1. duality of structure 2. General Linguistics 3. voiceless consonant
4. complementary distribution 5. free morpheme
6. immediate constituent 7. Componential Analysis 8. American Structuralism 9. zero morph
10. structural ambiguity 11. productivity
12. linguistic competence 13. manner of articulation 14. intonation language 15. allophone
16. inflectional morpheme 17. phrase marker 18. denotation
19. Systemic-Functional Grammar 20. bound morpheme
21. cultural transmission 22. Descriptive Linguistics 23. derivational morpheme 24. consonant
25. tone language 26. empty morph 27. syntax
28. complementary antonym 29. mode of discourse
_________结构的二元性_______________ ________普通语言学________________ _________清辅音_______________ ________互补分布________________ ________自由词素________________ ________直接成份________________ ________成份分析________________ ________美国结构主义________________ _________零语子_______________ _________结构歧义_______________ _________多产性 ______________ __________语言能力______________ _________发音方法_______________ _________语调语言_______________ __________音位变体______________ _________曲折语素_______________ __________短语标记______________ __________指示______________ __________系统功能语法______________ __________粘着语素______________ __________文化传播______________ __________描写语言学______________ ___________派生词素_____________ ___________辅音_____________ ___________声调语言_____________ ___________虚语子_____________ ___________语法_____________ ___________互补反义词_____________ ____________话语方式____________
30. free variation 31. displacement
_______自有变异_________________
__________取代______________ __________集合体关系______________ __________浊辅音______________ __________极小对______________ __________音位______________ __________词法的歧义性______________ __________内涵______________
32. paradigmatic relation 33. voiced consonant 34. minimal pair 35. phoneme
36. lexical ambiguity 37. connotation
38. language acquisition device __________语言习得机制______________ 39. constituency 40. alien
__________选区______________ __________相异______________ __________设计特点______________ __________理论语言学______________ __________双元音______________ __________对立分布______________ __________借译词______________ __________主要成分______________ __________关系对立词______________ __________类型______________ __________从属______________ __________居民______________ __________任意______________ ___________语言行为_____________ ___________元音_____________ ___________自由变异_____________ _________派生词素_______________ __________表层结构______________ ___________话语方式_____________ __________分级反义词______________ __________天赋假说______________ __________互补反义词______________
_______可交换性_________________
41. design feature
42. Theoretical Linguistics 43. diphthong
44. contrastive distribution 45. translation-loan
46. ultimate constituent 47. relational opposite 48. genre
49. dependency 50. denizen
51. arbitrariness
52. linguistic performance 53. vowel
54. free variation
55. derivational morpheme 56. surface structure 57. mode of discourse 58. gradable antonym
59. Innateness Hypothesis 60. complementary antonym 61. interchangeability
62. syntagmatic relation 63. pure vowel
________结构关系________________ _________纯元音_______________ _________语调语言_______________ __________粘着语素______________ __________语言能力______________ __________深层结构______________ __________语义场_____________ ___________情境语境_____________ ___________发音方法_____________
64. intonation language 65. bound morpheme 66. linguistic competence 67. deep structure 68. semantic field
69. context of situation
70. manner of articulation 71. discreteness
___________组件_____________ _________应用语言学_______________ __________直接成分______________ __________发音部位______________ ___________音位；音素_____________ _________零语子_______________ __________结构歧义______________ __________上下位关系______________ ___________语旨_____________ __________成分分析______________
72. Applied Linguistics
73. immediate constituent 74. place of articulation 75. phoneme 76. zero morph
77. structural ambiguity 78. hyponymy
79. tenor of discourse
80. Componential Analysis
Answer the following questions.回答一下问题
1. What are the differences between grammatical competence and pragmatic competence
2. What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes Illustrate it with examples. 3. What are the three syntactic relations Illustrate them with examples. 4. What does it mean to say that language is arbitrary Illustrate it with examples.
5. What is the difference between tone languages and intonation languages Illustrate it with examples.
6. Explain the differences between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes in terms of both function and position. 7. What does it mean to say that language is a system Illustrate it with examples.
8. What is the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph Illustrate it with examples. 9. What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure Illustrate them with examples. 10. What does it mean to say that language is symbolic Illustrate it with examples.
11. What is a morpheme Illustrate the relationship between morphemes, morphs, and allomorphs with examples. 12. What are the three general types of antonyms And how do they differ from each other
13. What are the three sub-branches of phonetics How do they differ from each other 14. What does Semantic Filed Theory mainly propose Illustrate it with examples.
15. What is the difference between segmental features and supra-segmental features What are the supra-segmental
features in English
16. What are the design features of languages
17. How does denotation differ from connotation Illustrate their difference with examples. 18. Why do we say “absolute synonyms are rare or even non-existent” Illustrate it with examples. 19. What does it mean to say that language is dual-structured
20. What does compounding mean Illustrate with examples the differences between hyphenated compounds, solid
compounds and open compounds
21. What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning Illustrate them with examples.
22. How does a diachronic description of a language differ from a synchronic description of a language Illustrate their
difference with examples.
23. What are the three conditions for forming a minimal pair Illustrate it with examples.
24. What does clipping mean in morphology Illustrate with examples the difference between back clipping, front
clipping, front and back clipping, and phrase clipping.
Practical work.
Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions：写对应于每一个下面语音描述的符号
Example: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11)
a voiceless velar plosive
[k] __ [b] ____ __ [f] ____ __ [ m ] ____ __[ i ]___ __[w]____ __[θ]____ __ [?] ____ ___[ :] ___ __ /g/ ____ _ [θ:]_____ __ ____
a voiced bilabial plosive
a voiceless labiodental fricative a voiced bilabial nasal
a high front unrounded vowel a voiced bilabial glide
a voiceless dental fricative a voiced labiodental nasal
a mid central unroudned vowel a voiced velar plosive
a voiceless alveolar fricative a voiced alveolar liquid
12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32)
a mid back rounded vowel a voiced dental fricative
__[?:] ____ __[ e ] ____ __ / ? /____ __ /?/ ____ __ [u] ____ ___[p]___ __[s]____ __ [t??] ____ __[a]____ __t____ __[z]____ __[c]____ _[ε]___ __ [t] ____ ______ ______ __Λ____ __x____ __[θ]____ ______ _[ ]_____
a voiceless alveo-palatal affricative a voiced post-alveolar liquid a high back rounded vowel a voiceless bilabial plosive a voiced alveolar fricative
a voiceless post-alveolar affricate a low front unrounded vowel
a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative a voiced post-alveolar affricate a voiceless palatal plosive
a mid front unrounded vowel a voiceless alveolar plosive a voiced alveolar nasal a voiced palatal glide
a low central unrounded vowel a voiced alveo-palatal fricative a voiceless dental fricative
a voiced alveo-palatal affricate a low back rounded vowel
Divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:
Example: bookshelf = book + shelf 1) manly = man+ly 2) encourage = en+cour+age 3) placement = place+ment 4) agreement = agree+ment 5) affixes = 6) footprint = foot+print 7) underestimation= under+estimation 8) disapproval = dis+approval 9) gentleman = gentle+man 10) entertainment = enter+tain+ment 11) entitle = en+title 12) reread =re+read
13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) 51) 52) 53) 54) 55) 56) 57) 58) 59) 60) unfit = un+fit
waterbed = water+bed disorderly = dis+order+ly
unsuccessful = un+success+ful structural = structural sweeten = sweet+en marker = mark+er decided = decid+ed exciting = excit+ing
greenhouse = green+house disgraceful = dis+grace+ful enlargement = en+large+ment informed =inform+ed amazing = amaz+ing advanced =advance+ed enrich =en+rich deafen =deaf+en undergo = un+dergo
irregularly = ir+regular+ly decoded = decod+ed incorrect = in+correct undo = un+do weekly = week+ly
functional =func+tion+al illiterate = ill+iterate sleepwalk = sleep+walk unmanly = un+man+ly befriended = be+friend+ed disobey = dis+oney rewrite = re+write yearly = year+ly
troublesome = trouble+some talented = talent+ed lookout = look+out
boyishness = boy+ish+ness
disappearance = dis+appear+ance supervise = super+vise costly = cost+ly
inspiring = inspire+ing
prescription =pre+scrip+tion threaten = threat+en overlook = over+look
undesirable = un+desir+able irreplaceable = ir+re+place+able eatable = eat+able
amusement = amuse+ment monthly = month+ly generalize =generalize
61) 62) 63) 64) logical =logic+al
grandfather = grand+father incorruptible = in+corrupt+ible reenactment =re+enact+ment
Match the names of linguistic figures in column A with the schools or theories or works of linguistics in column B:
Column A Column B
1) Saussure ( d ) a. Systemic-Functional Grammar 2) Halliday ( a ) b. The London School 3) Firth ( b ) c.Transformational-Generative Grammar 4) Chomsky ( c ) d. The Founder of Structuralism
系统功能语法（Systemic-functional Grammar）由英国语言学家韩礼德（Halliday）
伦敦学派是以长期在伦敦大学的东方与非洲研究学院教授语音学与语言学并于1944 年成为英国第一任语言学教授弗斯(Firth)为首的语言学派
换-生成语法（Transformational-generative grammar，简称TG）是美国语言学家乔姆斯基
5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 26) 27) 28) 29)
Column A
Chomsky ( c ) Bloomfield ( a ) Lamb ( b ) Perlmutter and Postal ( d )
Column A Chomsky ( b ) Mathesius ( a ) Malinowski ( d ) Fillmore ( c )
Column A Chomsky ( b ) Firth ( d ) Bloomfield ( a ) Jakobson ( c )
Column A Chomsky ( c ) Hjelmslev ( d ) Montague ( a )
Brasnan & Kaplan ( b )
Column A Chomsky ( b ) Jakobson ( d ) Mathesius ( c ) Hjelmslev ( a )
Column A Chomsky ( d ) Halliday ( c ) Firth ( a ) Saussure ( b )
Column A Chomsky ( b ) Column B
a. American Structuralism b. Relational Grammar c. Syntactic Structures
d. Stratificational Grammar
Column B
a. The Prague School
b. Aspects of The Theory of Syntax c. Case Grammar
d. Coral Gardens and Their Magic
Column B
a. American Structuralism b. The Minimalist Program
c. The Distinctive Feature Theory d. The Founder of the London School
Column B
a. Montague Grammar
b. Lexical-Functional Grammar c. The Innateness Hypothesis d. The Copenhagen School
Column B
a. The Copenhagen School
b. Language Acquisition Device c. Communicative Dynamism d. The Distinctive Feature Theory
Column B
a. The Founder of the London School b. The Founder of Structuralism c. Systemic-Functional Grammar d. The Extended Standard Theory
Column B
a. Coral Gardens and Their Magic
30) Hjelmslev ( d ) 31) Jakobson ( c ) 32) Malinowski ( a ) b. The Classical Theory
c. The Distinctive Feature Theory d. The Copenhagen School
Draw the deep structure phrase markers for the following two sentences:
1) John is attending the class. 2) Mary could have seen the film. 3) Mary is chasing the dog. 4) John could have read the book. 5) Tom is eating an orange.
6) Nancy could have done her homework. 7) Johnson is reading a book. 8) David could have finished his homework. 9) David is singing a song. 10) Tim could have told the truth. 11) Tim is playing the piano. 12) Johnson could have stolen the wallet. 13) Nancy is playing the badminton. 14) Mary could have seen the poster. 15) George is doing his homework. 16) David could have read the novel.
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