主语：一般位于句首，通常为名词或代词。
谓语：表明主语的动作或者状态之成分，英语中都用动词充当。
宾语：谓语动词所涉及的对象。通常为名词或代词。
定语：修饰限定名词成分的部分，大多修饰主语和宾语。通常为形容词。
状语：修饰谓语或整个句子，表明地点，时间，状态，程度等。通常为副词。
表语：位于联系动词之后，表示主语的状态，特征之成分。
补语：对主语或宾语起到补充说明作用的成分，一般主动语态中为宾语补语，被动语态中为主语补语。
同位语：即汉语中的复指成分，主语和宾语才有，名词性成分。 名词性从句：皆为三种类型：that, whether/if, 特殊疑问词引导。
1. 主语从句：句子的主语是由一个句子充当。
2. 表语从句，表语为一个句子。
3. 宾语从句，宾语为一个句子。
定语从句：限定性定语从句，非限定性定语从句。
限定性定语从句：修饰限定先行词，不可或缺。that修饰人或物，which修饰物，who修饰人。与先行词之间没有逗号隔开。
非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，或对整个主句进行补充说明。用逗号与主句隔开。不能使用that引导。
要点：关系词主要由先行词在从句中所充当的成分决定。 状语从句
时间状语从句：从句用一般现在时表示将来。When, while, since, as, until，after, before等引导。
条件状语从句：从句用一般现在时表示将来。If，unless，as long as等引导。
原因状语从句：because, since, now that, as引导。
目的状语从句：so that, in order that引导。
结果状语从句：
方式状语从句：as if, than, as…as…, as though引导。
让步状语从句：though, although, as(尽管)，even if, even though, no matter等引导。
地点状语从句：where, wherever引导。
及与短语间的转换：
1.与不定式互换：
I don’t know what to do.
Where to go is not decided.
2.与分词互换：
Having finished the book, I went to bed.
Seen from the hill, the park is beautiful.
Weather permitting, I will go there tomorrow 被动表达的特殊形式：
1. This book sells well.这书很畅销。
2. This play reads better than it acts.这剧本上演不如阅读有趣。
3. This door won’t shut.这门关不上。
4. This kind of cloth washes well.这种布很经洗。
5. Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的钢笔写起来很流畅。
6. This piece of meat cuts well.这块肉很好切。
7. The match wouldn’t strike.这火柴擦不着。
8. The door can’t open easily.这门不好开。
9. The safe doesn’t lock.保险柜锁不住。
10. All the figures add up correctly.所有数字加起来正确。
11. This stuff wears long.这种料子很经穿。
12. The poems don’t translate well.这些诗不好翻译。
13. The performance finished at 7.表演七点结束。
14. Her dress caught on nail.她的衣服被钉子挂住了。
15. The water feels cold.水摸起来很凉。
16. The milk has burnt.牛奶煮糊了。
17. This material tears easily.这种料子很容易撕破。
18. This text teaches well.这篇课文很好教。
19. This one doesn’t count.这个不能算。
20. The house would let easily.这房子容易出租。
21. This dress does up at the front.这衣服是在前面扣扣子。
22. These wares clean easily.这些器皿好洗。
23. The ad caught my eye.那则广告引起了我的注意。
24. The door fooled me.我不小心撞门上了。
25. My teeth cheated me.我咬到沙子了。（吃米饭常见现象）
26. She cheated death.她死里逃生。
27. She always photographs badly.它总是不上相。
Go, come, remain后跟否定前缀的过去分词，表被动。
28. Our complaints went unnoticed.我们的投诉没有引起重视。
29. The boundary problems still remain unsettled.边境问题仍未解 决。
30. The flap of the envelope has come unstuck.信封的封口脱胶散开了。
有些形容词后的不定式的主动形式表被动。
31. John is easy to deceive.
32. The question is hard to answer.
33. This house was difficult to find.
34. Decaying food is not good to eat.
35. These shoes are not fit to wear.
36. It is too hot to eat.
不定式作定语，主动表被动。
37. There are a number of problems to deal with.
38. There is a lot of work to do.
39. The next thing to consider is food.
其他一些特殊的被动表示法：
1. The flowers need watering.
2. These boxes want repairing.
3. His suggestion is worth considering.
4. Paris is worth visiting.
5. She is beyond my control.
6. The matter is under consideration.
7. The building is under construction.
8. That textbook is no longer in use.
9. John is on trial for murder.因谋杀受审。
10. The method has come into use.
11. The robbery did not come into light until the next day.
12. The party came into existence in 1854.
用所有格和物主代词表示被动含义：
1. Hitler’s complete defeat brought the war to an end.
2. The boy’s punishment was a fine.罚款。
3. After his release from prison, he came home.
4. They all came to our aid.来帮我们。
5. The planes came to our rescue.来援救我们。
6. We are grateful to them for coming to our support.来支持我们。
7. They came to my defense.来为我辩护。
8. I am to blame.我该受责备。
9. Nobody is to blame for it.这是谁也不怪。
10. A better way is yet to seek.还得找一种更好的办法。 否定：
1. I’m too old for this job.
2. She is too beautiful for words.
3. It’s too good to last.
4. It’s too good to be true.
注：But, all, only 用于too前，是加强语气。如：
I will be only too pleased to help you.
They are but too glad to do so.
We are all satisfied to see it.
This is too good a film to miss.
5. She is the last person to accept a bribe.受贿。
6. As ifI cared! 我才不在乎呢！
7. As ifanyone would believe that story! 没人信那一套！
8. As if she would do it! 她才不会做那事呢！
9. He is anything but a hero.它根本不是英雄。
10. He’s anything but polite.她一点礼貌也没有。
11. That is more than I can do.我干不了。
12. This is more than I can bear.我忍无可忍了。
13. You speak faster than I can follow.
14. He is more brave than wise.他有勇无谋。
15. He is more shy than unsocial.与其说他孤僻不如说他腼腆。
16. The book is more a dictionary than a grammar.这本书是字典而不是语法 书。
17. He run rather than walked.他与其说是在走不如说是在跑。
比较级+than+to do
18. I’m wiser than to believe that.我很明智，绝不会相信这种事。
19. You have better command of French than to make such mistakes.你法语那么好，决不该犯这种错误。
20. I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus.我宁愿走去也不坐车。
21. She prefers city to the countryside.她喜欢城里而不是乡下。
22. I would rather die than surrender.我宁死也不投降。
23. His taste is quite other than mine.他的品味和我的完全不同。
24. The truth is quite other than what you think.事实真相与你想的完全不同。
25. She arrived before I expected.我没料到她来这么早。
26. Before I could say thanks, he had left.我还没来得及说谢谢，他就走了。
few and little在句中：
27. Few of them are any good.他们没几个好人。
28. Few people live to be 100.很少有人活到100岁。
29. I know little German.我不太懂德语。
30. There is little time left.没剩下多少时间了。
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