基础建设 basic construction/infrastructure 淡季light seasons/slack seasons 淡茶weak tea 淡水 fresh water
第一产业 the primary industry 第二产业 the secondary industry
第三产业 the third industry/the tertiary industry /the service industry 裤子trousers/pants/slacks/jeans 面条noodles/pasta
黄头发yellow hair/blond/blonde
厕所 WC /toilet/men's room/women's room/ restroom/powder room 1) 一架从昆明起飞的小飞机,载着我们,飞越群山,把我们送到了景洪.
A small plane from Kunming flew over the mountains and sent us to Jinghong.
2) Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves and by dim lamps. 党的干部住寒冷的窑洞，吃简陋的饮食，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作着。 3) 风和日丽之时，佘山、金山、崇明岛隐隐可见。
On a fine day, you can even see …in the distance, though not very clearly. 4) In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of various colors and sizes. 门口堆着一堆伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一． 永远记住你 remember you forever/always remember you 真遗憾 it‗s a pity/that's too bad/it's a shame
小心台阶pay attention to the steps/ mind the steps 我感到很痛I am painful./ I feel great pain 亚洲四小龙the Four Little Tigers of Asia 百里挑一 one in a thousand
干杯！（要一饮而尽。）Cheers! Bottoms up.
5) 我老公他看你下岗了，舍不得花钱，就自己跑到电影院买了两张票今天晚上请我们两个人去看电影。 My husband has bought two film tickets for us tonight, because you‘re laid off and have to cut your expenses.
6) John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠,他既忠诚又办事公道.
7) Wall Street is a dog-eat-dog place. 华尔街是个残酷的地方. 1. What is translation?(翻译的定义)
The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言);
Webster‘s third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into one‘s own or another language(转换成本族语或另一种语言)。 翻译是一种―语言转换‖活动。
The definition is:Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.
To be more exact, in Nida‘s & Tytler‘s words美国翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida：
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
（所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。)
Alexander Fraser Tytler: 综合各家之长:
翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.
2. Scope of Translation
in terms of languages:in terms of the mode:in terms of materials to be translated:in terms of disposal: (full-text translation, abridged translation, adapted translation) 3. Criteria in China
A. We know Xuanzang once said about translation 既需求真，又需喻俗，which means both faithful to the original and easy to understand.
B. Yan Fu‘s (严复) ―three character guide‖, which was first proposed in 1898 in the Preface of his translation of the book Natural Selection(《天演论》), is the principle of ―faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance‖ (信、达、雅).
C. Some revisions such as faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (信、达、切); faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness (信、达、贴),
D. Fu Lei‘s (傅雷) spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit （神似) E. Qian Zhongshu (钱钟书) transmigration (化境)
鲁迅：翻译：力求其易解, 保存原作的丰姿。反对牛头不对马嘴，提出―宁信而不顺‖之原则。
林语堂的―忠实、通顺、美‖ 瞿秋白的―信顺统一‖
许渊冲的―音美、形美、意美（三美）‖ Three Principles of Translation:
（1）It is a position which if we endorse，it will really mean endorsing the rule of the jungle, that is, a world without law.如果我们认可这种状况,那就真正意味着赞同弱肉强食的原则,也就是一个没 有法制的世界。
Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us. Their shadows slept, or almost slept, upon the water, a gentle quivering along showing that it was not complete sleep, or if sleep, that it was sleep with dreams. 眼前不远，渔舟三五，凝滞不前，樯影斜映在水上，仿佛睡去，偶尔微见颤动，似又未尝熟睡，恍若惊梦。 4. Nature of Translation
Translation is a science.Translation is an art. Translation is a craft. Translation is a skill. Translation is an operation. Translation is a language activity. Translation is communication
1) 翻译是跨语言(cross-linguistic)，跨文化(cross-cultural)，跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。 2) 翻译是一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动 Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.
翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. Translation is always meaning-based.
对翻译的性质，有过许多描述，其中奈达(Eugene.A.Nida)的论述是:―翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文的信息。‖ Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor/target language, the closet natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. 3) 翻译是科学(science)，是艺术(art)，是技能(craft)
翻译是科学，因为它涉及思维和语言,反映了存在与认识,主体与客体的关系,这种关 系可用受一定规律支配的语言加以描述,翻译有科学规律可循,所以是科学。
translation is a kind of science because it has a whole set of rules governing it and certain objective laws to go by in the process of translating just as other sciences do.
翻译是艺术，因为翻译是译者对原文再创造的过程。译者不可避免地带有自己的主观色彩，有他自己的独创性。
translation is also an art, a bilingual art. Like painting, translation enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in words, in words of a different language. 翻译是技能，译者需采用增词，减词，切分,转换等方法。
besides, it‘s also a craft, because in translation, certain skills and technique are needed in order to attain clearness of style, and fluency in language. 5. The Process of Translation
STEP 1 The Stage of Understanding
1. The understanding in the process of translation is different from the understanding in our daily reading.
First of all, the aim of the understanding in the process of translation is representing (表达) the content faithfully, so we have to try to understand the text completely, deeply and in detail.
Secondly, in the understanding in translation, we are thinking in two languages, and in two ways. So, it‘s very complicated.
1.Suddenly the line went limp. ―I‘m going back,‖ said Kurth. ―We must have a break somewhere, wait for me. I‘ll be back in 5 minutes. (linguistically) 2. It is good for him to do that. (logically) STEP 2 The Stage of Representation 1.直译（Literal Translation）
Literal Translation means translating according to the surface meaning and keeping the structures of sentences. Literal translation keeps both the content and the form of the original work. 2.意译 ( Liberal Translation)
Because of the different way of thinking some of the English sentences cannot be translated in the literal way, they can only be translated in the liberal way. In liberal translation the form can be neglected but the content must always be faithful.
3. The Relation between Literal Translation and Liberal Translation
There has been the discussion about literal translation and liberal translation. In fact, they are both necessary in translation. We can‘t imagine anyone using only literal translation or liberal translation in their translating.But I hated him, and I had a feeling that he‘d surely lead us both to our ancestors. Armed to teeth
Do you see any green in my eyes Eugene A. Nida 的翻译过程
6. History of Translation in China
1)佛经翻译时期，从东汉开始至唐宋，1000余年.The first high tide of translation in China is the translation of The Buddhist Scripture (佛经)。It began at the end of the Han Dynasty, came to flourishing in the dynasties of Sui and Tang, declined in the Song Dynasty. It lasted more than 1000 years .（支谦、道安 ，鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘）
2）明末清初：西方科技翻译 （徐光启、利玛窦；李之藻） 3）清朝后期：西方哲学、文学翻译 重要人物：林纾、严复
4）中国近代翻译史：五四运动是分水岭;重要人物：鲁迅、瞿秋白、林语堂、朱生豪 5）繁荣阶段：新中国的成立 7. Western translation history
1.A good command of both languages and cultures. 2.Be curious and always ready to learn new things. 3.A wide range of knowledge.
4.Necessary theory and techniques of translation. 5.Adequate use of the internet. 五.翻译练习
True Lies真实的谎言
A World without Thieves天下无贼 The Dream Factory梦工厂
Shawshank Redemption肖申克的救赎
Six of one and half a dozen of the other半斤八两 隔墙有耳Walls have ears.
鱼米之乡a land of milk and honey
白马王子、梦中情人Mr./Mrs. Right; Prince Charming Rob Peter to pay Paul拆东墙补西墙
I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age. 青春献海洋，暮年伴我妻
Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.逃避并不能解决实际问题。 第二章
英汉语言比较
English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family(印欧语系). Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family（汉藏语系）. It is well known that English has the richest vocabulary of any European language. On the basis of Angles‘ language (Anglo-Saxon), English was built by absorbing words in various languages. Vocabulary
He wore dark glasses, thick jersey, and stopped up his ears with cotton wool. 他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里面塞了棉花。
But his attack was always repulsed by a kick or a blow from a stick.
但是他每冲一次，不是让人一脚踢了回去，就是让人棍子打了回去。 （1）英语句子重形合，汉语句子重意合.
Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill.车未停稳，请勿下车 （2）英语句子重心在前，汉语句子重心在后。
I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government, it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly.
由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样愉快的重新进行这次访问，这使我感到特别 高兴。 Vocabulary
吃不开(be unpopular)，吃不消(be unable to stand)，吃醋(be jealous)，吃苦 (bear hardships)，吃亏(suffer losses; be at a disadvantage)，吃一堑，长一智(a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit)。 努力学习（work hard），半年six months，学知识gain/ acquire knowledge， 儿童票价减半：half-price fare for children 一次专访：an exclusive interview
必须引起密切注意：require immediate attention
身体状况良好：in good shape 走错了路：be on the wrong track 一目了然 see with half an eye 一模一样 as alike as two peas
三言两语 in a few words; in one or two words 三心二意 to be in two minds 三思而后行 look before you leap 三三两两 by ones and twos
四面八方 all directions; all around; all quarters; far and near 七嘴八舌 all talking at once
半斤八两 six of one and half-a-dozen of the other 十之八九 ten to one
十全十美 be perfect in every way; be out of this world; to the nines talk along parallel lines 英雄所见略同 familiar talk 庸俗的交谈 goldbrick懒汉，赝品 大忙人busy bee
自食其言to go back on one‘s words
张衡还创造了世界上第一台观测气象的仪器——候风仪anemograph 。他还制作了 已经失传的指南车。这种车不管怎么转弯，车上的木制小人总是把手臂指向南方。
Zhang Heng also created the world's first meteorological instrument —— anemograph. He made a pointing-south cart with a wooden figure always pointing southward no matter what direction the cart was moving in. The cart has since been lost. 一、直线型与螺旋型
①Time is an equal opportunity employer. ②Each human being has exactly
the same number of hours and minutes every day. ③Rich people can‘t buy more
hours. ④Scientists can‘t invent new minutes. ⑤And you can‘t save time to spend it on another day. ②每个人每天所拥有的小时数和分钟数完全相同，③富人不可能购买更多的小时，④ 科学家也不能发明新的分钟，⑤并且你还不能把时间留到另一天用，所以说，①时间是机会均等的雇主。
二、分析型与综合型
①As it is too late for you to go home now, you had better stay overnight at this place. 现在回家太晚，你最好在这儿住一晚。
②天长地久有时尽，此恨绵绵无绝期。（白居易）The eternal universe sometimes comes to an end, but my unceasing complaint knows no limit. 三、抽象型与形象型
1. 英语常用大量含义概括的词来表达复杂的理性概念 work with meticulous care（精雕细刻） accept sth. uncritically(生吞活剥)
be full of fears and misgivings(前怕狼后怕虎)
画饼充饥(feed on illusions)归根到底(in the final analysis)冷言冷语(sarcastic comments)弱不禁风(be in delicate health)
2.英语中一些较抽象的概念在汉语中常常用一些习惯性的具体词来转述： Time mutes all feelings. 时间的流逝会使各种感情变得淡漠。
Odd thought it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认理论在科学上看来可信的推 论，许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一学说是正确的。
Marriage may be compared to a cage: the birds outside despair to get in and those within despair to get out. 婚姻好比鸟笼，外面的鸟儿想进进不去，里面的鸟儿想出出不来。 四、客观性与主观性
All the people want to be successful in life and work. Success is one of the primary motivating factors of human society. But we must not say, it is our basic biological need, although it can bring a person position or wealth he needs. In the pursuit of success, we should have a right attitude toward failure – no fear for it is the best policy – as a Chinese old saying says, ―failure is the mother of success.‖
每个人都想在生活和工作中取得成功。成功是人类社会主要的动力之一。尽管成功能给人带来所需的地位和财富，但是我们不能说成功是我们的基本生物需求。在追求成功的过程中，
我们应该用正确的态度看待失败---最好的办法是不惧怕失败，正如一句中国古训所说：―失败是成功之母。
Even though everyone has different concepts about what constitutes being successful, almost all individuals experience the constant pressure to succeed. While most people would still consider an important position or great wealth as a sign of success, others are realizing that the term embraces many more elements. To me, success means the achievement of one‘s goals. It includes a feeling of accomplishment, a willingness to overcome fear in attempting something new, and a sense of self-improvement in reaching the goal. (definition)
每个人对什么是成功有不同的观点，但几乎所有的人都经历过为取得成功所承受的长期 压力。虽然多数人仍然把身居要职和腰缠万贯看成是成功的标志，但也有人认识到成功包含着更多的东西。对我而言，成功就是实现了自己的目标，它包括尝试新事物的成就感和克服恐惧 的积极性以及在实现目标的过程中的自我完善。 五、前重心与后重心
You need to fight for your point of view (when something that is counter to your values or threatens a project the organization supports.
当所发生的事情与你的价值观完全相反或者对你的机构所支持的项目有威胁时，你需要为你的观点而战。
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
方法论是指一般的历史研究中特有的概念，还是指历史研究中适用各个具体领域的研究方法，人们对此意见不一。 六、竹节句法与流水句法
Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can win a hundred battles. 知己知彼，百战不殆。 Conquer the desires，or they will conquer you．你不战胜欲望，欲望就会战胜你。
It is sometimes the fate of a poet to succeed, only when he has one foot in the grave. 有时候一名诗人命中注定只有在一只脚踏进坟墓的时候才会成功。
Found throughout Central and South America, the sloth hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs, sleeping fifteen hours a day and moving infrequently.
树懒产于中南美洲各地，它靠长而有弹性的四肢挂在树上，每天睡15个小时，很少移动。 It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians, who equate their activity with specific techniques。
它同样适用于传统历史学家和社会科学历史学家，传统历史学家(或前者)将历史仅仅 看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评，社会科学历史学家(或后者)把历史研究活动等 同于具体的研究方法。 七、理性型与绘画型 4.状语位置差异。
There is a tourist attraction①called the Badaling Great Wall②which you can
reach③in about two hours④by going northwest⑤by tourist bus ⑥ from downtown Beijing ⑦.
从北京市区⑦坐旅游车⑥向西北走⑤大约两小时左右④可以到达③一个叫八达岭长城的 ②旅游胜地①。 5.定语位置差异。
The memories a favorite old song recalls can be so clear that hearing it almost like watching a movie of your life and times.
一首你最爱的老歌所唤起的记忆可以非常清晰, 听这样一首歌几乎就像看一部描写你的生活和时代的电影。
1)We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.
译:我们知道,因为猫的眼睛所摄入的光线比人眼多,所以猫在夜间看物体很清楚.
There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 计划取悦了所有的人，它有原创性,独立性,也很宏大。
He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. 尽管没有用处,他仍然坚持再盖一座房子.
Men became desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families. 译: 人们开始急切的找工作,只要能帮助他们维持家庭生活,任何工作都行. Yet, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored. 译: 然而从一开始，人们就忽略了我还活着这一事实.
But I knew I couldn‘t trust him. There was always the possibility that he was a political swindler. 但我知道我不能信任他.很有可能他是个政治骗子.
It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. 译: 他应对延误负责,这一事实无法改变.
He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.译:他希望还能再次访问中国. I have accepted my father‘s decision that I was to be a doctor, thought the prospect did not interest me at all.译: 我已经接受了父亲的决定，将来做名医生,尽管我对这种想法并不感兴趣. Exercises
丽娜阿姨听说了家庭的困难情况后，同意去找工作。After Aunt Lena had heard about the family trouble, she agreed to look for a job.
我们的衷心愿望是建立世界长久和平。Our hearty desire is the establishment of a lasting peace in the world.
我连他的模样也记不清楚了。I can‘t even remember clearly what he looked like.
那次战争的直接原因是入侵国境。The war was immediately caused by incursions across the borders.
拷打、审讯彻底不停，搜捕彻夜不停。All night long the beating and questioning goes on, the search goes on.
我的前三十年是在美国西部度过的。My first 30 years were spent in Western America.
判断一个人要看他对集体服务得怎样，但是集体也要重视个人的生活和才能。An individual is judged by how he serves the collective, but the collective is expected to cherish the lives and talents of its individuals. 时尚英语词汇
微博microblog山寨Copycat异地恋long-distance relationship剩女 3S lady（single，seventies, stuck）/left girls熟女 cougar（Cougar Club）裸婚naked wedding百搭all-match限时抢购flash sale水货smuggled goods团购 group buying发烧友Fancier骨感美女boney beauty卡奴card slave性感妈妈 yummy mummy亚健康 sub-health灵魂伴侣soul mate小白脸 toy boy精神出轨 soul infidelity人肉搜索flesh search钻石王老五diamond bachelor学历造假fabricate academic credentials 散伙饭farewell dinner具有时效性的time-efficient录取分数线admission scores经适房affordable housing家庭主男house-husband小白脸，吃软饭的kept man 二奶kept woman另类offbeat菜鸟rookie裸奔streaking 第三章 词语的选择
1)He took the machine to pieces to try and find out how it operated. 他把机器拆开，想看看机器怎么运转的。
2)If there‘s an electrical failure, it‘s possible to operate the lift manually. 如果停电，可以由人力开动电梯。
3)Changes are being introduced to make the department operate more efficiently. 变革正在进行，以提高部门的工作效率。
4)Specially equipped troops are operating undercover activities in the hills. 专门部队在山上进行秘密训练。
5)We have representatives operating in most countries. 我们在许多国家都有代理开展业务。 6)Exchange rates are currently operating to the advantage of exports. 目前的汇率走势对出口有利。
Destructive forces are clearly operating within the community. 显然社区中有破坏势力在活动。 发展是硬道理。Development is the absolute / cardinal / primary principle. 假日经济在我国已经呈现出广阔的发展前景。
The holiday economy has remarkable potential for growth.
1)He reached his hand out for the book I offered him. 他伸出手来接我给他的书。 2)We tried to reach them by cable. 我们试着用电报跟他们联络。
3)She reached up and picked a pear off a branch. 她抬起手从一根枝上摘下一只梨。
4)The speaker's voice couldn't reach to the back of the auditorium. 礼堂后排听不到演讲人的声音。
5)The insecticide was put out of the child's reach. 杀虫剂放在孩子够不着的地方。 6)The upper reaches of Minjiang River serves as ecological barriers of
Sichuan Province and even the west of China. 岷江上游是四川省乃至我国西南重要的生态屏障 1. We had a grand view of a sea of clouds when we climbed to the top of the mountain.当我们爬上了山巅时，看到了云海的壮观景象。
2. We must do away with the grandiose style of work.我们必须摈弃浮夸的工作作风。
3. It is indeed the most magnificent drawing-room I have ever seen.那的确是我所见到的最豪华的客厅。
4. The buildings around the Circus are rather nondescript, though some of them are large and quite imposing. 广场周围的建筑物并不起眼，不过其中有一些还比较高大、宏伟。 5. Whenever the stately national anthem is performed, I am invariably emotionally
roused.每当奏起庄严的国歌时，我总在感情上受到激发。
1. 集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development 2. 坚持对话,不搞对抗 persist in dialogue, refrain from confrontation
3. 不搞劳民伤财的―形象工程‖ refrain from building ―vanity projects ‖that waste both money and manpower
4. 对内搞活，对外开放 revitalize domestic economy, open up to the outside world 5. 恶搞 spoof
6. 搞花架子 do something superficial
7. 搞活国营大中型企业 invigorate large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 8. 更加注重搞好宏观调控pay more attention to exercising macro-control 9. 开放搞活 open up and enliven the economy
10. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设 increase the deficit to spend more on development
11）With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also stored, libraries made education possible, and education in its turn added to libraries.
由于文字的发明，人类取得了巨大的进步，因为此时知识不仅可以交流，而且
可以储存。图书为开展教育活动提供了可能性，而教育又反过来增加了图书的数量和内容。 12)His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after take-off. 他的飞机起飞后只飞行了七英里就发生了机械故障。
13)Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large life force in order to sustain the aircraft.
现代飞机很重，机翼必须产生很大的升力才能保持飞机在空中飞行。
14)Most of the money came from selling the secret of a new type of potato he had developed. 大部分钱是靠出售他培育土豆新品种的秘方得来的。
15)As early as his second film, Chaplin had developed his own manner of acting, the one that was to become world famous.
早在卓别林演第二部电影时，他就已形成了自己的表演风格，这就是他后来闻名于世 的那种表演风格。
16)It is believed that before writing was developed, people in China used to keep records by putting a number of stones together.
人们认为，在出现书写之前，中国人常把石头放在一起来记事。
17)Some married people who are not satisfied with their family may resort to the internet to develop an extramarital affair.
一些对家庭不满意的已婚男女也会借助互联网去搞婚外恋。 18)Photographers return and the photos are quickly developed. 摄影记者回来了，很快把照片冲洗好了。
19)In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science.
在进行设计时，工程师必须应用自己在工程学和材料学方面的知识。
20)While people in other countries in the world were trying to catch wild animals and birds and were still collecting seeds and nuts, farmers in China were developing the science of agriculture. 当世界上其他国家还在捕猎飞禽走兽、采集种子坚果的时候，中国农民就已经在从事 农业科技研究了。
1）The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here. 译：可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。
2）Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend. 译：不管你对它的态度如何，经济全球化已成为我们生活的一部分，这个趋势不可逆转。 3）Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, can at least see twenty years‘ service. 译：我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以使用20年。 4）That‘s a tall story about the town‘s high street. 译: 有关这城主街的说法是在令人难以置信。 2、词义的具体化
1) There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem, more than transient everydayness.
他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的柴米油盐问题。 2) The factory is famous for its arsenal of technical geniuses. 这家工厂以拥有众多技术精英而著称。
3)Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, bringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional user-friendliness and operational ease.
我们唯一的信念就是要适应购买者的需要，生产更可靠的、质量更高的产品，让使用
者感到格外好用和操作方便。
4) Dobbin had been in the coffee-room for an hour or more He had tried all the papers but could not read them．
杜宾在咖啡室少说也待了一个钟头。他翻遍了所有的报纸，可什么也没看进去
5) It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether.
当然油箱里装满优质汽油倒是好事，但是驾驶室里要是坐着横冲直撞的司机就完全是 另一回事了。
6) I want to be TV‘s Czar of script and grammar．
我真想成为电视这一行的霸主，所有节目我说了算。 3、词义的抽象化
1）The interest rates have see-sawed between 10 and 15 percent. 利率一直在10％到15％之间不断波动。
2）Brain drain has been Kangding‘s No.1 concern; as a matter of fact, it has been an epidemic in this area.
人才外流一直是康定的头号问题，实际上，它已经成为那一地区带普遍性的严峻问题。 3）There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既 残暴，又狡猾。 4）Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。
5）Tony is only nineteen and the baby of our crew. 托尼只有十九岁，是我们机组里的小字辈。
6. He had lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water might be a matter of life and death. 他一直在沙漠上生活，这地方每一杯水都得精打细算地用；一杯水可能是生死攸关的事。 7. Instead，an assassin‘s bullet erased in the minds of Americans any faults he had． 事实正好相反，一个刺客的暗杀行径反而使美国人忘却了他所有的毛病。 1）He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望的人。（褒） 2）The adoption of new policies will surely lead to some striking results. 采取各项新政策必将带来显著成果。
3）There would have been more painful result but for the drastic measures. 若不是采取了严厉措施，那将会出现的更痛苦的后果。
4）As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees. 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。（贬）
5）The popularity of television and the difficulty of financing plays have helped to close many theatres. But now it seems the theatre is about to pick up again after a period of decline.
电视普及，加上戏剧筹资困难，许多剧院被迫关门。然而经过一端时间的衰落后，现在 剧院似乎又将从新焕发生机。
6) Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。（贬）
7）\"He was polite and always gave advice willingly,\" she recalled. 她回忆说，―他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。‖（褒）
1.集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development 2. 坚持对话,不搞对抗 persist in dialogue, refrain from confrontation 3. 不搞劳民伤财的―形象工程‖
refrain from building ―vanity projects ‖that waste both money and manpower 4. 对内搞活，对外开放 revitalize domestic economy, open up to the outside world 5. 恶搞 spoof
6. 搞花架子do something superficial
7. 搞活国营大中型企业 invigorate large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 8. 更加注重搞好宏观调控 pay more attention to exercising macro-control 9. 开放搞活 open up and enliven the economy
10. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设 increase the deficit to spend more on development 11、假日外出旅游，成为国人最风行的节目。
(1) Traveling on holidays has become an activity popular with Chinese people. (2) Traveling on holidays is most popular with Chinese people. 12、企业经济效益显著改善。
The economic performance of enterprises improved markedly. 13、生产生活条件明显改善。
Production and living conditions have remarkably improved. 14、中国加入世贸组织后，人才市场会出现新的潮流。
There will be new trends in the personnel market after China‘s entry into the WTO.
15、大力加强社会主义精神文明建设。We should vigorously promote socialist cultural and ethic progress.
16、电脑的普及为网络走进千家万户创造了条件。
The popularization of computer has paved the way for Internet‘s entry into average families. The popularization of computer has made it possible for the Internet to enter into average families. 17、新形势、新趋势、新技术，促进了生产力的发展，促进了创造力的发挥，促进了各国之间
的合作与交流。
The new development, trends and technologies have helped expand productive forces, given full play to creativity, and enhance exchanges and cooperation among countries. 18、我们要维护人民的权力。
We should maintain the people‘s rights. 维护统一 uphold unity
维护独立主权 uphold independence and sovereignty 维护国家主权 defend state sovereignty
维护人民利益 safeguard the people‘s interests 维护自尊 safeguard one‘s self respect
维护世界和平与安全 maintain /safeguard world peace and security 19、积极开展资源回收利用，大力提高资源综合利用率。
We need to increase our recycling of resources in order to unutilized our resources more effectively.
20、积极推动信息技术在各行业的广泛应用。
We need to extensively apply IT in enterprises in all industries. 21、我们将积极调整、发展第三产业。
We will be working vigorously/ energetically to restructure and develop tertiary industries. 22、工业结构调整取得积极进展。
Significant progress was made in industrial structural adjustment. 23、东部地区要积极支持中西部地区发展。
The eastern region should actively support the development of the central and western regions. 24、积极发展各项社会事业。
We will energetically / make great efforts to develop all social undertakings. 25、中国经济取得巨大发展，中国人民终于扬眉吐气了。
Chinese people feel proud and elated for the great economic development in China. 26、―五一‖假期，火车票十分紧俏，人们提前10天预订火车票。
Train tickets during the Labor Day holidays were in short supply, and people flocked to book tickets ten days in advance.
27、中国是一个发展中国家，消除贫困任重道远。
China is a developing country, and it is an arduous task to eradicate poverty.
28、家用电器和艺术品很受俄国商人的欢迎，但服装和纺织品却吃了闭门羹。
Electric appliances and handicrafts are popular among Russian businessmen, but clothes and textile products are given the cold shoulder.
29、台湾当局应该审时度势，顺应民意，走和平统一的光明大道。
The Taiwan authorities should size up the situation and go with the people‘s voice to get on the right way of peaceful reunification.
30、传统的人海战术在现代化高技术面前不堪一击。
Compared with modern high technology, the traditional huge-crowd strategy is not competitive at all.
1） My shoes are the worse for wear.我的皮鞋穿破了。
2） She has been a widow only six months.她的丈夫死了至今不过半年。 3） 我十点钟等你。I‘ll expect you at ten o‘clock.
4）Active metals, organic substances, and other oxidizable materials are always subject to slow attack by oxygen when exposed to the air.
活泼金属，有机物和其它可氧化的物质，当暴露在空气中时，总是容易受到氧的缓慢侵蚀 （5）我想下个月开始工作。I think that I‘ll start work next month.
6）The smaller the animal, the greater the surface area in relation to body mass. 动物越小，单位体重的表面积（与体重相比的表面积）越大。
我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 有关这城主街的说法是在令人难以置信。That‘s a tall story about the town‘s high street.
她对我说她那18岁的儿子是她子女中最小的。She told me that her 18-year-old son was the baby.
他正闷闷不乐，因他刚才和朋友吵了架。He is unhappy now, because he had a blue with his friend just now.
一个绝望的人a broken man 一个残废兵a broken soldier 零钱 broken money
我们应本着和平共处五项原则的精神解决争端。We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.
我们又一次领受了他渊博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.
史密斯先生已步入成熟之年。Mr. Smith has stepped into the vintage years.
80后：80's generation百搭：all-match限时抢购：flash sale合租：flat-share烟熏妆：smokey-eye make-up水货：smuggled goods纳米技术：nanotechnology闪婚 flash marriage闪电约会 speeddating乐活族 LOHAS（Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability）房奴车奴 mortgage slave上课开小差 zone out桑拿天 sauna weather
For mistakes had been made, bad ones, he was severely criticized.
― ―因为已经犯了错误，而且是很严重的错误，他受到了严厉的批评‖ Rocket research has proved the strange fact….. 通过火箭进行的研究……
How she wished she could send that man to the Furies—for the punishment she thought he deserved.
她真想把那个臭男人交给那母夜叉去整治整治,也好让她出口恶气。
1. Since the first test of the atomic bomb the world has learnt that the atom can be split and its power used.
自从第一颗原子弹试验以来，全世界都已知道，原子可以分裂，原子能可以利用。
2. A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money. 愚人会很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱。
3. Both human and cow milk are naturally spiced with a small amount of morphine. 人乳与牛乳均含有少量吗啡。
4.So-called convenience and frozen foods are now as popular in Europe as they are in America. 如今，所谓的方便食品和速冻食品风靡欧洲，就像在美国一样大众化。 5. The heart is slightly bigger than a fist, and lies between the lungs. 心脏略大于一个拳头，位于两肺之间。
6. Women have outgrown the jumping-on-chair-at –the-sight-of-a-mouse era, but he says that they have not.
女性已经不再像从前那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上；而他则认为，今天的女性还 没有取得这样的进步。
7. Population increase and decrease relatively not only to one another, but also to natural resources. 人口的增减不仅彼此有相对关系，而且也和自然资源有相对关系。
8. Without a sense of your fault, how can repentance and amendment be expected? 如果对自己的错误都不能认识到，怎么能指望你会悔改呢？ 9. Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.
因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。 II．增加意义上或修辞上的需要的部分 1. He left without a word. 他一句话也不说就走了。 2. What a leader he was!
他真是一个出类拔萃的领袖啊。
3. Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones. 亲人的相继离世使他的一生充满了个人悲剧。
4. Disappearances occurred with apparently increasing frequency. 失踪事件接二连三地发生，显然越来越频繁。
5. She warmly welcomed her guests in and brought them a cup of tea. 她热情地将客人们迎进来，然后给他们各端了一杯茶。 6. Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly. 哈丽特阿姨时常慷慨地款待客人。
7. They wanted to ease the tension in the Middle East. 他们试图缓解中东的紧张局势。
8. There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房子，都是他从来没有见过的。
9. Day after day he came to his work --- sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning.
他每天来干活------扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。
The thesis summed up the new achievements made in computers, artificial satellites and rockets. 该论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的最新成就。
1). Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,笔记（写作）使人准确。 2) . We don‘t regret, we never have and never will.
我们不会后悔，我们从来没有后悔过，我们将来也不会后悔。 3). After the basketball, he still has an important conference. 看完篮球比赛之后，他还有一个重要会议要参加。 4). He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。
5). Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞 使人善辩
1). With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中国人民正以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！ 2). The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。
3). As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。 4). She lingered long over his letter. 她反反复复地回味着他的来信。
5). In the films of those days, all too often it was the same one: boy tractor driver meets girl tractor driver; they fall in love and drive tractor together.
在那时候的电影里，总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而 并肩开拖拉机了。
To do some shopping 买东西 To do some washing 洗衣服
1). First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。
2). Mary washed for a living after her husband died of cancer. 玛丽的丈夫得癌症去世后，她靠洗衣服维持生活。
3). He ate and drank, for he was exhausted他吃了点东西，喝了点酒，因为他疲惫不堪了。 4). The development of economy remains one of the priorities of the Chinese Government发展经济仍然是中国政府的首要课题/任务之一。
5). That black jacket is indeed cheap and fine.那件黑夹克真是价廉物美。
6). He was wrinkled and black, with scant gray hair 他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发灰白稀疏。 7). A new kind of car—small, cheap—is attracting increasing attention.
一种新型轿车正越来越引起人们的注意——这种轿车体积小，价钱便宜。 8). His arrogance made everyone dislike him. 他的傲慢态度使谁也不喜欢他。 9). After all preparations were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Francisco 一切准备工作就绪以后， 飞机就飞越美国去了旧金山。 to persuade 说服 persuasion说服工作 to prepare 准备 preparation准备工作 backward 落后 backwardness落后状态 tense 紧张 tension紧张局势 arrogant 傲慢 arrogance傲慢态度 mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为
antagonistic敌对 antagonism 敌对态度
1). Don‘t get angry. I‘m just making fun of you 不要生气嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。 2). As for me, I didn‘t agree from the very beginning. 我呢，从一开始就不赞成。
3). They (the eyes) were the same colour as the sea, cheerful and undefeated. 那双眼睛啊，像海水一样的蓝，令人愉快，毫不沮丧
4). A red sun is rising slowly on the horizon.一轮红日正从地平线上冉冉升起。
5). A stream was winding its way through the valley into the Dadu river.一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到大渡河去了。
6）This too was a complicate lie. 这也纯粹是一派胡言。 7). Once, they had a quarrel.有一次，他们争吵了一番。 8). Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。
9). The essence remains its identity while appearances may vary. 万变不离其宗。 10）Man, was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.
人类过去、现在而且将来总是在尽力改善生活条件。 1. 我早晨起床后的第一件事是收拾房间。
The first thing I do after I get up in the morning is to tidy up the room. 2. 意大利著名旅行家马可?波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：……
A famous ancient Italian traveler, Marco Polo, once described his impressions of Hangzhou like this: …… 3. 台湾是中国的领土。
Taiwan is part of Chinese territory.
4. 饭店现有三个餐厅和一个贵宾间、240个座位。
The restaurant now has three dining rooms and a VIP room with a total of 240 seats.
5. 狠抓管理，安全生产。
We should improve management and ensure safe production. 6. 月亮升得高高的，明亮犹如银盘。
The moon rose high, shining as brightly as a silver plate. 7. 突然电话铃响了。母亲让我回去送弟弟去医院看病。
Suddenly the telephone rang. It was my mother calling me. She wanted me to go home and take my brother to hospital.
8. 对确有困难的中西部地区和老工业基地，中央财政将继续给予支持。
In the case of the enterprises of western and central China and old industrial bases that are in real financial difficulties, the central government will continue to offer financial help. 9. 有条件的地方要率先实现现代化。
The areas with suitable conditions must take the lead in achieving modernization. 10. 该公司的主要经营范围包括：… …
The business scope of the company covers the following areas: … 1. 收效可能来得慢，但是有把握，而且是巨大的。
The rewards may come slowly, but they are sure and tremendous. 2. 我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。
We should gradually eliminate the difference between city and country. 3. 我吃得不多，睡得不好。
I am unable to eat much or sleep soundly. 4. 她生来富于同情心，总是乐于帮助别人。
She is sympathetic by nature and is always ready to help others. 5. 新婚夫妇有数十位宾客陪同，坐着汽车到新房去了。
The newly wedded couple, accompanied by dozens of guests, went to their chamber by car. 6. 全国人民总体上实现了由温饱向小康的跨越。
The Chinese people nationwide have developed from the stage of having enough to eat and wear to that of living a better-off life.
7. 明朝的时候，这座城市成了一个繁荣的港口。
In the Ming Dynasty the city became a flourishing port.
8. 沿着南京路向东走，走到尽头，是靠黄浦江江岸的一个很美的地区。
Walking eastward along Nanjing Road, one finally comes to a very beautiful area bordering the bank of the Huangpu River.
1). 小不忍则乱大谋。 If one is not patient in small things, one will never be able to control great ventures.
2). 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方，这样你才能把工作做好。
Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well.
3). 没有调查就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. ―又要马儿跑得快, 又要马儿不吃草, 简直可笑。You want the horse to run fast and yet you don‘t let it graze. Isn‘t it ridiculous!
4). 别把手搁在口袋里。 Don‘t put your hands in your pockets. 5). 天一天天冷起来了。 It is getting colder day by day.
6) 尝试而失败还是比不尝试好 It is better to try and fail than never try at all.
7). 你三星期完成这项设计不容易 It was not easy for you to finish this design in three weeks. 8). 把钟拆开比把它装起来容易。
It is easier to take a clock apart than to put it together again. 1). A book is useful. 书（是）有用（的）。 2). The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。
3). On Sundays we have no school. 礼拜天我们不上课。
4）由于时间仓促，作者水平有限，书中疏漏 在所难免，欢迎广大读者批评指正。 Any advice and criticism is warmly welcome about this book.
1).He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。 2). We live and learn 活到老，学到老。
3). Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus.新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。
4). If you give him an inch, he will take a mile. 得寸进尺。
5). I have received your letter and read it with delight. 我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。 7). I wash my face in the morning.我早上洗脸。
8). He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话不说。
9）The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he
longs to attain.人生的意义不在于已经获取的，而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。10) The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them. 他越是想要掩盖他的错误，就越是容易暴露。 11) I saw her waving her hand and smiling sadly at me. 我看见她挥着手，对我忧愁地微笑着。
12) It took me a long time to reach the hospital. 我花了很长时间才到了医院。
1). He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。
2). As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater. 温度升高，水的体积就增大。
3). We knew winter vocation was coming as (because) we had seen the big stone in the River.
（我们）看见了河里大石头，就知道寒假要来了。
4). If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ 5). When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。
6) She won't be coming, as we didn't invite her。 我们没邀请她，她不会来的。 7) My heart bleeds when I recall the scene --- my teacher moved with difficulty out of the room, with tears in his eyes.
回想起老师眼含泪水艰难地走出教室的情景，我心里悲痛极了。 1). The People‘s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。
2). In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal. 一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。
3). And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university. 一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。 4). Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所不准吸烟。
5) On the morning of the exam day I woke up early. 考试的那天早上，我醒得很早。
6) It is really a tough job --- there is no help for it. 这真是件棘手的事，毫无法子可想。 1). A book is useful. （是）有用（的）。
2). The moon was slowly rising above the sea. 月亮从海面上慢慢升起。 3). A teacher should have patience in his work.当教员的应当有耐心。
4). The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend.站在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。 5). Milk is sold by the pound. 牛奶按磅计价。（牛奶是 论磅卖。） 6). He left without a word. 他一句话不说就走了。 7). The children are of an age. 这些孩子都是同岁的。 8）A boy is always a boy 孩子终归是孩子。
9）Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees. Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare, the trees themselves are beautiful.
冬天是研究树木生长的最好季节，虽则树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身却是美丽的。1) When the pressure gets low, the boiling-point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 2) European habits have changed much along with the increase in supermarkets and shopping centers, the number of cars, and the modernization of housing.
欧洲人的习惯随着超市、购物中心和小汽车的增多，以及住房的现代化而发生了变化。 1）University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over
those who had not.
报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。
2）Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason. 双方均不得无故解除合同。
1) There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 没有下雪，但叶落草枯。
2) Voting ballots are unsigned and marked by the voters in private booths so that no one else can find out for whom a citizen is voting.
选票不记名，由选民在隔离的投票站内填写，这样就不知道选民投了谁的票。
3) Matters in the world should be handled by the government and people of all countries through consultations on the basis of equality.
世界上的事情应由各国政府和人民平等协商。
1．我们说，长征是历史记录上的第一次，长征是宣言书，长征是宣传队，长征是播种机。 We declare that, the Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of history, that it is a manifesto, a propaganda force, a seeding machine
2. 科学技术突飞猛进，给亚洲的发展带来新的机遇，也带来新的挑战。
The rapid advance of science and technology has presented both new opportunities and challenges to the development of Asia.
3. 新形势、新趋势、新技术，促进了生产力的发展。
The new development, trends and technologies have helped expand productive forces. 4. 他们为国家作的贡献比我们所作的贡献要大的多。
They have done much more contributions for the state than we have. 1. 中东有些地区仍未结束社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。
The social unrest and upheaval has not been put an end to in some regions in the Middle East. 2. 师生关系愈好，就愈有利于教学水平的提高。
The better/ closer relations between teachers and students, the more chances for improving teaching.
3. 迅速改变我国贫穷落后的面貌，是我国各族人民的强烈愿望。 It is the burning desire of all the people to end our country‘s poverty and backwardness quickly.
4. 世界各地举行了许多盛大的新年庆祝活动。
Many grand new-year celebrations are held in the world. 5) 没有和平，没有稳定的政治局面，就谈不上经济发展。
Without peace or political stability, there would be no economic growth. 1）在出席会议前，我有些急事要处理。
I have some urgent business on hand before (attending) the meeting. . 2）他没有致闭幕词就宣布会议结束了。
He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech. 3) 她连续讲了两个小时的法语，没有出现任何错误。
She has been talking in French for two hours without any mistakes. 4）十万元以下的轿车的出现，激起了更多人购买私家车的热情。
The appearance of cars priced at less than 100,000 yuan aroused the enthusiasm of more people for private cars.
1) 中国人民为此进行了长期不懈的努力。
The Chinese people have made unremitting efforts to that end/for that. 2) 为了保卫国家安全，维护祖国统一，我们必须不断增强国防实力。
We must build up our defense capability with a view to safeguarding our State security and national unity.
3) 科学技术在一些领域取得重大突破。
Breakthroughs were made in some areas of science and technology. 4) 各项社会事业全面进步。
All social undertakings developed. /The social undertakings developed in an all-round way. 5) 我们要进一步开创外交工作的新局面。
We shall open up new vista in diplomatic work.
6)我们要加强与世界各国在经济、文化等领域的交往。
We must enhance our economic and cultural exchange with other countries. 7) 市场商品供应丰富多彩。
The market had an adequate supply of commodities.
1) 科学技术日新月异。Science and technology are advancing /developing rapidly. 2) 大学校园文化包罗万象，其主流是―青春、浪漫、激扬‖的。
The campus culture in universities are all-inclusive, with the main stream of youth, romance and passion‖.
3) 各级党组织和领导干部都要旗帜鲜明地反对腐败。
Party organizations and leading cadres at all levels must take a clear stand to oppose corruption. 4) 我们满怀信心、昂首阔步迈向21世纪。
We are advancing confidently forwards to the 21st century.
In terms of conversion we mean that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessary to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language. As a matter of fact, conversion in the English language is very common. So, conversion is one of the important techniques and is needed primarily by the differences in syntactic structure and idiomatical way in the two languages. Conversion occurs on many occasions. This is the first round.
There is a round table in the room. Round the corner slowly. He walked round the table.
He admires the President‘s stated decision to fight for the job. 他对总统声明为保持其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
1．Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources. 越南战争不断地消耗美国的资源。
2. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。
3. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation.读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。
4. A view of Mt. E-mei can be obtained from here.从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。
5.The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years. 过去的20年里，美国的航空工业突飞猛进。
6. The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social
and political issues. 财富逐渐集中在少数人手中，引发了许多社会问题和政治问题。
7. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）。
8. He was a regular visitor. 他经常来。
9. What kind of sailor are you? (a bad sailor or a good sailor?) 你晕不晕船？
10．We cannot become participants in the war, but nor must we be mere spectators. 我们不能参与战争，但也不能袖手旁观。
11. Americans are great joiners, as the huge number of organizations available in the United States attests.
美国人热衷于参加各种活动，看看不胜枚举的各种组织就足以证明这一点。
12. ―Coming!‖ Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.―来啊!‖ 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了, 越过草地, 跑上小径,跨上台阶, 穿过凉台,进了门廊。
13. Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in. 琼斯把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来. 14. That day she was up before sunrise. 那天她在日出前就起来了.
15．The Statue of Liberty was a gift to USA from France in 1886 as a mark of friendship and also in memory of the aid France gave the Americans during the American Revolution.
自由女神像由法国于1886年赠给美国，作为友谊的象征，并纪念美国独立战争期间法国给予的 援助。
1. She behaves as if she were a child. 她的举止跟一个孩子一样。
2. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car. 一个衣着讲究的人上了车，他的言谈举止酷似美国人。
3．Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.
人口的增长是自然增长和不断移民的结果。
4. The American economy is organized in single-owner businesses, partnerships and corporations.
美国经济的组织方式是个人所有制、合伙制和公司制。
5．White policemen are now careful of how they speak and behave towards their fellow black citizens.
白人警察现在十分注意自己及对黑人公民的言行举止。 1.They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
2. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. 罗宾汉和他的同伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。 3. Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft. 史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。
4. This problem is no less important than that one. 这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。
5. Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth. 玻璃的透明度比塑料布要好。 1. It is editorially said that… 社论说……
2. He is strong physically, but weak mentally. 他体力很强，可智力很弱。
3. The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1. 图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。 I can note the grace of her gesture. 我可以看到她优雅的举止。
2. We have seen the beauty of Mt. Tai. 我们看到了美丽的泰山。
3. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。 B. Adverbs—Adjectives
4. The English language has changed subtly and pervasively. 英语的变化很敏感，很普遍。 5. She looked at me expectantly. 她用期待的眼光看着我。
6. Hopefully, it will be done early next month. 下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。
7．Variety is a key characteristic of the United States, both geographically and culturally.
多姿多彩是美国地理和文化的主要特征。 1. The man nodded with satisfaction. 那人满意地点了点头。
2. He had the honor to attend the congress. 他荣幸地出席了代表大会。 B. Adjectives—Adverbs
3. He had a careful study of the map before he started off. 他在出发前仔细地看了看地图。
4. Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence? 你能准确地把这句话译出来吗？
1. 中国政府承诺不对无核国家使用核武器。
(1) The Chinese Government commits itself to non-use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries.
(2) The Chinese Government undertakes not to use nuclear weapons against non- nuclear countries.
2．我们要确保更有效地利用外资。
(1) We shall ensure that foreign capital is more effectively utilized. (2) We shall ensure more effective utilization of foreign capital.
3．那个国家片面地注重工业，忽视农业和轻工业，因而市场上货物不够，货币不稳定。 That country‘s lopsided stress on heavy industry to the neglect of agriculture and light industry results in a shortage of goods on the market and an unstable currency.
4. 这次国际会议开得好。
The recent international conference was a success.
5. 中国在发展经济的过程中，逐步改善了人民的生活条件。
The economic growth in China has been accompanied by the improvement of the people
‘s living conditions.
6. 当今中国，电脑使用已经普及，上网人数与日俱增。
Nowadays, with the wide use / application of computers in China, more and more people have access to the Internet.
7. 中国仅有美国一半的可耕地，却负担为美国人口四倍的人民的吃饭问题。 China supports a population four times that of the United States with the arable land only half that of the US.
8. 他们不顾一切困难挫折，坚持创业。
They kept on their enterprise in spite of all difficulties and setbacks. 9．他不懂知足常乐的道理，对现有的一切还不满足。
He never understands that happiness lies in contentment, so he isn‘t content with what he has already had.
10. 得知台湾地震，全国人民深表关切。
The people in the mainland are all deeply concerned at the news that Taiwan has been struck by an earthquake.
11. 证人不敢肯定命案发生时他不在场。
The witness isn‘t sure that he has an alibi for the time death took place. 1. 去年中国出口总额为1873亿美元。
China‘s export totaled US$187.3 billion last year.
2. 专家认为，肥胖人口增长的主要原因是人们的运动量减少。
The experts attribute the increasing number of obese people to the decrease in the physical exercises.
3. 国民经济出现了重要转机。
The national economy has improved significantly.
4. 许多家用电器都是在中国制造的，这些家用电器性能可靠，操作方便。
A lot of household appliances are made in China, which (and they) are reliable in performance and easy in operation.
1．水资源稀缺，是我国经济和社会发展的严重制约因素。
Lack of water resources is a serious limitation on the economic and social development of our country.
2. 所有单位必须搞好卫生，清除混乱和不文明现象。
All the organization must clear up, and banish disarray and discourtesy. 3. 亚洲依然是世界上最具经济活力的地区。
Economically, Asia is still the most dynamic region in the world.
4. 一切形式的恐怖行为都严重威胁着所有人民、所有国家的和平、繁荣和安全。 Terrorist acts in all forms and manifestations are a profound threat to the
peace, prosperity and security of all people and of all nations. Terrorism of all forms poses a profound threat
5. 他慢条斯理地点了一两下头说：―是的。‖―Yes,‖ he said with a slow nod or two. 6. 他们热忱地欢迎他。They give him a hearty welcome. 9. 他会立即答复。He will give an immediate reply.
The English language has its peculiarities in negation. Of course, English -speaking people have their own way of thinking in the negation and expressing negative implications. What is affirmative in form in English may be implied something negative in Chinese, and vice versa. The use of ―yes‖ and ―no‖ is a case in point.
1. --―Are you not going tomorrow?‖ --―No, I‘m not going.‖
2. ―I don‘t think you‘re right in this point.‖ Leave me alone! Go away! 别烦我！走开！ Feel at home. 别见外，别客气。
I went to the airport to meet my friend but missed her. 我去机场接朋友，可是没接着。 Good winner, good loser. 胜不骄，败不馁。 Discussion: 你真不是东西！？
What a creature you are! What a fool you are! You are a sheer idiot. 我认为你不是东西。 I think you are an idiot.
I don‘t think you are trustworthy. 你算什么东西！
You, really, are nothing. You think you are something. No, far from it. 1．You have roused my curiosity. And now you must gratify it.
a) 你既然挑起了我的好奇心，就别再吊我的胃口了。 2．Appearances are often deceptive. 外表往往是靠不住的。
3．She was irritated at being denied the opportunity to get a pay rise. 她没有得到涨工资的机会，非常生气。
4．She is the last person to trust with a secret. 她是最不能保守秘密的人。
5．It escapes your notice that she has changed so much. 你没注意到她变化那么大。 6. The computer is beyond repair. You might as well buy a new one. 这台电脑修不好了，你不如买台新的算了。
7. Women who do house work by the hour may make nearly as much as public school teachers, if they work the same number of hours.
做家务的钟点女工在同样的时间内，其收入同公立学校的教师的工资差不多。
8. They accepted the peace proposal with dignity. 他们不失体面地接受了这项和平方案。 9. While she liked his works, she pointed out areas where improvement was possible. 尽管喜欢他的作品，但她仍指出某些地方有待改进。
10. She seemed pale from the absence of all cosmetics. 因为没有化妆，她看上去面色苍白。 11. At the news of his father‘s death, he remained quiet for several days. 得知父亲过世的消息，他好几天都一言不发。
12. Before too many years passed, corner gasoline stations may be replaced by battery-recharging terminals.
用不了多少年，街头加油站就有可能被蓄电池充电站所代替。 13. Decision has to come. 决定还没有做出。
14. He was 75, but he carried his years lightly. 他75岁了，可是并不显老。
1．The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as joyable as possible. 旅馆工作人员竭尽所能让我们住得舒适些。
2．Nothing but a miracle could prevent the company from going bankrupt. 只有奇迹发生，这家公司才能免于破产。
3．Your negligence was nothing less than criminal. 你的疏忽简直是犯罪。/ 你的疏忽无异于犯罪。
4．She couldn‘t find anywhere to live, though not for want of trying. 她四下里寻找住处，仍是找不到。
5．Don‘t lose time in handing in the exercise books. 立即把作业本交上来。 6．If all three of you take part in it, there can be no further questioning of your courage.
要是你们三位都参加，那就足以证明你们勇气可嘉。（反译） 要是你们三位都参加，无疑你们是有勇气的。（正译） 7．We could not be more mistaken. 我们大错特错了。
8．You can not be too careful in proofreading. 校对时越仔细越好。 9．I couldn‘t agree with you more. 我完全同意。 10．Anybody less like a dictator they would not find. 他是他们所见到的最霸道的人了。（反译） 他们再也找不到比他更霸道的人了。（正译）
1. Such a chance denied me. 我没有得到这样一个机会。 2. The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations. 虽然他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。
3. ―Don‘t unstring your shoes, Rody,‖ she said. 她说：―把鞋带系上，罗迪。‖ 4. Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect given up his position dishonorably.
许多人认为首相辞职实际上很丢面子。
5. We may safely say so. 我们这样说万无一失。
6. The explanation is pretty thin. 这个解释相当不充分。 7. His refusal is not final. 他的拒绝并非不可改变。
8. He was an indecisive sort of person and always inconstant. 他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。
9. Miss Smith kept to her room all day. 史密斯小姐终日足不出户。
10. You should seize the opportunity at any moment to put in a good word for me. 你应该不失时机为我说说情。
11. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 调查结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症。
12. Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。
13. Jim was no end upset because he couldn‘t go swimming. 吉姆非常心烦，因为他不能去游泳。
14. If it worked once, it can work twice. 一次得手，再次不愁。 15. Let bygones be bygones. 既往不咎。
16. He was not going to lose sight of me. 他一直在监视我的行踪。 重复译法主要体现在以下几个方面：
1、英语中常重复使用前置词，而将第二个、第三个前置词的名词省略，翻译时则往往要把名
词重复；
2、英语句子常常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中要重复这个动词；
3、英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则
要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词；
4、英语中两个并列句中后句的动词承接前文省略，而在汉语中独立的分句必须具备谓语，翻
译时必须重复译出英语中省略的动词。
1. Since most new smokers apparently are women, my friend‘s confusion was understandable. And there are more than ever since September 11.
（2）大多数的新烟民似乎都是女性，我的朋友误以为她们是妓女也情有可原。自9.11事件发
生后，抽烟的女性人数比以往任何时候都多。
2. Americans view relationships in terms of ―rights‖; Chinese in terms of―obligations‖ --- to family, to one‘s elders, to the country.
美国人以―权利‖看待关系，而中国人则以―义务‖看待关系：包括对家庭的义务、对长 辈的义务和对国家的义务。
3. Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-time prosperity to the automobile, and above all to Henry Ford.
底特律的迅速发展和一度繁荣归功于汽车业，尤其归功于亨利-福特。 4. Westerners think in ―prose‖, each sentence or paragraph following from the preceding.
西方人思维方式是―散文式‖的，每句话、每个段落都承接着前句或前段。
5. Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to one another, but also to natural resources. 人口的增减不仅彼此有相对关系，而且也和自然资源有相对关系。
6. Americans are beginning to realize that this terrible problem of poverty is their problem and not just the Government‘s.
美国人开始意识到可怕的贫困问题不仅是政府的问题，更是他们自己的问题。 7. Genetically engineered rice is the key to Asia‘s food security, to feed impoverished millions.
转基因大米对于保障亚洲粮食供给十分重要，对于保证贫穷的数百万人民温饱也十分重要 8. Justice will inevitably prevail over evil, light over darkness and progress over backwardness.
正义终将战胜邪恶，光明终将送走黑暗，进步终将替代倒退。
9. The 21st century executive must be a global strategist, working as deftly in tokyo as in New York. He sees --- then seizes --- markets worldwide.
21世纪的行政主管必须是全球战略家，无论在东京还是在纽约，都能应付自如。他能够纵
览全球市场，把握市场机遇。
10. Ericsson launched its slim and smart new model which analysts expect will boost profits but not market share in the tough mobile phone market.
手机市场竞争激烈，爱立信公司推出小巧时尚的新机型，专家预测这种机型能够增加利润 ，但不会扩大市场份额。
12. Some theaters concentrate on the classics and serious dramas, some on light comedy, some on musicals.
有些剧院集中上演经典剧目和严肃戏剧，有些剧院集中上演轻喜剧，而有些剧院则集中上 演音乐剧。
13. Around the world, laws on human cloning research are either restrictive, absent, or are lagging behind what is happening in the laboratory.
（1）全世界关于克隆人研究的法律要么加以限制，要么缺乏，要么落后于实验室的进程。 1). Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. 杰西睁开眼，眼里充满了泪水。
2).He hated failure;he had conquered it in his own life,risen above it,despised it in others. 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。 3). Happy family also had their own troubles. 幸福家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。
4). Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 强国有强国的策略，小国有小国的路线。 5). Each country has its own customs. 各国都有各国的风俗。
6). Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized. 谁犯了纪律，谁就该受到批评。
7). Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free. 你什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。
8) Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside. 上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。 或：有的上大学了，有的下乡了。
1). We want such materials as can bear high temperature and pressure. 我们需要能耐高温、高压的材料。
2). Everybody appreciates polite words and manners. 每个人都会赞赏礼貌的言辞和礼貌的举止。 3). They are loyal to the motherland and the people. 他们忠于祖国，忠于人民。
1). There had been too much publicity about his love affairs. 他的风流韵事已经是满城风雨、人人皆知了。 2). The boasts were flat. 祝酒辞时平平淡淡的。
3). The kid is always in rags as if he were an orphan. 那个孩子整天穿得破破烂烂，就像个孤儿似的。
1. The fine would serve as a warning to other drivers who drove without due care. 罚款对于驾车不够小心的司机可以起到警告作用。
2. The era of globalization has begun with new communication and information technologies, and capital could flow freely to those regions, industries and companies that promise the best returns. 随着通信和信息技术的发展，全球化时代已经到来，资本可以自由地流向有望获得最大收益
的地区、产业和公司。
3. One of the features of London is the number of big stores, most of which are to be found in or near the West End.
伦敦的一大特色是大商店多，大多数位于西区及周边地区。
4. Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the sensational, which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events.
美国报纸和其他国家一样，既有耸人听闻的小报，报道犯罪、色情和小道消息，也有严肃报
刊，聚焦实事新闻，分析国际时事。
5. The high-tech explosion has created a new group of workers that like challenge and treasure the independence and the diversity of work.
高科技迅速发展，造就了一批新的员工，他们喜欢挑战，珍视独立和工作的多样性。
6. Cambridge University has nurtured great scientists, thinkers and poets such as Newton, Bacon, Milton, Byron and Darwin, who made outstanding contribution to the progress of mankind.
剑桥大学培养出了牛顿、培根、弥尔顿、拜伦、达尔文这样伟大的科学家、思想家和诗人，
他们为人类的进步做出了杰出的贡献。
7. The idea that the family is the traditional unit of society is challenged by American youth who are increasingly turning down marriage.
家庭是社会的传统组成成分，而美国青年越来越拒绝婚姻，使这种观念受到了挑战。 8. Technology is creating a global economy that is supplanting the old national economies.
（1）由技术带来的经济全球化正在取代旧有的民族经济。
9. Foundations are based on the money that would otherwise go to the government in taxes. 基金会所依赖的资金本来会以税收的形式上缴政府。
10. The trend of home working is surging in the field of finance where trading can
be done via the Internet.
在金融界可以通过互联网进行交易，居家工作的潮流正在金融界兴起。
11. Einstein, who worked out the famous Theory of Relativity, won the Nobel Prize in 1921.
爱因斯坦由于创立了著名的相对论，于1921年获得了诺贝尔奖。
12. There was no respect even for Einstein in Hitler‘s Germany, who only wanted to think of the problems beyond time and space and politics.
（1）爱因斯坦一心只想考虑超越时空和政治的问题，但是希特勒统治下的德国，就连他也
得不到尊重。
13. The danger of a recession in world trade that could hit all countries cannot be ignored, but it would bear most heavily on the weakest partners in the world economy.
因为经济衰退的危险可能冲击到所有的国家，所以不容忽视，但是受到冲击最大的将是世 界经济中最为弱小的国家。
1、In the 1960s there was a change in fashion in favor of small cars. 20世纪60年代出现了一个变化，人们崇尚小型汽车。 2、There are a lot of pine trees on the slope of the hill. 山坡上长着许多松树。
3、There sits a flower bed in the middle of the garden. 园子中央有一座花坛。
4．There are four types of sentences in terms of structure: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences.
按结构分，句子有四类：简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。 5．There are over twenty printing errors. 印刷错误有二十多处。
6．There may be a chance to win. 可能还有赢的机会。
7．There‘s going to be a fine day. 天要晴了。
8．There can never be any discussion as to the consequences of corruption. 无需讨论腐败的后果。
9．There was expected to be strong disagreement on the matter. 对这件事的看法，估计有很大的分歧。
10．There is a persistent demand on the part of parents for an attack on pornographic publications. 家长一直要求对色情出版物进行打击。
11．There is a growing concern over the population growth. 人们对人口的迅速增长越来越关注。
12．There was cheer in every face and a spring in every step. 人人喜笑颜开，步履轻快。
1、Then began a bitter war between the two countries. 于是两国之间开始了恶战。
2、To this class belongs the most astonishing work that the author accomplished. 作者写就的那部惊世骇俗之作便是属于这一类。
3、So bright was the moon that the flowers were as bright as by day. 月色皎洁，照得花朵像白天一样鲜艳。
4．In the middle of the rectangular-shaped courtyard stood three magnolia trees, all in full bloom. 长方形的院子里长着三株盛开的白玉兰。
5．Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles, turkeys and toys. 货品中有圣诞树、花卉、蜡烛、火鸡和玩具。
6．Just as necessary for us as knowledge are social experiences. 对我们来说，和知识同样必需的是社会经历。
7．The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the lack of the information media.
农村因为地处偏僻，交通不便，与外界隔绝。而通讯工具的缺乏，使农村更为闭塞。 8．Improved housing has also contributed to a sharpened sense of aesthetics. 改善居室环境也有助于增强审美意识。
9．His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade. 他疲惫不堪，天气又越来越热，于是想就近找个阴凉的地方，坐下歇会儿。 10．An awed hush fell upon the bystanders.
旁观者吓得大气也不敢出。
11．A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memories.
从他的办公室窗口望出去，华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念堂尽收眼底。 12．The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. 我走在厚厚的地毯上，声息全无。
13．His action was prompted by the fear of being attacked. 他这样做是因为害怕受到攻击。
14. His real interests lie outside work in his love of music. (1) 他真正的兴趣在工作之外，在于他所钟爱的音乐。 1、什么都不能束缚你。 You're bound by nothing.
2、 在美国，人人都能够买到枪。
In the United States, guns are available to everyone. 3、 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 This information is available on the internet. 4、他突然想到了一个新主意。
A new idea suddenly occurred to him.
5、谁也不能以不懂法律来为自己辩解。 Ignorance of the law excuses no man. 1、我们对两国关系的顺利发展，特别是经济技术合作的不断扩大，感到满意。 We are gratified with the smooth development of relations between two countries and particularly the steady growth of our economic and technological cooperation. 2、我们进行政治体制改革，要有利于维护国家统一、民族团结、社会稳定。 The political reform should be conducted in such a manner as to promote national reunification, unity and social stability. 3、当前，世界经济贸易形势总体趋好。
(1) At present, the overall trend in the world‘s economic and trade situation is getting better.
4、一般来说，游览西湖及周围景点花上两天时间较为合适。
Generally speaking, a two-day tour is ideal for the West Lake and scenic spots around it.
5、游览北京、上海、西安，最好是在春、秋两季。
Spring and autumn are supposed to be the best times to tour cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Xi‘an.
6、国有大中型企业建立现代企业制度的改革取得重要进展。
Significant advances were made in the establishment of a modern corporate structure in large and medium-sized State-owned enterprises. 7、素质教育继续推进。
We continued to develop education designed to raise the overall quality of students.
8、中国的扶贫开发解决了两亿多农村贫困人口的温饱问题。
Thanks to the efforts to assist with the development of the poor areas, the problem of food and clothing for more than 200 million rural poor has been solved.
9、经过20多年不懈的艰苦奋斗，中国的扶贫开发取得了巨大成就。
Thanks to the arduous and unremitting efforts in the past more than two decades, China has made tremendous achievements in its drive to assist with the development of the poor areas. 10、近年来，中国轻工业产品的出口有了长足的进步。
In recent years, great progress has been made in the export of products in China‘s light industries. 11、一般加工工业生产能力过剩的矛盾仍较突出。
Over production is still a glaring problem in ordinary processing industries.
12、在全球市场迅猛发展的今天，贸易投资自由化和便利化的重要性变得更加突出。
Trade and investment liberalization and facilitation has taken on increased importance at a time when rapid changes are reshaping the global marketplace.
13、上海商业将广泛应用计算机技术，加快商业电子化步伐。
The computer technology will be widely used in the Shanghai‘s commercial sector to accelerate its electronicalization.
1、生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。
Tragedies can be written in literature since they exist in life. 2、这种担心看起来似乎没有根据，其实不然。 Such fear is not as far-fetched as it may seem.
3、为协助你方尽早将我们的产品销入你们的市场，我们同意提前装货。
We agree to advance our shipment to assist you in introducing our products into your market as early as possible.
4、留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
There will never be a shortage of firewood as long as green hills remain.
5、如果考虑到劳动力的因素，我国生产率的平均水平长期以来一直很低。
The average level of productivity in our country had long been low when the quality of the labor force was considered.
6、人不犯我，我不犯人。
We won‘t attack others unless we are attacked.
7、那条路弯弯曲曲的，天气不好的时候，开车可得小心。 Drive carefully on that road in bad weather as it‘s very winding. 8、双方都不肯妥协，谈判因而破裂。
Negotiations broke down because neither side would compromise. 1 、后来，潘家败落，其子孙急于出售，一些商人得以低价购入。
When the Pans went into a decline, and their descendants were eager to sell the garden, some businessmen bought it at a low price. Later, it was bought by some businessmen at a low price from his desperate descendents when the family went into a decline.
2、由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使得农村社会与外界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具
不足而变得更加严重。
The isolation of the rural world, due to distance and the lack of transportation facilities, is worsened by the insufficiency of the information media. 长句的处理 英语长句的翻译
一、英语长句的分析
(1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。 (5) 注意插入语等其他成分。
(6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应 能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。
2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.
譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中, 就能接触到几乎数不清的娱乐活动, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。 二、长句的翻译
(1) 顺序法。 (2) 逆序法。 (3)分句法。 (4) 综合法。
3. Even when we turn off the bedside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.
即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们工作: 使冰箱工作, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运转。
4. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.
铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起, 最普遍的是跟氧结合; 因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力, 由于 这个原因, 在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以, 铝直到19世纪才被人发现。
5. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. 因此, 如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会, 就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为 详尽的信息, 作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。
6. The number of the young people in the United States who can't read is incredible about one in four.
大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力, 这简直令人难以置信。
7. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.
人们常说, 通过电视可以了解时事, 掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层 出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。
8 People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
尽管警察已接到命令, 要作好准备以应付紧急情况, 但人们不敢出门, 因为警察也和其他人 一样不知所措和无能为力。
9. Attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and religious and
political freedom, immigrants from many other countries flocked to the United States in increasing numbers, reaching a peak in the years 1880 -1914. 分层：
1. (Immigrants from many other countries were ) attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and religious and political freedom.
2. Immigrants from many other countries flocked to the United States. 3. in increasing numbers
4. reaching a peak in the years 1880 -1914
【译文1】许多其他国家的人听说在美国经济上有很大的发展机会，还有宗教和政治自由，于
是便纷纷涌入美国，移民人数越来越多，1880年至1914年间达到了顶峰。 汉语长句的翻译
1、西部地域辽阔，交通不发达，首先要进行基础设施的建设。
(1) Since the western region covers a vast area with poor transport facilities, we should first of all build infrastructure facilities.
2、中国加入世贸组织的谈判已经进行了15年。中国的立场始终如一。
(2) During the fifteen years of negotiations on China‘s entry into the WTO, China has maintained consistent stand /position.
3、我们必须抓住新的机遇，迎接新的挑战，/采取更加有力的措施，以更为积极的姿态扩大对
外开放，力争对外贸易和吸收外资有新的增长。
We must seize new opportunities and meet new challenges. We must open ourselves wider to the outside world more actively and resort to more effective measures in an effort to expand foreign trade and attract more foreign funds.
4、东方明珠电视塔谓语黄浦江畔、浦东陆家嘴嘴尖上，塔高468米，三面环水，与外滩的万国
建筑博览群隔江相望，是亚洲第一，世界第三的高塔。
The Oriental Pearl Radio and TV Tower is located on a bend of the
Huangpu River at the tip of Lujiazui in Pudong. Surrounded by the river on three sides, the tower faces a row of Western buildings of variegated styles on the Bund across the river. It is 468 meters tall (in height), ranking first in Asia and third in the world.
5、承各方的大力支持，华东出口商品交易会一届比一届办得圆满，深受中外客商的注目，现
已成为洽谈出口和市场信息交流的重要窗口。
Thanks to (Owing to /Because of) the energetic support from all walks of
life, each of the East China Export Commodity Fair registered greater success than its predecessor. Well received by traders both at home and abroad, the fair has become an important window on negotiations on exports and exchange of market information.
6、中国将致力于建设国家创新体系，通过营造良好的环境，推进知识创新、技术创新的体制
创新，这是中国实现跨世纪发展的必由之路。
China will be dedicated to establishing a national innovation system and creating a favorable environment to stimulate the innovation of knowledge, technology and institution. It is the only course for China to achieve its development extending to the new century (its trans-century development).
7、西部大开发战略思想现在已经有了实施的机遇，因为中国的经济发展已经到了这样一个阶
段：沿海地区经济的发展已经趋于饱和，要寻找新的市场，而西部地区的开发，现在也迫在眉 睫。
Now China has the opportunity to carry out the strategy of the large-scale development of the western region, for the Chinese economy has grown to a new stage. In this stage, the economy in the eastern coast is approaching the point of―saturation‖ and calls for markets while development of the western region is imminent.
8、西部大开发既要有紧迫感，又必须统筹规划，/突出重点，分步实施，防止一哄而上。 We should not only have a sense of urgency, but also work out a comprehensive plan. While giving prominence to some key areas in the development process, we must carry it out step by step instead of rushing headlong into action.
9、在漫长的历史过程中，中国虽然经历过改朝换代、政权更迭，出现过地方割据，遭遇过外
敌入侵，特别是近代史上曾饱受外国列强的侵略和瓜分，/但统一始终是中国历史发展的主流 。
Throughout its long history, China has witnessed (undergone) changes of dynasties, transfers of governments, regional separatist regimes, foreign
invasions, and especially the aggression and dismemberment by foreign powers in modern history. Nevertheless, unity has always represented the main development trend in Chinese history.
10、当今世界，国际局势总体上趋向缓和(1)，但各种因素引发的冲突甚至局部战争此起彼伏
(2)，一些地区的紧张态势依然存在(3)，妨碍了有关国家和地区的经济发展(4)，也对世界经 济产生了不利影响(5)。
Despite the general tendency of the today‘s international situation
towards relaxation (1), the frequent conflicts and local wars triggered by various factors (2) as well as the continuous tension in some areas (3) have impeded the economic development of the countries and regions concerned (4), and adversely affected the world economy (5).
1. Lacking communications between generations, some families are upset by the widening generation gap.
(2) 由于两代人之间缺乏交流，不断加深的代沟使一些家庭深感烦恼。
2. Being a major concern now, the problem of cyber security calls for government measures for improvement.
(2) 网上安全现在已经成为人们关注的主要问题，因此需要政府采取措施，增强网上安全 3. Swallowing small companies, the big media corporations will be able to control what Americans read and watch.
如果吞并众多小公司，大媒体集团将能控制美国人的视听。
4. Having brought about a lifestyle revolution, Internet use is threatened by hackers‘ repeated attacks of the computer systems of important organizations.
尽管因特网带来了生活方式的革命，黑客屡屡入侵重要机构的电脑系统，使因特网的功能受
到了损害。
5. In due course, having received a summons, the motorist who commits a motoring offence will appear in a police court.
驾驶人开车违章，收到传票后，要在规定时间内到治安法庭受审。
6. Functioning like a magnet, Hollywood draws ambitious young people from all over the world.
好莱坞如同一块磁铁，吸引了世界各地一心想成名的年轻人。
7. Sweeping across Asia, an information technology revolution is causing an acute shortage of high-tech labor.
一场席卷亚洲的信息技术革命导致高新技术人才严重短缺。
8. Launched on 1 January, 1999, the euro becomes the official currency in the 11 European Union nations.
1999年1月1日启动的欧元已经成为11个欧盟国家的官方流通货币。
9. Long dominated by the Japanese, Asia‘s auto market now lies in the sights of ambitious US and European car manufacturers.
长期由日本一统天下的亚洲汽车市场，目前受到了雄心勃勃的美国和欧洲汽车制造商的 关注。
10. American writers have produced novels, short stories, and poems, reflecting
both the life of the nation and the diverse local and ethnic cultures within it.
美国作家创作出了反映国民生活和国内多民族文化的长篇小说、短篇小说和诗歌。 11. The Panama Canal has become Panama‘s Canal, ending 95 years of American control. 巴拿马运河已经成为巴拿马自己的运河，从而结束了美国95年的控制。
12. In an effort to reach more readers, many publications have gone on-line, making their materials available to people with personal computers.
为了争取更多读者，很多杂志将文章刊载在电脑网络上，人们在家里可以通过个人电脑阅 读喜爱的文章。
1. Our foreign policy is supported by people all over the world. 我国的外交政策得到了全世界人民的支持。
2. More than 50,000 computers at websites were infected by a computer virus that is spreading rapidly around the world.
一种电脑病毒在全世界迅速传播，网上5万多台电脑遭到侵袭。
3. A police court is presided over by a magistrate, who tries the cases without a jury. 治安法庭由地方法官主持，法官审理各种案件，无须陪审团。 4. The risk of the global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced. 全球核冲突的危险性已经大大减小。
5. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.
广义地说，人可以分为三类：有些人辛劳而死，有些人忧愁而死，有些人烦闷而死。（或：
有累死的，有愁死的，有烦死的）
6. The euro was inspired by the idea of creating ―a country called Europe‖. 欧元诞生于―欧洲一体化‖的设想。
7. Movies were first made in Hollywood before WWI. 一战前好莱坞首次制作了电影。
8. In 1849 gold was discovered in California in the mountains near San Francisco and so started the famous Gold Rush.
1849年加州三藩市附近的山里发现了黄金，由此开始了广为人知的淘金热。 9. The consumer spending was dampened in the regional financial crisis in Asia. 亚洲地区的金融危机抑制了消费。
10. The mobile phone boom is driven by the young adults. 年轻人促进了移动电话市场的繁荣。
11. The ever-increasing demand for private cars could be halted by more investment in public transport.
公共交通增加投入，可以抑制不断增长的私车需求。
12. It is believed that nuclear power is among the greatest innovations of our time. But it is also feared it will bring the end of the world.
我们相信核能是当代最伟大的发明之一，但是我们也担忧核能会带来世界末日。
13. It is commonly believed that hot climates reduce people‘s energy and that people of the south walk and talk more slowly than the busy northerners.
（人们）通常认为，炎热的气候降低了人的活力，南方人走路和说话都比忙碌的北方人慢 14. The National Security Agency in US is accused of reading other people‘s e-mails around the world in its search for military and commercial secrets.
人们指责美国国家安全局在全球范围内偷窥他人的电子邮件，获取军事和商业秘密。 英语比较结构的翻译
1. California on the whole has a climate milder all the year round than that of any other places in the Continental United States.
大体上说，在整个美国大陆上，加州的全年气候是最温和的。（最高级）
2. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large number of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.
尽管美国的汽车生产量居世界首位，但它仍从德国、日本和瑞典进口大量汽车，这主要 是因为美国市场有这一需求。
3. Music whose meaning is slightly different with each hearing has a greater chance of remaining alive.
有一种音乐，你每一次聆听感受稍有不同，这样的音乐更有可能经久不衰。 4. He left the White House a wiser but sadder man. 他离开白宫时比以前更睿智，但也更伤感。 5. 少小离家老大回 I left young but returned old.
1、American presidents tend to be judged less by the goods they set in motion than by how well they respond to crises.
美国人对总统的评判往往不是看他们能否成功治理国家，而是看他们能否泰然应对危机。 2、Charles is more cautious than decisive. 查尔斯谨慎有余，果敢不足。
3、It is not advice as much as approval that he seeks. 与其说他在征求意见，不如说他在期望得到赞同。
4、If you ask my opinion, I‘d say he is a man who is more brave than wise. 要我说，他这人有勇无谋。
1 、After all these years of working together, he is more than a friend to me. 他和我共事了这么多年，岂止是我的普通朋友（我们已成莫逆之交）。 2 、He felt more than shrilled to come across such a gorgeous beauty. 邂逅这样一个大美人，他激动万分。
3 、I was busy and less than delighted to have company that day. 那天我很忙，不喜欢有人作伴。
4、The plan is nothing more than a castle in the air. 这个计划只是空中楼阁。
5、It is not easy to impart knowledge any more than it is to acquire knowledge. 获取知识不易，传授知识亦难。
1、The problem is probably as much political as military. 这很可能既是一个政治问题，又是一个军事问题。 She is as gentle as fair. 她既温柔又美丽。
2、He gave me clothes as well as food. 他除了给我食物外还给我衣服。
3、She was as good as dead after the final exam. 期末考试完后，她就像死了一样。 He as good as said I‘m a liar. 他无异于说我撒谎。
没有和平，没有稳定的政治局面，就谈不上经济发展。
1、 Without peace and political stability, there would be no economic progress. 1、要深化教育体制改革。
We should deepen the restructuring of education system. 2、全面发展同其他发达国家的友好合作与交流。
We will develop friendly cooperation and promote exchanges in an all-round way with developed countries.
3、要提高贫困地区群众的科技文化素质。
We should improve the sci-tech and cultural qualities of the masses in the poor areas / the poverty-stricken areas.
4、各民族之间建立了平等、团结、互助的新型关系。
We have established a new type of relationship characterized by equality, solidarity and mutual assistance between different ethnic groups. 5、要了解中国，可以有很多视角。
To know China better, one may approach it from different angles. 6、没有调查就没有发言权。
He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. 7、不经一事，不长一智。
You can‘t gain knowledge without practice.
8、不能认识到未来的困难，就是个理想主义者，而不是现实主义者。
Anyone who does not recognize the difficulties ahead is an idealist instead of a realist. 9、弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。
If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.
10、中国历史上产生了许多杰出的哲学家、思想家、政治家、军事家、科学家和文学艺术家，
留下了浩如烟海的文化典籍。
China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, scientists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.
11、山外有山，景外有景，无限风光，慑人心魄。
You will find yourself carried away in involuntary admiration.
You will be fascinated by the overpowering endless vistas of mountains beyond mountains and scenery beyond scenery.
12、继续改善居民住房条件。
Housing conditions should be continuously / further improved.
13、必须推进以德育为核心，以创新精神和实践能力为重点的素质教育。
The quality-oriented education should be promoted concentrating on moral education and the development of creativity and practical ability.
14、预计中国打算在近期购买私车的人数将达到三百万。
It is predicted that the car purchasers in China will amount to (be up to) 3 million in the near future.
15、积极鼓励外商投资农业、基础设施、环保产业和高新技术产业。 Foreign businesses will be greatly encouraged to invest in agriculture,
infrastructure, the environmental protection industry, and high and new technology industries.
16、必须保证产品质量。
The quality of the products must be guaranteed.
17、抓住了这个主要矛盾，一切问题就迎刃而解了。
Once this principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved. 16、We must guarantee the quality of the products.
17、Once you grasp this principal, You can readily solve all problems. 18、应当注意采取有效措施防止空气污染。
Attention should be paid to adopting / taking effective measures to prevent air pollution.
应当采取有效措施防止空气污染。
Effective measures should be taken to prevent air pollution. 19、优先发展科技教育。
Priority will be given to the development of science, technology and education. 20、必须适当地使用国家的森林资源。
We must make proper use of the forest resources of the country. Proper use must be made of the forest resources of the country. 21、必须加大基础设施建设力度。
Greater efforts should be made to promote construction of infrastructure. 22、以公路建设为重点，加强铁路、机场、天然气管道干线建设。
Emphasis will be laid on highway construction while more efforts will be made in building railways, airports and gas pipelines. 23、要促进人和自然的协调与和谐。
It is necessary to enhance balance and harmony between man and nature. 24、没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。
Without facility, there would be no difficulty; without difficulty, there would also be no facility.
25、为建设一个现代化的社会主义强国而奋斗。 Strive to build a modern powerful socialist country! 26、地下埋藏着大量的矿物质。
Hidden underground is a wealth of minerals. 27、要坚持党的领导，必须改善党的领导。
The upholding of the Party‘s leadership calls for / requires its improvements. 28、要开发中国广阔的西部地区，需要处理好经济发展和人口控制的关系。 (2) To develop the vast western region in China, we should handle properly the relationship between the economic growth and population control.
1、不同国家物质、文化上的差异，使她很容易注意到人们忽视了的东西。 Physical and cultural differences between countries make it easier for her to notice what other people tend to neglect.
2、最使她高兴的是她的―研究成果‖能让那些对此迷惑不解的日本人顿释疑团。 She was happy with her discovery, as she could clear up the doubts of other puzzled Japanese.
1、电信使我们的工作生活发生了前所未有的改变。
Telecommunications have brought about unprecedented changes to our working and daily life.
2、数字技术在使人与人之间的联系更加紧密地同时，也使得个人隐私失去了隐秘性。 While tightening the ties between people, the digital technology is intruding
upon / infringing on their privacy.
3、通过互联网支付的账单明显呈现上升趋势，这种情况使得一些邮政业务出现史无前例的萎 缩。
The obvious increase in electronically-paid bills is shrinking some postal services unprecedentedly.
4、上海将集中进行轨道交通建设，使轨道交通成为未来公共交通的重要组成部分。
Shanghai will concentrate on the construction of the railways as a key part in public transport in the future.
5、一些电脑病毒席卷全球，造成巨大经济损失，并使电子邮件系统瘫痪。
Some computer viruses swept across the world, causing serious financial losses and paralyzing the E-mail systems.
6、建筑工地的噪音使附近居民晚上无法入睡。
The noise from the construction site made it nearly impossible for the residents living nearby to fall asleep at night.
7、黑客袭击事件屡次发生，使得政府很有必要采取相应措施加强对互联网的安全防卫。 The government needs to take proper measures to tighten the security of the Internet because of the repeated occurrences of hacker‘s intrusion. 8、外来的干涉使这个国家陷入全面内战。
Outside interference resulted in an all-out civil war in the country.
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