事,总之是还没有做的事;而加动名词时,表示记得、忘记、遗憾、忽略所做的事,也就是已经发生了、 从某种程度上说,stop 和continue的用法很相似。

3. 动词出现在介词后面是大多是情况下是以动名词而不是以不定式的形式出现,要特别注意:admit to(承认),approach to(方法),contribute to(起作用),confess to(承认),resort to已经做了的事。

例:1996年1月四级第40题

If I had remembered ________ the window, the thief would not have got in. A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed

本句的意思是:\"我要是记得把窗子关起来的话,小偷就进不来了。\"remember后接动名词表示记得过去曾做过某事,接不定式则表示记得要做某事。本句说的是:\"记得把窗子关起来\"。因此A)to close是答案。有些考生误选了C) to have closed。注意remember后面不能用动词不定式的完成式。至于选项B) closing,因为这里\"关窗子\"这件事\"我\"并没有做,所以是不对的。 例:1993年6月四级第61题

Mr. Johnson preferred _____ heavier work to do.

A) to be given B) to be giving C) to have given D) having given prefer后面的动名词或动词不定式的动作主体就是句子的主语。动词give一般要有双宾语,而句子里并无give的间接宾语(给谁),因此全句意思应是:“约翰逊先生宁可有(被给予)更重的活干”。可见,答案是A) to be given。 stop stop to do表示停止前文说的那件事,去做另一件事。

stop doing表示停止做正在做的一件事。 例:The professor asked us to stop to discuss.(教授让我们停下来,开始讨论。言外之意是,我们正在做的事不是讨论,而是,例如阅读一篇材料,然后教授让我们停止阅读,开始讨论。)

The professor asked us to stop discussing.(教授让我们停止讨论。言外之意是我们正在做的事是讨论。)

(求助于),reconcile to(顺从于),revert to(重新开始),submit to(忍受),swear to(断言),take to (开始从事),be used to(习惯于),look forward to(盼望),oppose to (反对),中的to都是介词而不是不定式符号。 例:1991年6月四级第48题

The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court.

A) objected to having B) were objected to have C) objected to have D) were objected to having

结合选项克制,全句意思是:\"比赛取消了,因为大多数人反对在没有一个标准球场的情况下举行比赛\"。object在这里是不及物动词,后面的to是介词,在接名词或动名词做宾语。因此,答案是A。object 也可以做及物动词,但后接宾语从句,表示\"提出„„作为反对的理由\"。 例:1996年6月四级第33题

The traditional approach _______with complex problem is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems. A) to dealing B) in dealing C) dealing D) to deal

解决复杂问题的传统方法是把他们分解为更小的、更容易处理的问题。答案是A。 4. 动名词做主语、表语、补语等

由于不定式也可以做主语、表语、补语,那么,什么时候用动名词,什么时候用不定式呢?是不是也有什么规律可遵循呢?答案是,没有。如果说有,也只不过是一些习惯用法。例如:Seeing is believing.(眼见为实)人们习惯上就用动名词来做主语和表语,而不是因为什么语法限制和规定。

5. 惯用句型

be busy doing sth., be no good doing sth.,

spend some time/money doing sth., have difficulty (in) doing sth., have a hard time (in) doing sth., have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth.都是惯用句型,其中动名词不能换成to不定式。

例:1992年6月四级第41题

Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _______ for C. were objected to have D. were objected to having

2. After a long delay I finally got round _________ the letter. A. to write B. writing C. to writing D. in writing

her examination.

A) to prepare B) to be prepared C) preparing D) being prepared

结合选项来看,全句的意思是:“琼做完没有时间去听音乐会,因为她忙于准备考试。”,所以答案是D) being prepared。

6. 动名词短语之前可以有一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。 例:1999年1月四级第45题

__________ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for. A) The girl was educated B) The girl educated

C) The girl's being educated D) The girl to be educated

全句意思是:让孩子在简朴的生活环境中接受教育中她父母所希望的。答案是C。 例:1998年1月四级第31题

Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used ______ late for his lecture. A) to have students B) for students' being

C) for students to be D) to student's being

尽管教授很准时,但他对学生迟到已经习惯了。答案是D。

当这一结构不处于句首时,逻辑主语用名词的普通格式或代词宾语更自然些。 练习测试:

1. The match was canceled because most of the members _________ a match without a standard court.

A. objected to having B. object to have

3. She omitted _______ me that she was already married. A. tell B. telling C. told D. to tell

4. Do you deny _________ for the sinister game?

A. worked B. to work C. having worked D. work

5. Anything that involves __________ on what he is doing is anathema to him. A. concentrate B . concentrating C. to concentrate D. concentrated

6. There is no _________ that in the last fifty years some nations have come a long way to

democracy. A. denying B. deny C. to deny D. denied

7. You came here with a view ________ your English. A. improve B. to improve C. to improving D. improving

8. He is contemplating _______ a Buddhist. A. becoming B. to become

C. become D. became

9. Why did you suggest ________ to this cinema? A. to come B. coming C. having come D. came

10. \" Did Hana say anything about me in her letter?\" \"Only that she'd appreciate ________ from you.\" A. to hear B. hearing C. to hearing D. to have heard

题号 标准答案 1 A 2 C 3 B 4 C 5 B 6 A 7 C 8 A 9 B 10 B 第二十二讲 非谓语动词(三)

现在分词(present participle)和过去分词(past participle)。 1. 结构和用法

1) 现在分词的结构就是在它的后面加词尾ing,过去分词的词尾是ed。

2) 两种分词都具有形容词和副词的作用,在句中可以做定语、表语、补语和独立结构(状语)等。

a) 分词作表语

例:1997年1月四级第44题

When I caught him ____________ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with

another shop.

A) cheating B) cheat C) to cheat D) to be cheating

Catch做“发觉”讲的时候,后面应该接“名词+分词”,表示“发觉某人正在做某”。因此答案是A) cheating。全句的意思是:“当我发觉他欺骗我时,我不再在他那里买东西,而开始和另一家商店打交道。” b) 分词做定语

例:1998年1月四级第36题

As early as 1647, Ohio made a decision that free, tax supported schools must be established in every town ______ 50 households or more.

A) having B) to have C) to have had D) having had

全句的意思是:“早在1647年Ohio州就做出决定,拥有50或50户以上家庭的每一个镇,都必须建立免费的由税收维持的学校。”句中in every town having 50 households or more 相当于in every town which has 50 households or more。答案是A。 c) 分词作补语

例:1997年1月四级第26题

After the Arab states won independence, great emphasis was laid on expanding education, with girls as well as boys ____________ to go to school.

A) to be encouraged C) being encouraged B) been encouraged D) be encouraged 全句的意思是:“阿拉伯国家赢得独立后,特别重视扩大教育,不但鼓励男孩子入学,也鼓励女孩入学。”介词with可引出分词独立结构,表示一种陪衬性动作或补充说明。所以,答案是C) being encouraged。选项A) to be encouraged是动词不定式,for her to do是动词不定式短语,常做目的状语,不能引出陪衬性动作。选项B) been encouraged和D) be encouraged这两种形式都不能与with构成分词独立结构做补语。 d) 分词作状语

现在分词作状语表示主动,过去分词(短语)作状语表示被动,要注意这两者的区别。 例:1996年6月四级第22题

_____ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall of the edge of the earth. A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed

结合选项看,全句的意思是:“许多人认为地球是扁的,因此害怕哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下”。相信这是一个主动行为,因此,需要一个表示主动的分词。所以选项C) Believed和 D) Being believed被排除。而A) Having believed强调分词所表示的主动动作是从过去开始的,一直延续到现在,至于完成了没有,并不关心。也就是说,该主动动作与过去和现在都有联系,因此也不合题意。 所以答案是B。 例:1996年6月四级第28题

If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one ________.

A) to correct B) correcting C) having corrected D) being corrected 结合选项来看,全句的意思是:“如果我去更正别人的看法,我会尽可能用幽默和自我克制的态度去做,就象是我被别人更正一样”。这里,要求填入一个表示“正在被人更正”的意思的选项,答案是D)。

having been done和having done的道理是一样的,只不过前者的分词动作是主动动作,后者的分词动作是被动动作。即,如果要表达的被动动作是从过去开始的,一直延续到现在,则必须用完成式表示,而过去分词没有完成形式,所以使用Having been done。

例:There seemed little hope that the explorer, ________ in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.

A) to be deserted B) having deserted C) to have been deserted D) having been deserted

答案是D) having been deserted。这是现在分词的完成式(被动态)在句中做状语,具有原因和时间意义。 2. 注意事项

1) 不及物动词的过去分词有两种形式: A) 单独使用时没有被动意义,只表示完成的或

静态的动作和状态。做定语时,一般位于所修饰的词前面。

例:departed friends 分离的朋友 faded flowers 凋零的花

B) 与介词连用时,可以表示被动,做后置定语。因为在主动语态里,不及物动词与介词连用时意味着可以接宾语。同样道理,在分词表达形式中,不及物动词分词所修饰的词就是刚才我们谈到的宾语,对于宾语来说,这个动作就是一个被动动作了。

2) 有一些可以做表语的现在分词和过去分词的用法是固定的。

例如:amazing, amazed, amusing, amused, convincing,

confusing,

confused,

disappointing, disappointed, encouraging, encouraged, exciting, excited, contented, inviting,

missing,

misunderstanding,

inexperienced等。

这些分词没有严格意义上的被动、静态、动态、已完成或正在进行这样的含义。它们源自动词,有动词的用法。以最常见的interesting和interested为例。若对某事/某人感兴趣,就用be interested in Seth./sib.的结构,主语一般都是人;如果某事或某人本身让别人感到有意思,让人感兴趣的话,就用sth./sb. is interesting的结构。 练习测试:

1. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely _________ to the outside world. A. being lost B. having lost C. losing D. lost

2. A new technique _________, the yields as a whole increased by 20 persent. A. working out B. had been worked out C. having been worked out D. having worked out

3. He went away whistling, the dusty old book __________ beneath his arm. A. tucking

B. to be tucked C. tucked D. having tucked

4. They will have you ________ if you don't 10. Let's test the temperature of a basin of water with both hands _______ together in the water. pay your taxes. A. to be arrested B. arrested C. arrest

D. being arrested

5. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as _________ in a short period of time.

A. being created B. to have been created C. having been created D. to be created

6. I wasted all the afternoon __________ through piles of old letters. A. go B. to go C. goes D. going

7. He is prone _________ lazy and rather given to _________, but one can't help liking him all the time. A. to be, moralize B. to be, moralizing C. being, moralize D. to being, moralize

8. I don't want ___________ while in a second sleep even if something serious happens.

A. to be wakened B. to wake C. waking D. wakened

9. The police ought to be ashamed _________ such methods. I would hesitate _________ them myself.

A. stooping to use, to use B. stoop to use, to use C. stooping to use, using D. stoop to use, using

A. placing B. place C. placed D. being placed

题号 标准答案 1 D 2 C 3 C 4 B 5 C 6 D 7 B 8 A 9 A 10 C 第二十三讲 主谓一致(一)

主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致。下面让我们看看不同类型的主谓一致。

1. 名词做主语 1) 单复数主谓一致

A) 一般词汇:有些词汇的复数形式是固定不变的,如:crossroads (十字路口;聚焦点), barracks (兵营), headquarters (总部), means (方法,手段), species (种类,品种), series (系列), works (工厂)等,但其动词的单复数取决于两点:

a) 取决于限定词:

例:Every means has been tried but without much result.(各种方法都试过,可没有多大效果。)

These works have been closed since the beginning of this year due to the strike of the workers.(由于工人罢工,这些工厂从今年年初起就一直停工。)

b) 取决于上下文内容、作者所要表达的意思、

特指还是泛指:

例:Are/ Is there any other means of solving the problem?(还有什么其它解题的方法吗?注意:这里可以用are表示其它方法,也可以用is表示和现在所用的方法相对比的另一种方法。) 只能靠平时词汇量和经验的积累。例如:chaos - chaoses(琐事,杂乱), campus - campuses(校园), chorus - choruses(合唱队), status - statuses(身份、地位), virus - viruses(病毒), analysis - analyses(分析), basis - bases My favorite book is The Old Man and the Sea.(我喜爱的书是《老人与海》。注意:本句是特指。)

Our TV series are much better than those of Japan.(我国的电视剧比日本的好得多。注意:本句是泛指。) 注意:a series of

这是一个短语,表示“一系列”,后面跟复数名词。但其动词谓语用单数还是用复数,取决于本短语表示的是一系列“同一种类”的事物还是“不同种类”的事物。前者用单数谓语;后者用复数谓语。

例:A series of wet days spoils our holiday.(阴雨连绵破坏了我们的假期。)

There are a series of strange objects in his suitcase.(他的提箱里有一些奇怪的东西。) c) 从句做主语

例:1991年6月四级第69题

How close parents are to their children _______ a strong influence on the character of the children.

A) have B) has C) having D) to have 本题中how引导的从句做主语,为单数,所以答案是B) has。全句的意思是:“孩子与父母的接近程度会对孩子的性格有很大影响。” d) 学科名词一般用单数谓语动词。但如果这个词还可表示相关活动、具体或个别事实或事件时,则可用复数谓语。这样的词有:economics(经济学), electronics(电子学), mathematics(数学), politics(政治学)等等。

例:Politics is a good topic for discussion.(政治是谈论的好题目。)

Economics has fascinated me.(我迷上了经济学。)

e) 有些名词具有复数形式,但其实是单数意义,有自己的复数形式。其用法与一般名词相同,单数时可以使用不定冠词,谓语用单数;复数时谓语动词用复数。这种名词的\"伪装\"很不好识别,

(基础), crisis - crises(危机), hypothesis - hypotheses(假设),等。

例:There was chaos everywhere in the town after the earthquake.(地震后,城内一片混乱。)

f) 有些表示成双成对的词,常常只用复数形式,动词一律用复数,也不能用不定冠词。比如要表示“一„„”,要使用量词,通常使用\"a pair of\"。这样的词有: eyeglasses(眼镜), pants(裤子), scissors(剪刀), shoes(鞋), shorts(短裤), socks(短袜), stockings(长统袜), trousers(裤子)等。 B) 无复数形式的名词

a) 有些名词,特别是一些表示动物的名词,其单复数形式是固定不变的,但其动词的单复数取决于其限定词和上下文内容。

例:Much of this data is conclusive.(这数据中有许多都是决定性的。)

Many of these data are conclusive. (这些数据中有许多都是决定性的。)

That Japanese has been to China for twenty times.(这位日本人已来过中国20次了。) Those Japanese are visitors to our university.(那些日本人是到我们大学来参观的客人。)

注意:Chinese, Japanese这样的词不仅可做名词,还可和定冠词一起连用,表示“„„一类人”,是种集合名词的表达形式。因此,用于后者时,其动词的单复数不能取决于内容,而是一定要用复数。

b) 集合名词:大部分集合名词都可使用单数或复数动词,这主要取决于作者的强调点:强调整体时,用单数谓语;强调这个集体里的成员时,用复数谓语。这样的集合名词有:army(军队), audience(观众、听众), board(委员会), committee(委员会), crew(全体队员、船员、机组人员等), crowd(人群), firm(公司),

government(政府), group(组、群), majority(多数人), minority(少数人), public(公众), staff(全体工作人员), union(联盟)等。

例:The audience was excited by the excellent show.(精彩的演出使全体观众情绪激昂。)

The public is/are requested not to leave litter in the public places.(公众不能在公共场所乱扔垃圾。) 注意:

1) 后一个例句中,The public指的是在公共场所的人,谓语可用单数或复数。

2) 还有一些集合名词也没有复数形式,但只能做复数名词使用,谓语动词应该用复数。这样的man(人类), police(警察)等。

c) 专有名词和不可数名词的谓语一律用单数谓语。前者指人名、地名、国家名、城市名、书名、机构名或重大事件。后者又可分为物质和抽象名词两大类。

例:The Tales of Ancient China was written by that old professor.(《古代中国神话》是由那位老教授编写的。)

The United Nations is trying to find a better way to bring the two parties together.(联合国正在寻求更有效的方法来调停双方。) 注意:在具体应用中,有些不可数名词可加复数词尾,这时其意义稍有变化,动词的单复数则根据具体句子意思而定。有时甚至可加不定冠词。 例:There were bright lights in that mansion all the night.(那栋大厦整夜都亮着灯光。) She was a beauty even after she had three children.(她生了三个孩子以后还是个美人。) C) 另外,还有特殊复数形式的名词也需要你的特殊注意。这些词的复数形式可能并不明显,所以常导致谓语单复数错误。

特殊复数形式的名词:phenomenon - phenomena(现象), goose - geese(鹅), mouse - mice(老鼠)等

2) 不定代词和带限定词的名词做主语 A) 不定代词或every加名词做主语:every, each, either, neither, one, no one, somebody,

anybody, nobody, everyone, someone, anyone, everyone, something, anything, nothing, everything在句中做主语,或做限定词限定一个名词时,后面的谓语一律用单数。

例:Each family was forced to send one labor to the army.(每家都被迫送一个劳动力到军队去。)

Either of them isn't going to give up their chance of education.(他们两个都不想放弃受教育的权利。)

注意:上述词语做限定词加of时,后面的名词或代词都应该用复数,但谓语却用单数。即使有定语从句,其主句、从句谓语仍用单数。 例:Each one of us who is now living is destined to witness remarkable scientific discoveries.(现在活着的人一定会见到伟大的科学发现。)

B) 限定词加名词做主语:all, any, many, more, most, some的谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所修饰的名词。

a) all, any, many, more, most, some修饰单数名词时,谓语为单数;当修饰复数名词谓语为复数。

例:All of the world is against wars.(全世界都反对战争。)

There is some girl at the telephone who wants to speak to you.(有个女孩打电话来,找你。)

b) all, any, many, more, most, some加复数名词时,谓语用复数动词。

例:All roads lead to Rome.(条条大路通罗马。)

There are scarcely any flies left.(几乎没有什么苍蝇了。)

c) all, any, many, more, most, some修饰不可数名词时,谓语用单数动词。

例:If there is any trouble, please don't hesitate to turn to me.(如果有什么困难,请立刻来找我。)

More experience is essential for getting a higher position.(要得到更高的职位,重要的是要有更多的经验。)

d) 注意:many不能修饰不可数名词。Many a

person/ thing, more than one person / thing这样的短语是固定搭配,名词为单数;most不能和单数名词连用来表示单数。 练习测试:

1. Bacon and eggs ________ a hearty breakfast for a growing boy. A. is made B. makes C. have made D. make

2. One of the students who ________ to the authority about the problem of pollution raises his hand.

A. have written B. has written C. writes D. write

3. The number of students in the oral English program training _______ to 20. A. limits B. is limited C. limited D. are limited

4. The linebacker and captain of the team _________ most valuable player. A. have been selected B. has been selected C. have selected D. has selected

5. _________ to the Beijing Zoo. A. All but he and I are going B. All but him and me are going C. All but he and I am going D. All but him and I are going

6. In every sentence you write, the feedback from the letters of any word you are writing,

together with your knowledge of spelling of the word, ________ you which letter to write next. A. tell

B. tells C. have told D. told

7. _________ a place where roads cross. A. The crossroad is B. A crossroad is C. crossroads are D. A crossroads are

8. Either you or your teacher _________ mistaken. A. is B. has C. are D. were

9. _________ of books on how to prepare for the CET are compiled by her. A. The number B. The amount C. A number D. The limitation

10. The community, as well as the owners of the land _________ in development. A. are interested B. are interesting C. is interested D. are interesting

题号 标准答案 1 B 2 A 3 B 4 B 5 A 6 B 7 B 8 A 9 C 10 C 第二十四讲 主谓一致(二)

2. 含有of的短语和介宾短语做主语 1) half of, all of, any of, a lot of, most

of, „ percent of, some of, five sevenths of等短语的动词单复数取决于of后面所跟的名词或代词,即:单数名词或代词要求用单数动词;复数名词或代词用复数动词,不可数名词或代词用单数动词。

例:In our country, more than 70 percent of population is farmers.(我国人口的70%以上是农民。)

Half of my spare time is spent on my hobby.(我一半的业余时间都花在我的爱好上了。) 2) a number of后面要求加复数名词或代词,其动词用复数形式;但the number of后面加复数名词或代词时,其谓语用单数。因为前者的意思是“大量、许多、若干”,等于numbers of;后者的意思是“总数、合计”,强调的是一个数字,所以应该看成单数主语。

例:A number of criminals have been caught by the brave policewoman.(这位勇敢的女警察已经抓获了许多罪犯。)

The number of criminals caught by this brave policewoman has risen up to 1200.(被这位勇敢的女警察抓获的罪犯总数已经达到1200人。)

3) a / the majority (of), a / the minority (of)这两个短语有两个特点:

a) 它们后面可接单数、复数和不可数名词,相应的谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面所跟的名词。

b) 在具体应用中,应看作者的意图而定,如果作者要强调整体,动词用单数;作者要强调单个的个体时,谓语动词用复数,这种用法有点类似集合名词。注意:后面接的是表示选票数的名词或代词时,谓语常用单数。

例:The nation wants peace; only a minority want the war to continue.(全国都要和平,只有少数人希望战争延续。)

A majority of votes was in its favor, to show its confidence in its policy.(多数票对它有利,表示对其政策的信任。)

4) the rest(of)表示“剩余、其余”,其用法也有二:

a) of后面可接单数、复数及不可数名词,相应的谓语动词的单复数取决于of后面所跟的名词。

b) 如果the rest表示的是剩下的东西,则谓语动词用单数;如果表示的是其余的,特别指人时,其谓语动词应该用复数。

例:The majority of students went to the lab, the rest are staying in the classroom.(多数学生去了实验室,其余的人留在教室。) 5) 当主语不止一个,且主语间由介词with, together with, along with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than, not to mention, including, like, but, except等连接时,其谓语动词取决于前一个主语,即上述介词前的名词或代词。

例:Television, along with other means of communication, helps us to keep informed about contemporary affairs.(电视以及其它一些通讯工具帮助我们不断地知道当地发生的事情。)

Our generation, more than any other generations, views the adult world with great interest.(是我们这一代人,而不是其它任何一代,怀着极大的兴趣,观察成人世界。)

3. 连词加名词做主语

1) not only„„but also, either„„or, neither„„nor, or等连接多个主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于离谓语最近的那个主语。这就是我们常说的“就近原则”。

例:Neither my traveler's checks nor the money that my father cabled me is sufficient to pay for the ticket.(不管是我的旅行支票还是我父亲汇给我的钱,都无法支付这张票钱。) Not only one but also all of us were invited.(不只是一个,而是我们全体都受到邀请。) 2) 由and连接两个或多个主语时,后面一般都跟复数谓语动词,只有在下述几种情况下,才要求接单数谓语: A) 表示“兼”时:

例:The singer and dancer attends our evening.(这位歌手兼舞蹈家参加了我们的晚会。)

The / A singer and the / a dancer attend our evening.(这/一位歌手和这/一位参加了我们的晚会。

注意:表示两个人时,and后面应加不定冠词、定冠词或其它限定词。)

注意:当and连接两个抽象名词时,没有重复\"the\"或其它限定词时,谓语单复数都可以。反之,谓语要求复数动词。

例:Her calmness and confidence is / are 无法接受了。)

2) 数学上的加、减、乘、除的规律是:加法和乘法的谓语动词单复数皆可;而减法和除法的谓语动词一律用单数。

例:One plus/ and one is/ are two.(一加一等于二。)

astonishing.(她的镇静和自信令人吃惊。) Her calmness and her confidence are astonishing.(她的镇静和自信令人吃惊。) B) 固定词组a knife and fork(一副刀叉), a cup and saucer(带茶托的茶杯), ice-cream and cake(冰淇淋蛋糕), iron and steel(钢铁)等,不管做复合名词还是做形容词,动词一律用单数。

例:Iron and steel industry is developing rapidly in western part of China.(中国西部的钢铁工业正在飞速发展。)

注意:如果把and前面和后面的词作为两个不同的内涵(通常在and后面的名词或代词前加不定冠词、定冠词或其它限定词),则说明and起并联作用,谓语应该用复数。

例:There are a knife and a fork.(桌子上有一把刀子和一把叉子。)

C) 由句子内容决定动词的单复数,即:用and连接的两个词或两个句子,由于谓语单复数不同,意义也不一样。

例:What I say and do are my own affair. = what I say is my own affair and what I do is also my own affair.(我说什么和做什么都是我自己的事。)

What I say and do is my own affair. = that which I say and do is my own affair.(我说什么和做什么是我自己的事。) 4. 数词、量词和动名词等做主语

1) 量词做主语:凡是计量时间、距离、金钱、体积、尺寸等的度量衡做主语时,谓语动词都用单数。常见的这种词有:years, dollars, dozens, miles, length, width等。

例:100 years is too long.(100年太长。) Eight hundred and thirty dollars is too unacceptable a price for such a small stamp.(830美元买这么小的一张邮票,这价格太让人

Ten times zero is / are zero.(10乘0等于0。)

Ten minus three is seven.(10减3等于7。) Ten into fifty is five.(50除以10等于5。) 注意:Two tens make/ makes twenty.(两个10得20。)

Two tens are twenty.(两个10得20。) 在这两个例句里,动词make既可以用单数,也可以用复数。但如果用be动词做谓语,则只能用复数。

3) 分类词做主语:由form, kind, part, piece, portion, quantity, section, sort, type等词加of形成的短语做主语时,其谓语的单复数取决于这些词本身的单复数。

例:The newest types of computer are on show.(现在正在展出最新型的计算机。)

The shape of thing to come is unknown to everyone.(未来的发展形式谁也不知道。) 注意:如果词组中含有修饰限定词,则动词单复数仍取决于被修饰的名词。

例:These masters of form only produce something dull and hollow.(这种形式主义大师只能些出些空洞无聊的话来。)

4) 动名词和不定式做主语时,谓语动词一律用单数。

例:Talking mends no holes.(空谈无济于事。) To set up the tent costs us two hours each time.(每次我们支起帐篷都要花两个小时。) 5. 从句作主语

从句作主语时,主句的谓语动词要用单数形式。 例:1991年6月四级第69题

How close parents are to their children ________ a strong influence on the character of the children.

A) have B) has C) having D) to have \"How „to their children\"是一个有主谓结构的句子形式,作整个句子的主语;空格处应当是

主句的谓语动词。所以答案是B) has。选项C) having和D) to have中的having和to have都不能单独作谓语。 练习测试:

1. The majority _________ on his side, but she disagrees with them on three points. A. were B. was C. is D. are

2. The nation wants peace, only a minority ________ the war to continue. A. want B. wants C. wanted D. has wanted

3. She feels very happy when the rest ________ appearance. A. makes his B. make their C. has made their D. have made his

4. It was you, nor I who ________ too much dependent on medicine and never did excercises. A. were B. are C. was D. am

5. The board of directors _______ in session. A. are B. hold C. is D. have held

6. Your stealing the money ________ most reprehensible, for you are the sole heir to a

large fortune. A. was B. are C. will be

D. is

7. Whether or not the new plan will yield any positive results _________ to be seen. A. remain B. is remained C. remains D. have remained

8. John is the one of the staff members who ________ to be transferred. A. is going B. are going C. have been going D. has been going

9. Many a teacher ________ to ask how to attend the training program. A. come B. have come C. has come D. do come

10. More than one example _________ necessary to make the students understand this

rule clearly. A. should be B. is C. are D. have been

题号 标准答案 1 D 2 A 3 B 4 A 5 C 6 D 7 C 8 A 9 C 10 B 1

第二十五讲 倒装句

倒装是一种语法手段,用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。倒装句有两种:完全倒装和部分倒装。 1. 完全倒装

1) 完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前(是整个谓语动词,而非助动词)。

例如:In came the teacher and the class began. (老师走了进来,然后开始上课。) 2) there引出的完全倒装句:除了最常见的there be句型以外,there还可以接appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand等,一般都译成\"有\"的含义,构成完全倒装句。 例如:There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.(远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。) 3) 由地点和时间副词引出的完全倒装句:以地点副词here, there和时间副词now, then 开头,后面的动词是be, come, exist, fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand等,而主语又是名词时,构成完全倒装句。

例:Under that tree sits a beautiful girl.(那棵树下坐着一位美丽的姑娘。)

例:_________ from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him. A) Jumped down the burglar B) Down the burglar jumped

C) The burglar jumps down D) Down jumped the burglar

答案是D) Down jumped the burglar。因为地点状语Down位于句首应该用完全倒装,整个谓语动词应位于主语之前。C) The burglar jumps down虽然是自然语序,但时态错误,应该用和时间状语从句一致的过去时,而不是现在时。 注意:

1) 在here, there引出的倒装句中,当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句,但当主语是代词时,就要用部分倒装句。

例:Here comes the postman!(邮递员终于来了!注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。) Here we are.(我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。)

2) 注意正语序和倒装语序的语气、意义是区别:

例:Here is the picture I love.(这正是我所喜爱的画。)

The picture I love is here.(我所喜爱的话在这里。)

3) 当主语是代词,谓语是系动词,表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时,可以使用完全倒装句,起强调作用。

例:Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.(他真幸运,被一所名牌大学录取了。) 2. 部分倒装

1) 部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分(如助动词、情态动词等)放到主语前,或把句子的强调成分提前。

例:1996年6月四级第42题

_______ right now, she would get there on Sunday.

A) Would she leave B) if she leave C) were she to leave D) If she had left 结合选项,全句的意思是:“如果她立刻就走,她就能在星期天到达那里”。答案是C。 2) 以否定词开头的句子要求部分倒装。注意下列句子中助动词或情态动词提前、甚至补充助动词的用法:

例:Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.(小约翰直到昨天才改变了主意。)

例:1999年6月四级第66题

In no country ______ Britain, it had been said, can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.

A) better than B) more than C) other than D) rather than

本题是个倒装句,答案是C) other than。no other than意思是“正是、就是”;而rather than的意思是“宁愿„„而不„„;而不是”。 3) 以否定副词开头并加状语的句子要求部分倒装。这些否定副词有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely„„ when, never, no sooner„„ than, rarely, no more, nor nearly,

not only等以及only。 例:1997年6月四级第43题

Only under special circumstances _________ to take make-up tests.

A) are freshmen permitted C) permitted are freshmen

B) freshmen are permitted D) are permitted freshmen

全句的意思是:“一年级学生只有在特殊的情况下才可以允许补考。”本陈述句以only开始,后面接状语,应当用部分倒装句。所以答案是A) are freshmen permitted。如用自然语序,本题所在的句子就应该改写为:Freshmen are permitted to take make-up tests only under special circumstances.这两句话的差别是,前者将only under special circumstances放到句首,表示对状语的强调。注意:在部分倒装句中,只有助动词、情态动词或连系动词to be可以置于主语之前,其它部分都要置于主语之后。 注意:

a) 如果含有从句时,只要求主句倒装: 例:Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.(只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。)

b) 如果上述否定副词出现在强调句型中的前半部分,不用倒装:

例: It was not until he went abroad that he know the truth of the fact.(直到他出国以后才了解到事实真相。)

c) 如果hardly, scarcely后面接的是any, ever, at all时,意义类似almost no/ not/ never(几乎不、从不),则无须倒装。

例:Hardly any people having been invited went there.(几乎没有什么受到邀请的人去那里了。)

4) 由no matter how, however和how引导的状语从句要求部分倒装,因为形容词或副词通常紧跟在这三个引导词后面,然后才是主语和谓语,形成形式上的部分倒装句:

例:I know nothing about this river, neither how long, how wide nor how deep it is.(我一点也不了解这条河,不知道它有多长,多宽或

多深。)

5) 由as引导的部分倒装句:

a) 当as作为比较意义时,即用于as + adj./ adv. + as结构中时,如果把第一个as省略掉,就形成部分倒装句。

例:Cautious as the rest of her family (was) , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.(正如她家里人一样谨慎小心,她似乎不愿意立即回答我的问题。) She ran down the stairs, quick as a rabbit (ran).(她跑下楼去,跑得象兔子那么快!) b) 当as引导让步状语时,和although, though一样,当用作“尽管”之义时,可以用于部分倒装句。

例:_______, there was no hope of her being able to sleep.

A) As she was exhausted B) If she was exhausted

C) Exhausted though she was D) Now that she was exhausted

答案是C) Exhausted though she was。从属连词as, though可以用于让步状语从句中。这种从句必须以形容词(或形容词化的分词)、名词或动词原形开头,主语必须位于从句之后。D) Now that she was exhausted里的引导词Now that表示“既然”;B) If she was exhausted表示条件“如果”; A) As she was exhausted表示“由于”(因为使用的是正语序),都与后面句子的意思不通顺。

c) 表示原因时,为了强调起见,也可以倒装。 例:Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.(因为他太累了,我们决定不打扰他。)

d) 等于so时,意义是“也,也是”

例:She worked hard, so/ as did her husband. (她工作很努力,她的丈夫工作也很努力。) 3. 其它情况的倒装句

1) so, neither, nor除了构成上述倒装句以外,还可以取代上文出现的名词、形容词甚至整句话,构成完全倒装句或部分倒装句。但这两种倒装的意义不同。

a) 当so表示“也,相同,那样”时,通常表

示对前一句肯定句的赞同、一致内容,要求使用完全倒装句:

例:I asked him to complete the experiment before five, so he did (=and he did that).(我让他在5点以前完成实验,他做到了。) b) so /such „„that句型可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分: 例:So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.(他的要价如此之高,令每个人都瞠目结舌。)

To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out.(她的彩排进行得那么长,以致于两个演员都走出去了。) c) neither和nor共有4种倒装形式,其含义分别为:

完全倒装时:表示\"也不\",和上文a)用法正好相反,表示对前一句否定句的赞同或一致内容。 例:You don't know what to do now, neither/ nor do I .(你不知道现在该做什么,我也不知道。)

和其它否定副词连用,表示\"也(不)\",也要求用完全倒装句:

例:The besieged enemy could not advance, nor / neither could they retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)

注意:若把这句话改成:\"The besieged enemy could neither advance nor retreat.(被包围的敌人既不能进,也不能退。)\"就不必倒装。 例:1990年1月四级第59题

She never laughed, ______ lose her temper. A) or she ever did B) nor did she ever C) or did she ever D) nor she ever did 本题的句子是一个并列句,全句意思是:“她从来不大声笑,也没有发过脾气”。当前面的分句含否定意义而且后面的分句也含否定的意思时,后面的反句通常用含否定意义的nor(或neither)连接。此外,nor(或neither)连接的分句应当用倒装句,及其谓语中的情态动词、连系动词或助动词应放主语之前。所以B) nor did she ever是答案。本句相当于:\"„, and she never lost her temper, either\"。

1) 用在肯定句里,构成一般否定倒装: 例:All that is true, nor must we forget it.

(那全都是真的,我们可不能忘记。)

2) 部分倒装,有承上启下作用,表示同意和赞同:

例:A: I couldn't do anything for her.(我帮不了她。)

B: Nor you could, but you might have got somebody to help her.(你是不能帮她,但你本可以找人帮她的。)

2) 在进行比较的句子里,如果主语不是代词时,可以倒装:

例:America consumes more energy than did our country.(美国消耗的能源比我们国家多。) Her face is rather pale and even paler are her hands.(她的脸色苍白,她的手更白。) 练习测试:

1. Little ___________ how happy I had been. A. she had realized B. did she realize C. she realized D. has she realized

2. _________ considered the alternatives more carefully, they would have realized that the

second was better than the first. A. If the committee members have B. Had the committee members been C. Though the committee members D. Had the committee members

3. ___________ the woman's possessions that she could carry them in a single suitcase. A. Were so few B. So few were C. Few were so D. There were so few

4. Only after I had known him for sometime _________ to appreciate his real worth. A. do I begin B. did I begin C. I began D. had I begun

5. They have all got up, and _________. A. Jack is too

B. so has Jack C. Jack hasn't D. as Jack

6. Look, __________ in his green T-shirt. A. David comes here B. here comes David C. comes here David D. here David comes

7. ________ from the 18th floor when he saw the police coming near. A. Jumped down the thief B. The thief jumped down C. Down the thief jumped D. Down jumped the thief

8. ________ to speak when the audience interrupted him.

A. Hardly had he begun B. No sooner had he begun C. Not until he began D. Scarcely did he begin

9. __________ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of the work. A. It existed B. There existed C. There had D. Existed there

10. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar _________ write correctly. A. you will B. you can C. can you D. can't you

题号 标准答案 1 B 2 D 3 B 4 B 5 B 6 B 7 D 8 D 9 B 10 C 第二十六讲 简单句与并列句

句子有两种分类标准。一种是按照句子的使用目的分类,可分为陈述句、疑问句(一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句)、祈使句和感叹句;另一种是按照句子结构分类,可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。在这里我们重点分析一下简单句、并列句和复合句之间的区别、连接手段和注意事项。 简单句

1. 定义:只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫做简单句。 1) 陈述句

例:1995年6月四级第49题

An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately _____ from Marathon to Athens.

A) distance B) is the distance C) the distance D) the distance is 全句的意思是:“奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里385码,约为从马拉松到雅典的距离”。本题答案是选项C) the distance。名词短语approximately the distance from Marathon to Athens用来进一步说明26 miles and 385 yards究竟有多长,在语法上叫作同位语。答案如果是B或D的话,则句子结构应该分别为:„or is approximately the distance from Marathon to Athens和„and the distance is approximately from Marathon to Athens。但本题中逗号之后并没有or或and之类连接词,因此后面不应当是一个句子形式。选项A) distance也不对,因为这里的distance后面有from„to„作定语,是特指,前面要有定冠词。 2) 疑问句 a) 一般疑问句

例:Have you read this book? (你读过这本书吗?) b) 反意疑问句

例:If I mistake not, you used to cook your own food, ______ you?

A) do you B) don't you C) did you D) didn't you

全句的意思:“如果我没说错的话,你过去总是自己做饭,______?”主句为过去时态的肯定时,所以疑问部分应用didn't you,答案是D)。 2. 注意事项:如果一个句子里出现两个或更多主语共同使用一个谓语,或一个主语后面接两个或多个谓语,或者两个主语后面接两个谓语,我们都应视其为简单句。 例:1997年6月四级第57题

_____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better. A) For B) Now C) Since D) Despite 本题前半部分的意思是:“我头部的症状已经消失”,后半部分的意思是“脑子也开始灵活得多”。这两个部分无论是语法结构或意思都是完整的。因此,空格处应该填入连接词,而非从句引导词。因此,答案是B) Now。now that是复合连接词,表示“既然、由于”。这样,全句的意思是:“我头部的症状已经消失,脑子也就渐渐变得灵活得多”。其它三个选项都不能和that 一起构成复合连接词,因此,都不是答案。 并列句:

定义:包含两个或多个互不依从的主谓结构,通常由一个或多个并列连词来连接的句子叫做并列句。

1. 联合关系的并列句由and, nor, neither„nor和not only „but also等连接; 例:1993年6月四级第47题

Turn on the television or open magazine and you ______ advertisements showing happy, balanced families.

A) are often seeing B) often see C) will often see D) have often seen 本题连接词and前面的分句表示一种条件,and后面的分句表示一种结果。全句的意思是:“你一打开电视机或翻开杂志,常常会看到显示幸福、和睦家庭的各种广告”。在这种用法中,and前面部分通常是祈使句,and后面的句子用将来时,表示“会”。所以,选项C) will often see是答案。

2. 转折关系的并列句由but, however, while,

even so,still和yet等连接; 例:1996年6月四级第58题

________ I admit that there are problems, I don't think that they cannot be solved. A) Unless B) Until C) As D) While

全句的意思是:“尽管我承认问题的存在,但我认为他们能够解决它”。答案是D) While。While在此为连词,表示语气的转折,意思是“尽管、然而、但是”。

例:1997年6月四级第54题

John seems a nice person, _______ I don't trust him.

A) even though B) even so C) therefore D) though

本题第一句意思是:“约翰看起来像是个很好的人”;第二句意思是:“我并不信任他”。根据全体上下文的意思,空格中应填入表达转折意思的副词。答案是B) even so(即使如此,然而),相当于nevertheless。选项A) even though的意思是“纵然”,是引出让步从句的连接词,不是副词。选项C) therefore虽然是副词,但意思是“因此”,所以不对。选项D)的 though(可是)虽然可用作表示转折意思的副词,但它通常置于句尾或插入句子中间。

3. 选择关系的并列句由or, otherwise, either„„or等连接;因果关系或推论关系的并列句由for, therefore等连接。

例:Dress warmly, ___________ you'll catch cold.

A) on the contrary B) or rather C) or else D) in no way

本句前半部分的意思是“穿得暖和点”,后半部分的意思是“你会着凉”。无论从结构还是从意思上看,这两部分都是彼此独立的,应该是一个并列句,中间缺少一个连接词。根据全句意思,这里需要一个表示\"否则\"意思的连接词,所以答案是C)。 练习测试:

1. The town ________ my father grew up in is not far from here. A. what B. where

C. wherever D. which

2. Better than any other, the design engineer should know _________ he wants his design

to accomplish. A. what B. how C. when D. that

3. Little _____ wine. A she cares for B she does care for C she did care for D does she care for

4. It was under the desk _____ Mary found her pen. A which B that C on which D where

5. Your composition is quite good _____ some mistakes in spelling. A besides B apart from C except for D except

6. Most of the streets were flooded in the morning, so there _____ violent rainstorm during the night. A. must be B. must have been C. ought to be D. has been

题号 标准答案 1 D 2 A 3 D 4 B 5 C 6 B 第二十七讲 复合句

定义:包含两个或多个主谓结构,并且,其中一个主谓结构充当主句,另一个或多个主谓结构为从句,充当该主句的主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语,这样的句子叫做复合句。 1. 主语从句

在整个句子中充当主语成分的从句。可以由从属连词that, whether等引导;也可以由连接代词what, which, who以及由连接副词how, when, where, why,as等引导。 例:1993年6月四级第67题

______is known to the world,Mark Twain is a great American writer.

A) That B) Which C) As D) It 本题逗号前后是两个分句,因此空格中应填入一个连接成分。从句子意思看,逗号前面部分“全世界都知道”这是逗号后面部分,即:“(全世界都知道,)马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家”。可见,应填入的是代表整个主句的关系代词。所以答案是C) As。As在从句中作谓语动词is known 的主语。that作关系代词不能代表整个从句,所以选项A)错误。选项D) 的it不是连接手段。如果句首用it,全句应该写为:It is known to the world that Mark Twain is a great American writer。选项B) Which可以用来代替整个主句,但必须位于主句之后。 例:1995年6月四级第55题 In some countries _____ is called \"equality\" does not really mean equal rights for all people.

A) which B) what C) that D) one 全句意思是:“所谓的'平等',在有些国家实际上并不意味着全体人民都享有平等的权利”。What相当于the thing that。what引出的从句what is called equality 在句中作主语用。 2. 同位语从句

从句的作用是做主语、表语或宾语的同位语(即,不是对主语、表语或宾语进行修饰和限定,而是说明其内容含义),则叫做同位语从句。由that引导。

例:1997年6月四级第53题

The mere fact __________ most people

believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.

A) what C) that B) which D) why 本题是个主从复合句。主句部分是\"The mere fact does not mean that it will not occur.\",意思是“仅仅这个事实„„并不意味着核战争不会发生。”;从句部分是\"most people believe nuclear war would be madness\",意思是“大多数人认为挑起核战争是一种疯狂的行为”。这一从句揭示了fact的内容,两者是同位语的关系。因此,从全句的结构和意思看,空格中应该填入一个连接词,构成名词fact的同位语从句。所以答案是C) that。全句的意思是:“大多数人认为挑起核战争是一种疯狂的行为,但仅就这一事实,并不意味着核战争不会发生。”可以由同位语从句修饰的名词还有thought, idea, news, hope, belief, doubt等。 3. 语从句

当主句的谓语是系动词,而从句位于其后,即在整个句子中充当表语,则该从句叫做表语从句。可以由从属连词that, whether等引导;由连接代词what, which, who等引导;由连接副词how, when, where, why等引导;以及由because等引导。

Their argument was how we know a way to test the authorities statement.(他们的论据是我们怎能知道检验权威观点的方法。)

例:Water will continue to be _______ it is today ------- next in importance to oxygen. A. how B. which C. as D. what 答案是D. what。 根据全句的意思“水在将来还是现在的状况--其重要性仅次于氧气。”判断,空格处缺少一个表语从句引导词,并且这个引导的意思是“„„的状况”,在4个选项中,只有D可以表示这个意思。 4. 宾语从句(包括间接引语)

在主句中充当宾语成分,即跟在及物动词后面、不及物动词加介词后面,或介词后面的从句叫做宾语从句。可以由从属连词that, whether, if等引导;由连接代词what, which, who等引导;由连接副词how, when, where, why等引导。 例:Professor Lee's book will show you

_________ can be used in other contexts. A. that you have observed B. that how you have observed

C. how that you have observed D. how what you have observed

空格处和其后面的部分应该做主句动词show的宾语,而这个宾语应该表达“如何”的意思,所以排除A和B。在这个宾语从句里,主语不是一个名词,而是另一个主谓结构,所以需要一个做从句动词observe的宾语、表示“所„„的事物”之意的主语从句引导词,满足这些要求的只有what。所以本题的答案是D. how what you have observed。

注意:由于宾语从句有时会造成整个句子的结构失去平衡,所以可将宾语从句后置,使用it做形式宾语。

例:They have discussed it for about a whole day whether we are to be allowed to take part in that concert.(他们就我们能否获准去听那场音乐会这件事已经讨论了几乎一整天。) 5. 定语从句

如果从句用于修饰主句的名词(主语、宾语或表语),则其句子成分为定语,叫做定语从句。定语从句分为两类:非限制性定语从句和限制性定语从句。前者用逗号与主句隔开,如果去除这一部分并不改变影响主句的意思的定语从句(在非限制性定语从句中,需要注意的是,不能用that替换which引导词)。而限制性定语从句正好与之相反,不需逗号将从句与主句隔开,如果去除的话,将大大影响原句要表达的意思。

指代人时,定语从句可以由关系代词who, whom, whose引导;指代物时,可以由关系代词which引导;指代人或物时,由that引导;由关系副词when, where, why等引导。 例:1993年6月四级第68题

The residents, _________ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross. A) all their homes B) all whose homes C) all of whose homes D) all of their homes 全句意思是:“那些房屋全部被洪水毁坏的居民得到了红十字会的救济”。两个逗号之间显然是一个定语从句,修饰the residents。选项B和C中都有关系代词whose,可以起连接作用。但是,

我们可以说all of whose homes,而不能说all whose homes。所以本题的答案是C) all of whose homes。

例:1997年1月四级第37题

As _________ announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.

A) being B) is C) to be D) been 本题考核as作为关系代词的用法。全句的意思是“据今天的报纸宣布,上海出口商品博览会星期日也照常开放”。as可以引导一个从句,承接前面主句的内容,或引出后面主句的内容。它在从句中可做主语或宾语。在本题中,它做主语。因此,答案是B) is。is和announced一起构成从句的谓语,有时,助动词be可以省略。另外,由于as引导的是一个定语从句,as又做主语,要求其后接的是可以做谓语的动词,而being announced, been announced, to be announced在一个句子里都不能起谓语作用,所以都不是正确答案。 注意:

a) 关系代词whom, which, that在从句中做宾语时,常常可以省略,在口语中更常见。 b) 引导词where就等于介词加which,都指代从句的地点状语。Where本身就可以代替介词短语表示地点状语,而which只能指代介词短语中的名词,所以它前面或从句中必须有介词。同样的情况还有what和anything/ the thing that/ which。前者等于后者。

例:This is the house where / in which I used to live.(这就是我曾经住过的房子。) This is what / the thing he told me just now.(这就是刚才他告诉我的事情。) 练习测试:

1. He has made another wonderful discovery, _________ of great importance to science. A. which I think is B. which I think it is C. of which I think it is D. I think which is

2. We hope the measures to control prices, ___________ taken by the government, will

succeed. A. when B. as C. since D. after

3. I'd get it for you ___________ I could remember who last borrowed it. A. except that B. if only

C. on condition that D. considering whether

4. The cottage will be cold. Make sure _________ the heater. A. you light B. if you light C. you'll light D. for lighting

5. __________ is well-known to all, too much stress can cause disease. A. Which B. It C. That D. As

6. I have never been to Rome, but that's the city ____________.

A. where I most like to visit B. I'd most like to visit C. I like to visit it most D. which I like to visit it most 7. In a money-oriented society, the average individual cares little about solving __________ problems. A. other B. other's C. anyone's else D. anyone else's

8. He failed the exam, ___________ proves that he wasn't working hard enough. A. what B. of which C. which D. that

9. There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck, out of ___________ open mouth the tea was supposed to come. A. which B. its C. that D. whose

10. She said she ___________ with us to help 到责难时,看起来又伤心又惊讶”。麦克尔是“被责难”,因而应该用过去分词,所以答案是D。

3) 由before, when引导时,表示主句动作发生在从句动作之前; 例:1997年6月四级第44题

I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ______ I heard each other with reading comprehension. A. should stay B. stayed

C. should have stayed D. should be stayed

题号 标准答案 1 A 2 B 3 B 4 A 5 D 6 B 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 C 第二十八讲 状语从句(一) 1. 时间状语从句:

1) 由as, while引导时,表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,或一个动作在另一个动作或状态的过程中;

2) 由after, when引导时,表示主句动作在从句动作之后;

例:1995年1月四级第58题 Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ________.

A) scolding B) to scold C) having scolded D) scolded

本题从句主语与主句主语一致,这种情况下,状语从句的主语常常省略,这是要注意状语从句中的谓语动词应用现在分词还是过去分词。全句的意思是:“麦克尔过去受

voices.

A) as B) when C) after D) whole 本题前半部分的意思是:“我刚动身回屋换衣服”,后半部分的意思是:“我听到有人说话”。前半部分用过去完成式,后半部分用一般过去时。前半部分的动作发生在后半部分之前。为表达这一情景,前半部分作主句,主句中一般用just,hardly,后半部分作从句,用连接词when引出。答案是B。 when从句可能表示多种意义,这里它表示一种原来没有预料到的新情况出现。又是这一新情况打断了主句表示的正在进行的活动,或制止了即将发生的情况。在这种情况下,主句常用进行式、完成式或\"be about +inf.\"之类。我们来看下面的例题: 例:1996年1月四级第45题

I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave ______ something occurred which attracted my attention.

A) unless B) until C) when D) while

全句的意思是:“我感到有些失望,正要离开时,发生了一件事,吸引了我的注意力”。前半部分的事正要或正在进行时,另一事突然发生,这是应该用连接词when,一般放在主句之后。这时,when的意思相当于at which time,and then,常译为“这时、刚„„就”。所以,答案是C。因为句中be about to do 的意思是“即将、正要”。所以unless和全句意思不合。选项B)的连接词until可表示主句的动作在从句动作发生时就停下来了,这显然和全句意思不符。选项D)的连接词while相当于during the time that,表示主句的动作是在从句动作的期间发生。这和本句的意思也不合。

4) 由whenever, every / each time引导时,表示主句动作以从句动作为条件而发生;

例:We can leave when you are ready. (你什么时候准备好,我们就可以动身了。 动身这个动作是在这个人准备好了之后发生的。)

5) 由as soon as引导时,表示主句动作发生在从句动作的一瞬间之后(注意:the moment,the instant,the second,the minute都可做连词用,引导定语从句,意思是as soon as。); 例:1991年6月四级第43题

I decided to go to the library as soon as I _______.

A) finish what I did B) finished what I did

C) would finish what I was doing D) finished what I was doing

结合四个选项来看,全句的意思是:“我决定一做完手头的工作就去图书馆”。本题首先要判断的是as soon as(一„„就)引出的时间状语从句中谓语动词的时态。从句中的动作“做完手头的工作”是预计将要发生的动作,而主句的谓语动词用的是过去时(decided)。在这种场合,从句中通常用一般过去时,而不用过去将来时。所以选项A和C不可能是答案。此外,“完成手头的工作”指“完成正在做的工作”,do要用进行式。因此选项D才是答案。

例:1997年1月四级考试第38题

You see the lightning ________ it happens, but you hear the thunder later.

A) the instant B) for an instant C) on the instant D) in an instant

本题考核对连接词的掌握。从句子结构看,it happens是从句,空格中应该填入一个连接词。从四个选项看,只有A) the instant可以做连接词。the instant(that)相当于as soon as,可起连接作用,引导时间状语从句。这样,全句的意思是“闪电一发生你就看到闪光,但过一会儿你才听到雷声。”其他三个选项在句子中可以做状语,但不起连接作用。

6) 由just/ hardly„„when, no sooner„„ than引导时,表示主句动作发生在从句动作一瞬间之前。

例:1997年6月四级第44题

I had just started back for the house to change my clothes _________ I heard voices. A) as B) when C) after D) while 本题前半部分用过去完成时,后半部分用一般过去时,说明前半部分的动作发生在后半部分的动作之前。全句的意思应该是“我刚动身回屋换衣服,就听到有人说话”。为表达这一情景,前半部分做主句,主句中一般用just或hardly,后半部分做从句,用连接词when引导,形成just/ hardly„„when的固定搭配。所以答案是B) when。选项A) as引出从句时,表示主句动作是在As从句动作的行为过程中发生的。选项D)连接词while引导的主从复合句叙述两件事情在同时发生。如果选择C) after,则主从句的动作发生的顺序正好反过来,这样就与题目里的时态不符合了。所以这个三个选项都是错误的。 注意:表示将来动作或事情的时间状语从句中,动词要用现在时态代替将来时; hardly„„when, no sooner„„ than中的hardly和no sooner若位于句首,则其后句子用部分倒装句。

例:1991年6月四级第62题

No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _____ we all sat down to rest.

A) when B) then C) than D) until No sooner„than是一个复合连接词,意思是“一„„就„„”。因此,答案是C) than。全句意思式:“我们一到山顶,大家就都坐下来休息”。注意,no sooner置于句首时,要用倒装词序。 练习测试:

1 We were heatedly arguing about the financial matter, _________ the telephone rang

unexpectedly. A. while B. as C. when D. as soon as

2. The reason I plan to go is ________ she will be disappointed if I don't. A. that B. because C. because of D. in that

3. They decided to chase the cow away 题号 标准答案 1 2 3 4 5 C A C A B ___________ it did more damage. A. unless B. until C. before D. although

4. Air cannot be an element ____________ an element cannot be separated. A. in that B. except that C. but that D. now that

5. It was not until he got a map _____________ he started on his way. A. and B that C. which D so that

6. Please remind me of it again tomorrow ___________ I forget. A. in case of B. in the case of C. in no case D. in case

7. ___________ after the Second World War that test pilots first attempted to break the \"sound barrier\". A. It was shortly B. was shortly C. There was shortly D. Shortly

8. No sooner had the robber entered the bank __________ he was caught. A. then B. than C. so D. thus

6 D 7 A 8 B 第二十九讲 状语从句(二) 2. 原因状语从句:

由because, as, since或复合连接词now that,in that等引导。(注意:for是连词,虽然也可以表示\"因为\",但其后所接的是并列句中的一个独立句,而非从句。) 例:1997年6月四级第57题

______ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better. A) For B) Now C) Since D) Despite 本题前半部分的意思是:“我头部的症状已经消失”,后半部分的意思是:“脑子也开始变得灵活的多”。这两个部分无论是语法结构或意思都是完整的。因此,空格内应填入连接词。答案是B.now that是复合连接词,意为:“既然、由于”。其它选项都不能和that一起构成复合连词,因此都不是答案。

例:1999年1月四级第58题

These two areas are similar _______ they both have a high rainfall during this season. A) to that B) besides that C) in that D) except that

空格前说:“这两个地区很相似”,空格后是:“它们在这个季节都有很大的降雨量”。从逻辑关系来看,后面部分是说明这两个地区为什么相似,所以答案是C) in that,意思是:\"因为\"。 3. 地点状语从句

由where, wherever引导。 例:1998年1月四级第40题

Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ______ other more well-informed experimenters failed.

A) which B) that C) what D) where 虽然对这一领域内的许多工作他知道的很少,但是,在比他知道的更多的实验者失败的地方,他却获得了成功。答案是D)。 例:1996年1月四级第49题

I have kept that portrait ______ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.

A) which B) where C) whether D) when 全句的意思是:“我把那副画像摆在每天能看得见的地方,因为他总是让我想起在伦敦上大学的那些日子”。空格中的连接词引出的应是地点状语从句,因此答案是B) where。where引出的状语从句表示画像放置的位置。选项A) which引出定语从句,which在从句中代表名词portrait。可是,从句中已经有代词it代替该名词,因此which不是答案。选项C) whether的意思是:“是否、不管是„„还是”,这和全句意思不合。选项D) when的意思是“当„„的时候”,这也和全句意思不合。 4. 条件状语从句

由if, as (so) long as和unless引导。 条件状语从句分为两大类:真实条件句和虚拟条件句。当从句所表达的条件是有可能实现的、有可能是真实的条件时,用真实条件句;如果从句所表达的条件是不可能实现的、与客观事实完全相反的条件或假设时,用虚拟条件句。 真实条件句在使用中也有需要注意的事项:从句中的动词应该用一般现在时代替一般将来时;用现在完成时代替将来完成时。

例:You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting ______ you don't mind taking the night train.

A) provided B) unless C) though D) until

全句的意思应该是:“如果你不介意坐夜车的话,你可以早一点到北京去参加那次会议。”因此,

空格处缺少一个表示“如果”并且能引导条件状语从句的连接词。在4个选项中,A) Provided做连词,表示规定的条件,意思是“如果”;B) unless表示“除非”;C) though表示“尽管”;D) until表示“直到”。所以答案是A) provided。 例:1998年6月四级第64题

Excuse me. If your call's not too urgent, do you mind __ mine first?

A) I make B) if I make C) me to make D) that I make

对不起,如果你的电话不太要紧,我就先打好吗?答案是B。

例:1999年1月四级第62题

We'll visit Europe next year ___________ we have enough money.

A) lest B) until C) unless D) provided

如果我们有足够的钱,明年我们将访问欧洲。答案是D。 练习测试:

1. Give me your telephone number ___________ I need your help. A. whether B. unless C. so that D. in case

2. _________ we have all the materials ready, we should begin the new task at once. A. Since that B. Since now C. By now D. Now that

3. __________ they will not come to join us, we have to change our plan. A. For B. Seeing that C. When D. As soon as

4. The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware __________ she had gone. A. about where

B. of where

C. of the place where D. about the place where

5. ___________we have begun talking about it, I had better tell you the truth. A. Now that B. For now C. Since that D. since this

6. _____ I do my work,the boss doesn't mind what time I arrive at my office. A so far as B so long as C so long D so far

7. He talks _____ he knew everything about it. A as if B even if C if D if only

8. You can fly to New York this afternoon _______ you don't mind changing planes in San Francisco. A. provided B.so far as C.except D.unless

题号 标准答案 1 D 2 D 3 B 4 B 5 A 6 B 7 A 8 A 第三十讲 状语从句(三) 5. 目的状语从句

由so that, in order that, in case等引导。

注意:这类从句中常常用情态动词may/ might, can/ could, should等,以保证语气通顺自然。 例:1999年1月四级第65题

I was advised to arrange for insurance ________ I needed medical treatment.

A) nevertheless B) although C) in case D) so that

本题前半部分的意思是“有人劝我投保”,后半部分的意思是“我需要治病”,将两个部分连起来判断,全句的意思应该是“有人劝我投保,以防需要治病”。答案是C。 6. 结果状语从句

由so that, so„that, such„that等引导。 注意:so„that与such„that的区别在于:前者的省略号处是形容词或副词,而后者的省略号处最终是一个名词。“最终”的意思是,该名词前也可以出现形容词甚至出现修饰形容词的副词,但整个词组的中心词是这个名词。 7. 让步状语从句

由though, although, even if, even though, however, no matter how/ what/ who等引导。注意对让步状语从句的掌握要注意以下几点内容。

1) 使用though, although时,务必避免与but连用。

2) even if, even though和as if, as though不同。后者常常要求使用虚拟语气。 例:1996年6月四级第46题

I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, _________.

A) however much it costs B) however does it costs much

C) how much does it cost D) no matter how it costs

全句的意思是:“已经告诉过你了,不管花多少钱,我都打算买它”。空格应填上正常语序的让步状语从句,所以答案应该是A。B和C都是倒装,所以不对;D) no matter how应后接形容词或副词,所以D也不对。 例:1999年1月四级第46题

________ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.

A) Even if B) As far as C) If only D) So long as

即便计算是正确的,科学家们也无法肯定他们已经把所有的变量都包括进去并精确地模拟了它们。答案是A)。 8. 比较状语从句

由than, the„the„, as„as引导。 例:1993年6月四级第54题

They usually have less money at the end of the month than ________ at the beginning. A) which is B) which was C) they have D) it is

全句意思是:“通常到了月底,他们的钱就比月初少了”。than后面引出一个比较状语从句作为比较的对象。比较的两分结构相同,只是后者略有所省略,than后面完整的句子应是:\"than they have (money) at the beginning (of the month)\"。题中省去了括号内的词。所以C) they have是答案。

比较状语从句中,than后可以直接跟谓语动词。这类从句一般用来表示程度或范围。 例:1993年6月四级第55题

In the course of a day, students do far more than just _________ classes.

A) attend B) attended C) to attend D) attending

本题中,than后面引出的比较状语从句,其结构应与前面的主句相符,所以答案是A) attend。全句的意思“在一天了,学生所做得远不止听课”。Do more than后面通常接不带to的不定式。

9. 方式状语从句

由in the same way, as等引导。 例:1995年1月四级第45题

Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs _____ directed.

A) like B) so C) which D) as as引导的方式状语从句中,常常会省略一部分。句中\"„take drugs as directed\"相当于\"„take drugs as they are directed\"。答案是D。全句的意思是:“周密的调查已经表明:多达百分之五十的病人没有按照医嘱服药”。 例:1996年6月四级第48题

Melted iron is poured into the mixer much _____ tea is poured into a cup from a teapot. A) in the same way like B) in the same way which

C) in the same way D) in the same way as

融化的铁水倒进混合物中,很象是把茶壶里的

水倒进茶杯。答案是C)。

练习测试:

1. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds , ___________ should go penniless by next year. A. the larger one B. the larger of which C. the largest one D. the largest of which

2. The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates _________ a

fall in death rates as a result of improvement in medical care. A. and B. as C. but D. or

3. There are over 100 night schools in this city, making it possible for a professional

to be re-

educated no matter __________ he does. A. how B. where C. what D. when

4. He is dead, __________ I am alive. A. because B. therefore C. provided D. just as

5. _________ he is not brilliant, John is at least competent and hard-working. A. As though B. Now that C. If only D. Granted that

6. This research project had more significance for them than _________. A. ours

B. for ours it had C. with us D. it did for us

7. I'd just as soon _________ rudely to her in the future.

A. that you won't speak B. you not speak C. you hadn't spoken D. you didn't speak

8. The problem is that, ________ children who are given cow's milk from birth benefit greatly from it, those who have never drunk it by a certain age are not able to tolerate it.

A. because B. provided C. whereas D. though

题号 标准答案 1 2 3 B B C

4 5 6 7 8 D A D D C

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