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ORIGINALARTICLE

Waterresourcesmanagement:casestudyofSharkiagovernorate,Egypt

Y.A.Mohamed•M.Rashad

Received:31January2011/Accepted:11January2012/Publishedonline:26January2012ÓTheAuthor(s)2012.ThisarticleispublishedwithopenaccessatSpringerlink.com

AbstractMinistryofwaterresourcesandirrigationinEgyptiscurrentlyimplementingprojectsthatexpandnewcultivatedarea,andaccordinglythesuppliesofNileRivertotheNileDeltawillbenegativelyaffected.So,EnormousinteresttowardwaterresourcesmanagementhasbeentakenintheEgyptianwatersector.Conveyanceinfra-structureandirrigationtechnologyhasbeengraduallyimprovedtoensureefficientdistributionandutilizationofscarcewaterresources.ThepresentstudyisfocusedontheoptimumutilizationofwaterresourcesinSharkiagover-norate,Egypt.Operationalandplanningdistributionmodelisimplementedontheselectedcasestudy(Sharkiagov-ernorate)todevelopappropriatewaterplan.Thegrossrevenueofallcropsiscorrelatedtosurfacewaterdis-charge,groundwaterdischarge,surfacewatersalinity,andgroundwatersalinity.Inaddition,theeffectofvaryingbothsurfaceandgroundwaterquantitiesandqualitiesonthegrossrevenuehasbeeninvestigated.Moreover,theeffectoflimitingriceproductiononthegrossrevenueisallocated.

KeywordsWaterresourcesmanagementÁSharkiagovernorateÁOPDMÁCroppatternÁSurfacewaterÁGroundwater

Introduction

Egyptisfacingincreasingwaterneeds,demandedbyarapidlygrowingpopulation,byincreasedurbanization,by

Y.A.Mohamed(&)ÁM.Rashad

CivilEngineeringDepartment,CollegeofEngineering,JazanUniversity,Jazan,SaudiArabiae-mail:Yasser_eng1997@zu.edu.eg

higherstandardsoflivingandbyanagriculturalpolicythatemphasisexpandedproductioninordertofeedthegrowingpopulation.ThemainsourceofwaterinEgyptissurfacewaterfromtheRiverNile.ThewholesourcesofwatercanbelistedinTable1(AllamandAllam2007).ItisclearthatEgypt’sshareofNilewaterisfixedat55.5billionm3/year.Thegroundwater,andtoalesserextentdesalinationandwastewaterreuse,makesuptheremainder(El-Sadeketal.2008).WaterresourcemanagementinEgyptiscloselylinkedwithnumerousaspectsofthenationaleconomyandsocialstabilityandatthesametimehasverydirecteffectsonthehealthandlivelihoodsofmanycitizens.Twoothermanagementdimensionsthatdeservespecialmentionaretheregionalhydro-politicsintheNileBasin,drivenbyeverstrongerclaimsonthepartofupstreamcountriesforahighershareoftheriverrunoff,andtheincreasingbudgetarypressuresonthewateragencies,Luzi(2010).Theneedforeffectiveandinnovativewaterpoliciesisevident,andtheproposedstrategiesincreasinglyexceedthetaskofirrigationwaterdistributionastraditionallyperformedbytheMinistryofWaterResourcesandIrrigation(MWRI)inEgypt.

Demandmanagementwasstrengthenedthroughimprovedirrigationtechniques,drainagewaterreuse,groundwaterdevelopment,andrestrictionsonwaterreleasefromLakeNasserfornon-consumptiveuses(Elarabawyetal.2000;MWRIandUSAID2002;MWRIandWorldBank2003).Watermanagementstrategiesinthe1990sstillfocusedmainlyonwaterquantityissues(MWRIandWorldBank2003),eventhoughwaterpollutionproblemshadalreadyreachedalarminglevels.Waterscarcityisgenerallydefinedasthesituationwherethereisinsufficientwatertosatisfynormalrequirementsofthepopulation.Thismeansthatwaterscarcityisaflexibletermthatdependsonwateruse.Thecausesofwaterscarcityarevaried.Somearenatural,andothersareasaresultofhumanactivity.

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Table1TheavailablewatersourcesinEgyptWaterresources(BCM/year)ResourceAmountNileriver

55.50Groundwater(DeltaandValley)5.50Deepgroundwater0.8

DrainagewaterreuseCanalsinthedeltaregion4.5NileriverandBahrYoussef5.0Illegaluses

3.0Wastewaterreuse0.2Rainfallandflashfloods0.5Evaporationlosses(3)Total

72.00Kennethetal.(1996)investigatedthevulnerabilityassessmentofwaterresourcesinEgypttoclimaticchangeintheNileBasin.Dennis(1999)clarifiedtheimportanceoftheeconomicefficiencyandirrigationwaterpolicywithanexamplefromEgypt.Thefreshwatersupplyisessential,anddesalinationisafeasibleoptionthatcancoverthewidegapbetweentheavailablecapacitiesandtheacceleratingdemands,El-Sadek(2010).Ceciliaetal.(2008)drawonthepolicynetworkperspectiveongovernancetoshedlightonthestrengthsandweaknessesofwatershed-basedprocessesofcollaborationandintegrationforwaterqualityprotectioninagriculturalareas.Bou-ZiedandEl-Fadel(2002)char-acterizewaterresourcesinseveralMiddleEasterncountriesandevaluateregionalclimatepredictionsforvariousscenariosusinggeneralcirculationmodels.Inthepresentstudy,thetechniqueofOperationalandPlanningDistribu-tionModel(OPDM)willbeappliedinSharkiaGovernoratetocorrelatethegrossrevenuewiththecroppatternofthiszone.Thecommandareas(78commandareas)intheSharkiagovernorateareimplementedintotheOPDMmodelandalsocroppatternforeachcommandarea.Moreover,theeffectofchangingthequantitiesandper-centageofsaltsofsurfaceandgroundwateronthegrossrevenueisstudied.Inaddition,thenetworksofcanalsanddrainsareallocatedthroughthesimulationmodelofOPDM.Moreover,theeffectofreducingthecultivatedriceareaonthegrossrevenueishighlighted.Modeldescription

Afewattemptshavebeenmadetodevelopirrigationsys-temmanagementordecisionsupportsystemstoassistwatermanagersintakingappropriatedecisions,forexample,CommandAreaDecisionSupportModel(CADSM)(Prajamwong1994);OperationalandPlanningDistributionModel(OPDM)byUtahStateUniversity,USA(USU

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ApplWaterSci(2012)2:95–99

1996);OperationalManagementInformationSystem(OMIS)bytheDelftHydraulics,TheNetherlands(DelftHydraulicsandDHVConsultants1989);IrrigationNetworkControlandAnalysis(INCA)bytheOverseasDevelopmentUnitofHRWallingford,UK(Makin1995);SchemeIrri-gationManagementInformationSystem(SIMIS)bytheWaterResourcesDevelopmentandManagementServiceofFAO’sLandandWaterDivision,Italy(Mateosetal.2002).TheOPDM(USU1996)wasdevelopedbythedepart-mentofbiologicalandirrigationEngineering,Utahstateuniversitytobeusedintheplanningforwaterresourcesandtraining.Itcanalsobeappliedindesignandanalysisstudiesofagriculturalirrigationsystems.Themodelwasdevelopedtoperformsimulationofwaterdistributionandcropyieldresponseforirrigationandotherusesincomplexcanalanddrainagenetworks.Cropwaterrequirementsarecalculatedbasedonspecifiedcroppingpatternsandweatherinformationandsimulatedflowsareroutedthroughthesystemsfrommainsupplysourcesandopendrains.Themodelishighlyinteractivewithpowerfulcapabilitiesforsystemlayoutandconfigurationthecanalanddrainagenetworksthatarebuiltinteractivelybyinsertingandarrangingnodesgraphically.

Operationalplanningdistributionmodelcangeneratesystemflowrequirementsbasedoncalculatedcropwaterneedsspecifiedhydrographically.Dailywaterbalancecal-culationsarepreformedforsoilwaterandcanalreachstorageinthesupplyanddrainagesystem.Themodelcanestimaterelativecropyieldreductionduetorootzonewaterdeficit,soilwatersalinity,andwaterlogging.Cropyieldresultsarealsousedtogeneratetablesofexpectedgrossrevenuefromcropproductbasedonspecifiedmaximumproductionvalues.TheOPDMcalculatescropwaterrequirementsbyoneoffiveETmethodsaccordingtotheuser’schoice.Uptothreeseparateplantingstaggersofeachcropcanbespecifiedforeachcommandarea.Eachcroptypecanhaveuptofivegrowthstageswithdifferentcropcoefficients,rootdepths,durations,andyieldfactors.Themodelusednodesinthesystemlayouttorepresentspecifiedphysicalfeaturethatoccursinarealirrigationanddrainagesystem(Fig.1).Theconnectionbetweenselectednodetypesbecomereachesthatcanhavecapacityandflowdataandthataremanagedonadailybasisbythemodelduringasimulation.Themodelisusedprimarilyforplanningandtrainingactivities,butitcanalsobeappliedtodesignandanalysisstudiesofagriculturalirrigationsystems.

Casestudy

TheareaofthecasestudyislocatedatSharkiagover-norate,Egypt.Theprojectarealocatesatlatitude32.5°Nand30°longitudinalatanelevationof10mabovethe

ApplWaterSci(2012)2:95–9997

Fig.1SketchofcanalsanddrainsnetworksinSharkiagovernorate

meansealevel.Theareaisirrigatedthroughanetworkofirrigationcanals,andexcesswaterisdrainedthroughanetworkofopendrains(Fig.1).Somewaterispumpedfromanaquiferandusedforirrigationalongwiththesurfacewater.ThebasicdataoftheprojectareathatincludesthecanalsanddrainsnetworksandallcommendareasareshowninFig.1.TheinformationofthedeliveredwatertothecommandareasasabasecaseisshowninTable2.ThisbasecaseisusedincomparisonwithothersimulationmodelsofOPDM.

Table2WaterresourcesquantityandqualityforthebasecaseSurfacewaterdischarge(m3/s)Salinityofsurfacewater(ds/m)

Groundwaterdischarge(millionm3/year)(m3/month)Salinityofgroundwater(ds/m)

138.890.855000.85

ScenariosstudiedusingOPDMmodel

Forallcommendareasinthecasestudy,differentsce-nariosareconsideredbasedontheprospectofwatershortagethatmaybeoccurredinthefuture.Thesesce-narios,usedbythesimulationmodelofOPDM,includechangesindischargeandsalinityofbothsurfacewaterandgroundwater.Table3showsdifferentscenariosstudiedbyOPDMsimulationmodel.Thesescenariosinclude(a)decreasingtheamountofsurfacewaterorgroundwaterdeliveredtothewholecommandareas,Scenarios(1)and(3)and(b)increasingthesalinityofsurfacewaterorgroundwater,Scenarios(2)and(4).

Thesescenarioscoveredawiderangeofchangesinbothsurfacewaterandgroundwaterquantitiesandqualities.Thedecreaseinsurfaceandgroundwaterquantitiesrangesfrom3to30%with3%increment.While,theincrease,insur-facewaterandgroundwatersalinity,rangesfrom3to30%with3%incrementbetweengroups.Theresultsofallgroups,bytheOPDMmodel,arestudiedtoinvestigatetheeffectofthesechangesonthegrossrevenueoftheprojectarea.

Analysisoftheresults

AllscenariosinTable3weretreatedbytheOPDMmodel.Itwasfoundthegrossrevenuedecreasesasthesurfacewaterandgroundwaterdischargesdecrease(Figs.2and3).Fromtheprevioustwofigures,thedischargesforbothsurfacewaterandgroundwaterwerereducedrelativetothe

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Table3DifferentscenariosstudiedbyOPDM

Scenariono.1Surfacewater(m3/s)Decreaseby3%Salinityof

surfacewater(ds/m)0.85

ApplWaterSci(2012)2:95–99

Groundwater(m3/year)500,000,000Salinityofgroundwater(ds/m)0.85for10times2138.893138.894

138.89

Fig.2Simulationofgrossrevenuerelatedtothedifferentsurfacewaterdischargesfortheprojectarea

Fig.3Simulationofgrossrevenuerelatedtothedifferentsurfacewatersalinitiesfortheprojectarea

Fig.4Simulationofgrossrevenuerelatedtothedifferentground-waterdischargesfortheprojectarea

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Increaseby

500,000,0000.853%for10times0.85Decreaseby3%0.85

for10times0.85

500,000,000

Increaseby3%for10times

Fig.5Simulationofgrossrevenuerelatedtothedifferentground-watersalinitiesfortheprojectarea

Fig.6ResultsofOPDMsimulationmodelfor60%areagrownbyrice

basecase,asitprobablyoccurredinthefuture.Inthecontrary,thegrossrevenuedecreasesasthesurfacewaterandgroundwatersalinitiesincrease(Figs.3and5).Inwhich,theincreaseinwatersalinityabovecertainvaluesaffectstheyieldofcrops.

FromFigs.2and4,itwasfoundthattheeffectofreducingsurfacewaterquantitiesonthegrossrevenueis

ApplWaterSci(2012)2:95–99largerthantheeffectofreducingthegroundwaterquanti-tiesthroughthesimulationmodel.

Anotherinterestingexamplethatoffersinsightsintopro-cessesofwaterresourcemanagementinEgyptaretherecentattemptstoshiftcroppingpatternstowardlesswater-con-sumingcrops.Thatcanbedonebycontrollingtheareagrownbysomecropssuchasrice.Inthepresentstudy,differentscenarioswerecarriedoutusingOPDMmodelincludingdecreasingthericeareaby40%.Inwhich,thedecreasedareafromriceisreplacedbycottonandmaize.ThesescenarioswerecorrelatedtodifferentsurfacewaterdischargesasshowninFig.6.Fromthisfigure,Itcanbenoticedthatthepercentageofgrossrevenuerelativetothebasecaseincreasesforalmostsurfacewaterdischarges.Thatmeansbydecreasingthericeareaby40%inSharkiagov-ernorateandreplaceditbyanothercropslikecottonandmaize,thegrossrevenuewillincreaseslightlywithsmalleramountofsurfacewaterdischargecomparedtothebasecase.

Conclusions

ThegovernmentofEgyptaffordsgreatroletotheman-agementofwaterresourcesespeciallywithexpandingthecultivatedareastomeettheincreasinggrowthofpopula-tion.Accordingly,thesuppliesofNileRivertotheNileDeltawillbenegativelyaffected.Inthepresentstudy,theOPDMisimplementedonSharkiagovernoratetoshowtheeffectofwaterresourcemanagementonthegrossrevenue.Thegrossrevenueofallcommandareasiscorrelatedtosurfacewaterdischarge,groundwaterdischarge,surfacewatersalinity,andgroundwatersalinity.Itisclearyfoundthatthegrossrevenuedecreasesasthesurfacewaterandgroundwaterdischargesdecrease.Theeffectofreducingsurfacewaterquantitiesonthegrossrevenueislargerthantheeffectofreducingthegroundwaterquantityinsimu-lationmodel.Inaddition,thegrossrevenuedecreasesasthesurfacewaterandgroundwatersalinitiesincrease.Scenariosforreducingthegrownriceareawerecarriedout.Byreplacing40%ofriceareabycottonandmaize,thegrossrevenueforallcommandareascouldbeslightlyincreasedwithlowersuppliesofsurfacewaterdischargesrelativetothebasecase.So,otherscenariosfornewstudiesshouldbecarriedouttoclarifytheeconomicandsocialeffectsduetochangecroppatternsonSharkiagovernorate.

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